Bar Development

Reinforcement Development Lengths, Bar

Cutoffs, and Continuity Requirements
A. Concept of Bond Stress and Rebar Anchorage
Internal Forces in a beam
Forces developed in the beam by loading.
Reinforcement Development
Lengths, Bar Cutoffs, and
Continuity Requirements
A. Concept of Bond Stress and Rebar Anchorage
Forces in Rebar
Bond stresses provide mechanism of force transfer
between concrete and reinforcement.
Reinforcement Development Lengths, Bar
Cutoffs, and Continuity Requirements
Equilibrium Condition for Rebar
F 0 T Bond Force 0 m = bond stress
d b2 (coefficient of
f y d b lb 0
4 friction) k fc
f y db
ld k f bar
4
Note: Bond stress is zero at cracks
Reinforcement Development Lengths,
Bar Cutoffs, and Continuity
Requirements
Sources of Bond Transfer
(1) Adhesion between concrete & reinforcement.
(2) Friction
Note: These properties are quickly lost for tension.
Reinforcement Development Lengths,
Bar Cutoffs, and Continuity
Requirements
(3)Mechanical Interlock.
The edge stress concentration causes
cracking to occur.
Reinforcement Development Lengths,
Bar Cutoffs, and Continuity
Requirements
(3) Mechanical Interlock (cont).
Force interaction between the steel and concrete.
Reinforcement Development Lengths,
Bar Cutoffs, and Continuity
Requirements

Splitting cracks result in loss of bond transfer.

Reinforcement can be used to restrain these
cracks.
Reinforcement Development Lengths,
Bar Cutoffs, and Continuity
Requirements
Splitting Load is Affected by:
1. Minimum edge distance and spacing of bars
( smaller distance = smaller load )
2. Tensile strength of concrete.
3. Average bond stress along bar. ( Increase in
bond stress larger wedging forces. )
Reinforcement Development Lengths,
Bar Cutoffs, and Continuity
Requirements
Typical Splitting Failure Surfaces.
Reinforcement Development Lengths,
Bar Cutoffs, and Continuity
Requirements
Typical Splitting Failure Surfaces.
Reinforcement Development Lengths, Bar
Cutoffs, and Continuity Requirements
General splitting of
concrete along the
bars,either in vertical
planes as in figure (a) or
in horizontal plane as in
figure (b). Such splitting
comes largely from
wedging action when the
ribs of the deformed bar
bear against the concrete.
The horizontal type of splitting frequently begins at a diagonal
crack. The dowel action increases the tendency toward splitting.
This indicates that shear and bond failure are often intricately
interrelated.
Reinforcement Development
Lengths
B. Code expression for development length for bars in
tension/in compression.
Development Length, ld
Shortest length of bar in which the bar stress can
increase from zero to the yield strength, fy.
( ld used since bond stresses, m,vary along a bar in
a tension zone)
Reinforcement Development
Lengths
Development Length, ld

( ld used since bond

stresses, m,vary along a
bar in a tension zone)
 Development Length for Bars in
Tension
Development length, ld 300 mm NSR-10, C. 12.2.1
fC 8.3 MPa for Ch. 12 provisions for development length

Development length, ld (simplified expression from C.12.2.2)

No. 6 and smaller No. 7 and larger
bars and deformed bars
wires
Clear spacing of bars being developed or
spliced not less than db, clear cover not less
than db, and stirrups or ties throughout ld not f y t e f y t e
less than the code minimum db db
or 2.1 f 1.7 f
c c
Clear spacing of bars being developed or
spliced not less than 2db and clear cover not
less than db.
Development Length for Bars in
Tension
Development length, ld 300 mm NSR-10, C. 12.2.1
fC 8.3 MPa for Ch. 12 provisions for development length

Development length, ld (simplified expression from C.12.2.2)

No. 6 and smaller No. 7 and larger
bars and deformed bars
wires
Other cases
f y t e f y t e
db db
1.4 f 1.1 f
c c
Development Length for Bars in
Tension
Development length, ld NSR-10 C.12.2.3


f y t e s d
ld b
cb K tr
1.1 f c
db
cb K tr 40 Atr
where, 2.5; K tr
db s*n
2.5 limit to safeguard against pullout type failure.
Factors used in expressions for
Development Length (C.12.2.4)

t = reinforcement location factor where t e < 1.7

Horizontal reinforcement so placed that

more than 300 mm of fresh concrete is 1.3
cast in the member below the
development length or splice
Other reinforcement 1.0
Factors used in expressions for
Development Length (C.12.2.4)
e= coating factor (epoxy prevents adhesion &
friction between bar and concrete.)

Epoxy-coated bars or wires with cover less 1.5

than 3db or clear spacing less than 6db
All other epoxy-coated bars or wires 1.2
Uncoated reinforcement 1.0

where t e < 1.7

Factors used in expressions for
Development Length (C.12.2.4)
s = reinforcement size factor (Reflects more favorable
performance of smaller f
bars)
No.6 and smaller bars and deformed wire 0.8
No. 7 and larger bars 1.0
Factors used in expressions for
Development Length (C.12.2.4)
cb = spacing or cover dimension, mm.
Use the smaller of either
(a) the distance from the center of the bar or wire to
the nearest concrete surface.
or
(b) one-half the center-to-center spacing of the bar or
wires being developed.
Factors used in expressions for
Development Length (C.12.2.4)

Ktr = transverse reinforcement index (Represents the

contribution of confining reinforcement across
potential splitting planes.)

40 Atr
K tr
s*n
Factors used in expressions for
Development Length (C.12.2.4)

Atr = Total cross-section area of all transverse

reinforcement within the spacing s, which
crosses the potential plane of splitting along
the reinforcement being developed with in the
development length, mm2.
Factors used in expressions for
Development Length (C.12.2.4)

s = maximum center-to-center spacing of

transverse reinforcement within ld mm.
n = number of bars or wires being developed
along the plane of splitting.

Note: It is permitted to use Ktr = 0 as a design

Note
simplification even if transverse reinforcement
is present.
Excess Flexural Reinforcement
Reduction (C.12.2.5)

Reduction = (As reqd ) / (As provided )

- Except as required for seismic design
(see NSR-10 C.21.2.5)
- Good practice to ignore this provision, since use
of structure may change over time.
- final ld 300 mm. Mu
M n req'd
Reduction
M n provided M n provided
Development Length for Bars in
Compression (C.12.3)

Compression development length,

ldc = ldb * applicable reduction factors 200 mm
Basic Development Length for Compression, ldb

0.24 f y
db
ldb larger of f
c

0.043 f y d b mm / N
2
Development Length for Bars in
Compression (C.12.3)
Reduction Factors (C.12.3.3)
- Excessive Reinforcement Factor
= A( s reqd ) / A( s provided)
-Spiral and Ties
If reinforcement is enclosed with spiral
reinforcement 6 mm diameter and
100 mm pitch or within No. 4 ties
spaced 100 mm on center.
Factor = 0.75
Example 1
For the cross section of a simply
supported beam reinforced with
5 No.6 bars that are confined
with No.3 stirrup spaced at 135
mm Determine the development
length of the bars 540 mm

fc = 21 MPa and fy= 420 MPa 5 No. 6

60 mm

60 mm 180 mm 60 mm
Example 2
If the same beam is the bars are
epoxy coated and As required for
analysis is 1200 mm2

540 mm

5 No. 6

60 mm

60 mm 180 mm 60 mm