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Contents
o What is IP address?
o Benefits of IP Address
o Types of IP address
o IP Address Classes
o IP Versions
o IPv4
o Problems of IP4
o IPv4 to IPv6 Transition
o IPV6
o Whats Good about IP6
o Types of IPv6 addresses
o Migration to IPv6
o Communication between ipv4 and IPv6
o Conclusion
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What is IP Address?
Benefits of IP Address
Why do we need IP addresses?
IP addresses are the numbers that enable our computers, servers, telephones,
cameras, printers and sensors to communicate with each other. Without IP
addresses, we would have to copy data from device to device manually, using
CDs, DVDs, hard disks or flash storage, such as a USB drive.
But more importantly, our devices could not send data to each other without
human intervention. Without the IP addresses assigned to our computers, we
would have to send paper letters and memos instead of sending emails. There
would be no streaming video sites. Instead, we would have to send each other
discs and tapes. Worst of all, we would not be able to order items online and
would have to go to stores to buy them in person.
Last but not least, among other important functions, they identify every device
connected to the Internet, whether it is a web server, smart phone, mail server, or
laptop.
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Types of IP Address
The types of IP address, based on their assignment methods, can be classified into
two. These are:
A. Static IP address
o It will be assigned manually by Administrator
o It is manageable for small networks
o Requires careful checks to avoid duplication
B. Dynamic IP address
o BOOTP :Assigned by server when host boots .
o DHCP : Derived automatically from a range of address.
There is also another method of IP assignment called Automatic Private IP Addressing
(APIPA). It uses 169.254.0.0 through 169.254.255.255 to automatically create the
usable IP network without configuration.
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Cont
We can also categorize IP addresses based on whose user type they belong to as:
Public IP address - publicly registered with the Network Information Center (NIC)
to avoid address conflicts.
Private IP address - it uses RFC 1918 IP address space.
The following IP blocks are reserved for private IP addresses.
Class A = 10.0.0.0-10.255.255.255
Class B = 172.16.0.0-172.31.255.255
Class C = 192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255
The other category of IP addresses are:
Unicast addresses: are the Class A, B, and C addresses and are used to identify a
single host on the Internet.
Multicast addresses: are used to identify multiple hosts for the delivery of
multicast traffic.
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IP Address Classes
IP addresses are divided into 5 classes, each of which is designated
with the alphabetic letters of A to E. These include:
B 10 128-191 16 medium
companies
C 110 192-223 24 small companies
D 1110 224-239 28 multicasting
E 1111 240-255 30 Future use
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IP versions
There are currently two version of Internet Protocol (IP): IPv4 and a new
version called IPv6. IPv6 is an evolutionary upgrade to the Internet
Protocol. The two versions look quite different from one another, however,
IPv6 will coexist with the older IPv4 for some time.
IP version 4 (IPv4) has not changed much since it was defined in 1981. For
the last two decades, IPv4 has proven to be a robust and scalable protocol
for Internet routing. Unfortunately, the designers of IPv4 did not anticipate
the explosive growth of the Internet, or the need for more IP addresses than
version 4 could supply.
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1. IPv4
IPv4 is the fourth revision of development of Internet Protocol(IP). It is the most
widely used connection-less protocol used on packet-switched Link Layer networks at
present.
Its address size is 32 bits
IPv4 address representation
x:x:x:x
Each x is an eight bit binary number
IPv4 addresses range from 0 to 255
IPv4 address has 4 octets.
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Problems of IPv4
1. Insufficiency to identify devices
32 bits
232 combinations
Nearly 4.3 billion users
Not enough and more addresses are needed
2. Increasing routing information
- Rapid growth of routing tables in backbones
3. Increasing the number of Network Address Translation (NAT)
- Breaking the Internet architecture
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Cont
Documented by: 6/23/2017
Elshaday
4.Security issues
- Number of ways to encrypt IPv4 traffic
Example: IPSec
- No real standard encryption method
5.Real-time delivery of multimedia content and necessary bandwidth allocation
Quality of Service (QoS)
Different interpretations
QoS compliant devices are not compatible one another
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2. IPv6
Standardized in 1996, IPv6 was developed as the next-generation Internet Protocol.
One of its main goals was to massively increase the number of IP addresses
available. Its address size is 128 bits.
IPv6 address representation looks like:
xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx
Each x is a 4bit hexadecimal digit
IPv6 addresses range from
0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000 to ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff
IPv6 address has 16 octets.
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Migration to IPv6
dual stack
Involves running both IPv4 and IPv6 at the same time
End nodes and routers/switches run both protocols
Tunnel
To carry one protocol inside another
Take IPv6 packets and encapsulate them in IPv4 packets to be sent across
portions of the IPv4 networks
Translator
Protocol translation (NAT-PT) simply translate IPv6 packets into IPv4
packets.
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Conclusion
While increasing the pool of addresses is one of the most often-talked about benefit of
IPv6, there are other important technological changes in IPv6 that will improve the IP
protocol:
No more NAT (Network Address Translation)
Auto-configuration
No more private address collisions
Better multicast routing
Simpler header format
Simplified, more efficient routing
True quality of service (QoS), also called "flow labeling"
Built-in authentication and privacy support
Flexible options and extensions
Easier administration (say good-bye to DHCP)
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Thank you!
Questions?