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groundwater. The findings are significant as the area falls 21. Raju, N. J., Dey, S. and Das, K., Fluoride contamination in
in the potential mining and industrial belt of Chhattis- groundwaters of Sonbhadra District, Uttar Pradesh, India. Curr.
Sci., 2009, 96, 699702.
garh, emphasizing a large population may be at potential 22. Apambire, W. B., Boyle, D. R. and Michel, F. A., Geochemistry,
risk. The rock and water interaction with accompanying genesis and health implication of fluoriferous groundwater in the
ion exchange processes in micas and clay minerals appear upper regions, Ghana. Environ. Geol., 1997, 33, 1324.
to be the primary mechanism for high concentration of
F in groundwater. Systematic study needs to be under-
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. This study forms a part of the M Sc re-
taken in the Gondwana rocks in the surrounding area, search carried out by M.K.B. under the joint M Sc (Geohazards) course
with an emphasis on the coal-bearing Barakar Formation, programme of the Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS), Dehra
to delineate unsafe zones. Dun and International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth
Observation, The Netherlands. We thank the Director, National Remote
Sensing Centre, Hyderabad, and the Dean, IIRS for providing the nec-
1. Cao, J., Zhao, Y., Lin, J. W., Xirao, R. D. and Danzeng, S. B., En- essary facilities and support. M.K.B. is grateful to Dr P. K. Bhat,
vironmental fluoride in Tibet. Environ. Res., 2000, 83, 333337. Director General, Chhattisgarh Council of Science and Technology,
2. Handa, B. K., Geochemistry and genesis of fluoride containing Raipur for support and encouragement. We thank Dr K. S. Patel,
groundwater in India. Ground Water, 1975, 13, 275281. Dhananjay Sahu, Dr Gopal Krishan, Mahendra Singh and Dr P. K.
3. Ripa, L. W., A half-century of community water fluoridation in Mukherjee for help in chemical, petrographic and XRD analyses and
the United States: review and commentary. J. Public Health Dent., the officials of the Public Health Engineering Department of Chhattis-
1993, 53, 1744. garh, for assistance during ground campaigns. We also thank the two
4. USPHS, Drinking water standards. United States Public Health reviewers for their comments which helped improve the manuscript.
Services, Washington DC, 1987.
5. WHO, Guidelines for drinking water quality, World Health
Organization, Geneva, 1984. Received 1 September 2009; revised accepted 7 December 2010
6. Chaturvedi, A. K., Yadva, K. P., Yadava, K. C, Pathak, K. C. and
Singh, V. N., Deflouridation of water by adsorption on fly ash.
Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 1990, 49, 5161.
7. Rajgopal, R. and Tobin, G., Fluoride in drinking water: a survey
of expert opinions. Environ. Geochem. Health, 1991, 13, 313.
8. Meenakshi and Maheshwari, R. C., Fluoride in drinking water and
its removal. J. Hazard. Mater., 2006, 137, 456463. Seismic site characterization using
9. BIS, Indian Standards for drinking water specification (IS
10500:1991), Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 1991.
Vs30 and site amplification in
10. Subba Rao, N. and Devdas, D. J., Fluoride incidence in ground- Gandhinagar region, Gujarat, India
water in an area of peninsula India. Environ. Geol., 2003, 45, 243
251.
11. Saxena, V. K. and Ahmad, S., Inferring the chemical parameter B. Sairam*, B. K. Rastogi, Sandeep Aggarwal,
for the dissolution of fluoride in groundwater. Environ. Geol., Mukesh Chauhan and Uday Bhonde
2002, 25, 475481.
12. Chae, G. Y., Seong, T. M., Bernhard, K., Kyoung-Ho, K. and Institute of Seismological Research, Raisan,
Seong-Yong, K., Fluorine geochemistry in bedrock groundwater Gandhinagar 382 009, India
of South Korea. Sci. Total Environ., 2007, 385, 272283.
13. UNICEF, State of the art report on the extent of fluoride in drink- Gujarat is prone to earthquake hazard of different
ing water and the resulting endemicity in India. Fluorosis Re- levels from moderate to high, assigned as zones IIV
search and Rural Development Foundation for UNICEF, New in the seismic zoning map of India. Many multistorey
Delhi, 1999. buildings collapsed in Ahmedabad city at a distance of
14. WHO, Fluoride in drinking water, World Health Organization,
225 km from the location of the 2001 Bhuj earth-
Geneva, 2006.
15. Pillai, K. S. and Stanley, V. A., Implication of fluoride an end-
quake. Gandhinagar falls in zone III where an intensity
less uncertainty. J. Environ. Biol., 2002, 23, 8187. of VII or VIII from the regional large earthquakes or
16. Mall, R. K., Gupta, A., Singh, R., Singh, R. S. and Rathore, L. S., local earthquakes of magnitude 6 can be expected;
Water resources and climate change: an Indian perspective. Curr. which can damage single and multistorey buildings.
Sci., 2006, 90, 16101626. Thus, there is a need for site characterization and
17. Ahmed, S., Bertrand, F., Saxena, V., Subramaniyam, K. and seismic hazard mapping of the area. Shear-wave
Touchard, F., A geostatistical method of determining priority of velocities were measured using the MASW technique at
measurement wells in a fluoride monitoring network in an aquifer. 63 sites in and around Gandhinagar. Based on Vs30 in
J. Appl. Geochem., 2002, 4, 576585. most of Gandhinagar the soils have been classified as
18. Vikas, C., Kushwaha, R. K. and Pandit, M. K., Hydrochemical
D-type (180360 m/s) in accordance with the NEHRP
status of groundwater in District Ajmer (NW India) with reference
to fluoride distribution. J. Geol. Soc. India, 2009, 73, 773784.
provision, except the northern part of the city (sites
19. Beg, M. K., Geospatial analysis of fluoride contamination in 27, 51, 53 and 54), where Vs30 values larger than
groundwater of Tamnar area, Raigarh district, Chhattisgarh state. 360 m/s qualify the area as a NEHRP class C-type soil
M Sc thesis, ITC, The Netherlands, 2009. (360760 m/s). However, nearly the whole of Gandhi-
20. APHA, Standard methods for the examination of water and
wastewater. American Public Health Association, Washington DC,
1992. *For correspondence. (e-mail: sairambharat@rediffmail.com)
log10 ( H/V )
H/Vavg = . (3)
nwindows
Figure 5. Site amplification (H/V) computed by Nakamura method using microtremors at nine sites. a, Site-4;
b, Site-8; c, Site-17; d, Site-18; e, Site-24; f, Site-30; g, Site-31; h, Site-32 and i, Site-33.
Figure 6. Site amplification (H/V) by Nakamura method using earthquake records at nine sites. a, Site-4; b,
Site-8; c, Site-17; d, Site-18; e, Site-24; f, Site-30; d, Site-31; g, Site-32 and h, Site-33.
granite boundary, and that this violates the basic assump- northern portion (north of sites 2630) which has velocity
tion behind the H/V method. Nevertheless, the H/V of 360430 m/s. Based on Vs30 of the soils, a major por-
method has been widely used to estimate a site response tion of the study area is predominantly classified as
of many areas. D-type (180360 m/s; Figure 1) in accordance with the
It has been observed that shear-wave velocities meas- 1997 NEHRP provision. Sites located in the northern part
ured using MASW correlate well with geological set- of the city (sites: 27, 51, 53 and 54) have Vs30 values
tings. It is evident from the site study that the soil is stiff larger than 360 m/s, thereby qualifying the soils as
from the surface to 12 m depth (Vs ~ 180360 m/s), fol- NEHRP class C-type (360760 m/s; Figure 1).
lowed by dense soil to a depth of 30 m (velocity ranging Site response ranges are given in Tables 1 and 2 for
from 360 to 500 m/s). In most of the study areas of Gan- the frequency ranges 0.21 Hz, 13 Hz and 310 Hz.
dhinagar Vs30 falls in the range 250350 m/s, except the These frequency ranges are considered based on the fact