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Abstract: In this paper, dynamic models of main micro-generation sources are described and built based on their mathematical
model in particular, the models of Micro-turbine, Wind turbine with full rated converter, Photovoltaic Systems and Battery
Energy Storage System (BESS). In addition, control mode of their power electronic interfaces are given and analyzed based on
the characteristic of Distributed Generations (DGS). A micro-grid adopting peer-to-peer control mode is then built comprising
these micro-generation source and a battery energy storage system. Dynamic characteristics of frequency response and voltage
response are made under operating mode switch of micro-grid between grid connected mode and islanded mode. According to
the simulation case study, the battery energy storage system using droop control is essential to the micro-grid in islanded,
which can increase the speed of response of micro-grid efficiently.
2011The International Conference on Advanced Power System Automation and Protection
Micro-turbine adopts permanent magnet generator. The shaft K1w Vdc k 2 wIdc (3)
operates at a high speed between 15,000 and 90,000 revolu-
tions per minute, so the generator provides a high frequency K1 and K2 are defined as:
AC voltage source. This will need an interface to the grid.
This interface consists of a rectifier, an inverter and a dc bus 3KV 3L
k1 K2 (4)
with a capacitor as showed in figure 2. The inductance is the S S
equivalent inductance for each phase of the generator.
If the micro-turbine is power loss, its mechanical power
will equal its electrical power, then,
pm pe k1wI dc k2 wI dc 2 (5)
pm
Figure 2 permanent magnet generator with a dc bus Tm k1 I dc k2 I dc 2 (6)
w
For a permanent generator, the line to line voltage can be ex- The equation of the shaft of micro-turbine is:
pressed as:
dw
TT Tm J (7)
vll K v w sin( wt ) (1) dt
Where Kv is a voltage constant, w is the electrical angular Where TT is the mechanical torque of prime mover, Tm is
frequency. If the D.C. current is constant, then mechanical shaft torque, J is the time inertia constant of gen-
erator.
3 3wL The model of micro-turbine built is shown as figure 3,
v dc Vll I dc (2)
S S
Equations (1) and (2) allow the dc voltage to be expressed
as below:
2011The International Conference on Advanced Power System Automation and Protection
2011The International Conference on Advanced Power System Automation and Protection
and Umin is voltage when the battery is empty. Zi is the master slave control mode, reliable communication is
internal resistor, I is battery current. needed to detect and transmit information. Faults of com-
Battery energy system contains two parts. Firstly, a munication and control part will lead to unbalance of the
storing part that could store/restore energy in an electro- entire system. Meanwhile, micro-grids expanding will be
chemical process, secondly a rectifier/inverter that could constrained by the communication cost and communication
transform the DC-voltage from the storing part to the bandwidth. Compared with the master-slave control mode,
AC-voltage needed for the grid and vice versa. The storing the peer-to-peer control mode doesnt need communication
part contains a simplified battery and dc voltage control component, having more advantages in implementing the
component; the rectifier/inverter contains charge/discharge plug in and play.
current component, frequency control component and PV The droop control is a common control strategy in the
control component. The structure of battery energy storage peer-to-peer control mode. For the distributed generation
system is showed as figure 8. using the inverter connecting to the grid, the droop control-
ler regulate the output of active power according to the de-
viation of frequency, and the reactive power according to
Frequency
fgrid
voltage bias.
controller
Pref
2011The International Conference on Advanced Power System Automation and Protection
2011The International Conference on Advanced Power System Automation and Protection
5 Conclusions
This work was supported by The National Basic Research Program of China
(973 Program) (2009CB219704)the Crucial Field and Key Breakthrough
Project in Guangdong-Hongkong (No. 2009A091300011), and the Fun-
damental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2009ZM0080).
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