Abstract

A micro grid is a discrete energy system consisting of distributed energy sources (including
demand management, storage, and generation) and loads capable of operating in parallel with, or
independently from, the main power grid. By this way, it paves a way to effectively integrate
various sources of distributed generation (DG), especially Renewable Energy Sources (RES). It
also provides a good solution for supplying power in case of an emergency by having the ability
to change between islanded mode and grid-connected mode. The model is shown in figure 1

Figure 1
The generators in the micro grid stations are usually renewable energy generators consisting of

Hydropower- the power generated by the use of water up stream and down streams which
helps to move turbines and in turn generate electricity
Solar Power the solar panels installed use the simple physics if exciting electrons in the
semiconductor material of the solar panel which in turn generate electricity
Wind Power- wind turbines are used to generate wind power
Bio Energy- the use o bio fuel such as cow dung is used to generate bio energy

Micro Grid Operation

Micro grid is powered by renewable sources of energy such as hydropower, solar panels etc. The
micro grid if fueled and properly managed can run for a indefinite period of time. A microgrid
not only provides backup for the grid in case of emergencies, but can also be used to cut costs, or
connect to a local energy generation when natural disasters occurs thus allowing communities to
be more energy independent and, in some cases, more environmentally friendly. The common
coupling enables the main grid and micro grid to maintain same voltage level allowing efficient
use power generated in the power houses.

Objective
The main objective is to understand fully the operation of micro grid on how it works and
maintain the efficient usage of power in case of accidents. In this project we identify the
effective usage of power in our households by studying in detail three sources of power
resources solar system energy, gasifier and batteries

Solar Power System

The solar power system uses solar panels to generate electricity which are made up
semiconductor material. As the light falls on the cells the photovoltaic property of the cells
makes the electron excite and move upon the energy level generating DC currents.

Elements of Solar Power System

The solar power system consists of the following items figure 2

Solar Panels
Solar Charger
Solar Inverter
Batteries (24V)
Wires, fuses, Disconnects
Microprocessor Arduino in this case

The connection o he solar power system could be given in two ways either by connecting it into
main power plant or by break off grid. The method used here would be of the main power plant
of which the items identified before would be used.
 Figure 2
The series connection of the above system enables us to build more voltage at the terminals of
the solar panels as we know the series connection of the cells add up the voltages. Figure 2
shown above has a panel of 33.6V each and as a result the addition of voltages gives us a total og
67.2V with 8.33A. However the series connection holds disadvantage as if an error occurs in one
panel the system would breakdown and error would be needed to be rectified. On the other hand
the parallel connection would result in batteries charging quickly as current rating will increase.
Description and Values

These panels absorbs P = 210W

Solar Panel sunrays considered as a Voc = 30V Isc = 9A
source of energy for Actual = 33.6V 8.33A
generating electricity

Solar Charger These are generally Iin = 60A

portable to charge the Iout = 60 A
solar devices or batteries Vin = 25VDC
Vout =22448VDC

Solar Inverter The inverter converts the Input 12.6 VDC , 100A
dc output of the solar max
panel to the ac input to be Output 120 VAC, 8.5A
used as output either by
grid station or by local
consumer
Batteries Important part of this Two Batteries total
system which are either voltage
connected n series or V = 12V, I =100Ah
parallel
Wires Used for the transmission
of electricity, bearing lads
etc
Fuses Safety device to control
the exceeding of the
current
Disconnects Used when the
maintenance is required to
make sure that the line is
completely de energized
Arduino Open source
microcntroller
 Figure 3

This figure shows the components use in the solar power system.
Processing

Figure 4
To connect the solar system we need to know the required voltage and current that is required for
the system. Then the steps could be taken defined below and the solar panels could be connected
series or parallel according to the need.

Step 1: the wiring should be done by wiring the positive terminal of first panel to the negative
terminal of second panel and then the positive of second panel to the negative of first panel, thus
giving the positive and negative terminals. The positive side connected in turn with a fuse and
output of the fuse goes to the charger input which is negative terminal.

Step 2: after completing the wiring of the panels the batteries could be connected with the
charger positive and negative terminals

Step 3: the charger positive side is connected to the battery and to increase the battery bank
voltage the batteries are connected in series with the positive terminal of first battery connected
to the negative side of the second battery and the negative terminal of the first battery to the
positive terminal of the second battery thus the terminals are formed. The positive terminal is
considered as the input and goes to disconnect and output of the battery that is negative terminal
also goes to the disconnect and to the input of the inverter, whereas the output of the interval
goes to the distribution box

Results
Time Voltage And Current
Invertor Invertor
12:00 26.665V 0.272A
26.660V 0.403A
26.663V 0.210A
26.640V 0.152A
26.665V 0.142A
26.681V 0.152A
26.663V 0.133A
12:15 26.669V 0.136A
26.683V 0.133A
26.685V 0.146A
26.661V 0.143A
26.683V 0.160A
26.661V 0.144A
12:30 26.673V 0.144A
26.677V 0.143A
26.638V 0.160A
26.692V 0.143A
26.614V 0.146A
26.604V 0.146A
12:45 26.671V 0.148A
26.653V 0.193A
26.631V 0.130A
26.608V 0.144A
26.612V 0.142A
26.657V 0.145A
1:00 26.700V 0.136A
Gasifier

Figure 5
Gasifier is a manufacturing process that converts any material containing carbonsuch as
coal, petroleum coke (pet coke), biomass or wasteinto synthesis gas (syngas) obtained from
biomass. The syngas can be burned to produce electricity or further processed to manufacture
chemicals, fertilizers, liquid fuels, substitute natural gas (SNG), or hydrogen. It is a flexible,
reliable, and commercial technology that can turn a variety of low-value feedstocks into high-
value products, help reduce a country's dependence on imported oil and natural gas, and can
provide a clean alternative source of base load electricity, fertilizers, fuels, and chemicals.
Battery System
Battery system uses lithium ion battery connected to solar array, to convert the stored chemical
energy into electrical energy able to operate grid and micro grid in safe and reliable way.

Figure 6

Advantages and Disadvantages

Energy System Advantages Disadvantages

PV Maintenance isnt Takes a lot of space
required Costly
Can be used in the day Cannot be used at night
Gasifier Low operating cost as Need to be cleaned an
feed stock is used maintained after some
Can be used in day and weeks of usage
night
Batteries Day and night Usage Costly as batteries are
needed to replace after 5
to 10 years
Conclusion
The micro grid is useful way to conserve energy and use it in a efficient way. It not only helps us
to use nature effectively to fulfill our power and electricity needs but also it promotes the
community to take well care of its surroundings as their survival depends upon the nature. As
seen how the solar energy from sun is used to generate electricity helps us to identify a clean and
environment friendly way to carter our needs. The energy generated is pollution free safe and
reliable helping us to control the increasing effects of global warming.
References