Thinking

In definition of logic as the science and art of correct thinking the

word thinking does not include absolutely all mental operations
but only those mental operations:

a. That all are directed towards the attainment of truth and

b. By which we elaborate upon knowledge previously possessed.

Logic is principally concerned with inference. Argumentation Is also

called inference and of which the following syllogism is a typical
example:

Every dog is an animal;

But every hound is a dog;

Therefore every hound is an animal.

First two are the premises or antecedents are true

And the third (conclusion or consequent) must also be true.

No barrister got a hundred in the bar exam

But Ysmael is a barrister

Therefore Ysmael did not get a hundred in

the bar exam

Simple Categorical Syllogism

Every animal is mortal;

but evert dog is an animal;

 Therefore every dog is mortal.

a. Major Term the major term is the predicate of the

conclusion. The major term must occur in the conclusions and
in one of the premises, generally the first, which is therefore
called the MAJOR PREMISE.
b. Minor Term is the subject of the conclusion. The minor term
must occur in the conclusion and the premise of which the
major term does not occur.
c. Middle Term occurs in each of the premises but not in the
conclusion. In the major premise it occurs in conjunction with
major term; and in minor premise, in conjunction with the
minor term.

Rules:

1. THEIR NUMBERS AND ARRANGEMENTS

a. There must be three terms and only three - major term,
minor term, and middle term.
b. Each term must occur in two propositions.
c. The major in minor terms may not be universal in the
conclusion unless they are universal in the premises.
d. The middle term must be universal or atleast distributed
atleast once
2. THE QUALITY OF THE PROPOSITIONS
a. If both premises must be affirmative, the conclusion
must be affirmative
b. If one premise is affirmative and the other is negative, the
conclusion must be negative
c. If both premises are negative and equivalently
affirmative there is no conclusion at all.
3. Quantity of propositions
a. Atleast one premise must be universal
b. If a premise is particular, the conclusion must be
particular
 4. THE EXISTENSIAL IMPORT OF THE PROPOSITIONS
a. The actual real existence of a subject may not be asserted
in the conclusion unless it has been asserted in the
premises.

Those arguments that are found to false are called fallacies. A

Fallacy is a deceptive argument, that is, an argument that seems to
be conclusive but is actually not conclusive.

Fallacies of language

1. Equivocation
2. Amphiboly
3. Composition
4. Division
5. Accent
6. Figures of speech