2016 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Conference - Xi'an - China
Probabilistic Load Flow Calculation in Distribution
System Considering the Stochastic Characteristic of
Wind Power and Electric Vehicle Charging Load
Wei eHEN, Hongqiang YAN, Xiping PEI, Butuo WU
Dept. Institute ofElectrical Engineering and Information Engineering
Lanzhou University ofTechnology
Lanzhou, China
yan_pro@163.com
Abstract-In order to accurately describe the influence of the
random factors in distribution systems on the probabilistic load
flow (PLF), a PLF method of distribution system containing
wind power and EVCL based on a stochastic response surface
method (SRSM) is put forward. The proposed method can
sufficiently consider the randomness of wind speed as weil as
uncertainty of basic load and EVCL. Furthermore, the
orthogonal transformation is introduced to deal with the
correlated wind speeds among different wind farms. Comparing
with the traditional Monte Carlo simulation method with simple
random sampling (MSRS), the proposed method can solve
problems that they are facing, Iike more number of calculation
times, lang simulation time. Simulation resuIts on IEEE14 and
IEEE30 bus system demonstrate the validity, accuracy, rapidity
and practicability of proposed method. In contrast to the MSRS,
the proposed method is of higher computational efficiency and
beUer simulation accuracy.
Index Terms--EVCL; orthogonal transformation; PLF; SRSM;
wind speed correlation.
I. INTRODUCTION
Since the fossil energy is gradually exhausted and the
problem of global warming caused by greenhouse gases is
serious by degrees, in recent years, wind power, as an
important part of the renewable energy, has been rapidly
developed all over the world. However, the uncertainty of
wind power, which is caused by the randomness of wind
speed, has also brought aseries of problems when the large-
scale wind power is integrated into the existing power grid [1].
In addition, the emerging more active and stochastic new load
such as electric vehicles have had the incomparable
advantages of conventional cars in the aspects of the
alleviating energy crisis and energy conservation and
emissions reduction, there are more and more uncertainties
being introduced in distribution systems. Hence the integration
of wind power and electric vehicles has made the operation
and control of the power distribution system to face more
uncertainty [2]. Properly dealing with the uncertainties has
become a practical challenge. The gradually increasing
This work is supported by National key research and development
program (20 16YFB0601600). National Natural Science Foundation 01' China
(No. 51267012). Science and Technology Support IndustIY Pro gram 01'
Gansu Province (1504GKCA033).
978-1-5090-5417-6/16/ $ 31.00 2016 IEEE
1861
permeability of wind power and electric vehicles in the
distribution system is bound to bring the impacts and
challenges in aspects of voltage modulation, frequency
modulation as weil as security and stability of the distribution
system. Therefore, considering the output randomness ofwind
power and the uncertainty of electric vehicles performs PLF
analysis, which has great significance in aspects of economy,
security and stable operation in the system [2].
PLF is an effective method for the quantitative analysis
of the above-mentioned problems, which can model the
uncertainties as input random variables with probabilistic
density functions (POF) and cumulative density functions
(CDF) [2]. Recently, the PLF methods have been extensively
used to analyze the distribution network operation under
uncertainties and to evaluate the impact of renewable energy
resources. In Ref. [3], the impact of wind generation on
distribution system has been studied using PLF. In Ref. [4],
the electric vehicles with stochastic charging behavior have
been also modeled and evaluated as a PLF problem. Ref. [5]
has introduced PLF to perform analysis of the power system
containing wind power generation, photovoltaic power
generation and electric vehicle. In Ref. [6], the PLF of the
power system containing wind turbine and photovoltaic cell
system has been calculated with the adoption of LHS method
and Nataf transformation. In Ref. [7], the influence of wind
speed correlation on transient stability of power system has
been studied by using SRSM. In Ref. [8], the probability
model containing wind farm has been adopted to carry out
multi-objective reactive power optimization by using SRSM.
Based on the research above, the accuracy and rapidity of
SRSM have been demonstrated.
The wind speeds among different wind farms are
appreciably correlated in close proximity, which has a
significant impact on the planning and operation of power
system, hence it is of great significance to consider correlation
factors in order to assess load flow characteristics of power
system accurately and comprehensively. Recently, the
orthogonal transformation has been widely applied in the PLF
calculation with correlated input random variables. In Ref. [9],
the extended point estimation method based on orthogonal N=(m+n)! (4)
trans form has been researched, which has been applied to m!n!
calculate the PLF of wind farm with wind speed corre1ation. The key to determine the undetermined coefficients
In Ref. [10], the corre1ated wind speed has been modeled by
ao' all ,a!l!' ,... is the se1ection of collocation point. In order to
Nataf transform, and then the transient stability based on
SRSM has been analyzed and studied. ensure the computational efficiency and simulation accuracy,
Based on the above analyses, a PLF method of distribution the optimal collocation points are selected according to linear
system containing wind power and EYCL based on SRSM is independent principle.
put forward. The optimal collocation points are selected C. Selection ofpolynomial expansion term based on the
according to linear independent principle, and the stepwise stepwise regression analysis
regression analysis is introduced to screen out minor items in According to the stepwise regression analysis, the flow of
response surface expansion terms. This method sufficiently selection of polynomial expansion term is shown in Figure 1,
considers the randomness ofwind speed as weil as uncertainty the significant level of impact of the expansion term of
of basic load and EVCL, and the orthogonal transformation is polynomial on the output random response is expressed by
introduced to deal with the corre1ated wind speeds among
inspection value F; ofthis expansion term.
different wind farms, thus PLF in which the correlation of
Start
wind speed is taken into account can be calculated, the
influencing variation law of wind speed correlation on PLF as Input the llumber of random variables and order of polYllomial
chaos expansion, and calculate the llumberofulldetermined
well as the configuration of reactive power compensation coefficients of the Hertnite 01 nonrial chaos ex ansian
capacity at grid-connecting point of wind farms under the
Accorcli ng to 1i TIeaf independent principle, seleet the optim aI co Ilocati on poi nt
consideration of wind speed corre1ation are researched and
analyzed. Simulation results on IEEE14 and IEEE30 bus Accordillg to the collocation point, calculate
system have demonstrated the validity, accuracy, rapidity and Hennite 01 lOmial alld Oll ut 5tO chastic res onse

practicability ofproposed method. Transform the output Tandom response

ex ansion into linear r ression uations

11. STOCHASTIC RESPONSE SURF ACE METHOD

The basic idea of SRSM is to fit the function relation
between the output responses and the random input variables
with the adoption ofthe Hermite polynomial chaos expansion.
A. Standardization ofrandom input variables
The random input variables X = (x p x 2 , ,x/1) are
expressed by standard normal distribution ~ = (~I'~2' ... '~n).
X = rlc<t>c~)) (1)
where f- I (-) is CDF of the inverse function for random input
variables, <P(-) is COF ofthe standard normal distribution.
B. Polynomial chaos expansion ofstochastic response and
selection of optimal collocation point
The arbitrary output response y is expressed as the
Hermite polynomial chaos expansion based on standard
normal distribution~ = C~P~2' ... '~n).
Figure 1. Se1ection ofpo1ynomia1 expansion tenn based on the stepwise
y=ao+ !>nHI(';I) + tIa!I!,H2(';I.';2) + regression analysis

F; = p;(n-m-l)/S; (5)
(2) /1 /1

where P, = SI; - Si~ , S; = L,cU-ll)2 ,S: = LCU-')2, P; is the

1=1 i=l
where a o' a'l ,aii, ,... is the undetermined coefficient,
partial regression square sum, S; is the regression square sum,
respective1y. n is the dimension ofthe random input variables.
Hm(';!l'';!'' ... ) is the mth order Hermite polynomial, whose S!~ is the regression square sum after removing the
calculative formula is i th expansion term, S; is the residual sum of squares, U is the
I c'ir; an true value of random response, uis the simulation value of
H L) = (_l)n e 2' e (3)
random response, u is the average value of random response
(f: f:
n ':>1'':>2' 3';1 3';2 L3';n
The number of undetermined coefficients of the Hermite determined by the collocation point, m is the number of
polynomial chaos expansion is expansion terms have been introduced.

1862
D. Characteristics ofprobability and statistics ofthe output The relationship between the power output and wind speed
random response meets the power characteristic curve ofwind turbine [5].
To determine the undetermined coefficients of polynomial
chaos expansion by power tlow calculation of sampie points,
and the mean value and standard deviation for the output
random responses are obtained by Monte Carlo method.
Pwind = j O'
a+bv,
Pr.
(9)

0,
III. ORTHOGONAL TRANSFORMATION
where vci ' vco and vr are cut-in wind speed, cut-out wind
When the input random variables are not independent, the
intluence of the correlation between random variables on the speed and rated wind speed. p, is the rated active power of
PLF calculation must be taken into account. Orthogonal wind turbine. P'rind is random output ofwind turbine generator.
transformation is adopted to transform the correlative input a = Pr V ci /(v ci - vr) , b = p,. /( VI' - V Ci )
random variables into uncorrelated random variables. To the
B. Probability distribution model of E VCL
random variable X = [xpxz, ... ,xnf, which is composed of n
EVCL characteristics are mainly affected by the charging
random variables, the mean value of each random variable
number, the charging rate, the charging start time and the
is P = [ppPz, ... ,pS, the standard deviation of each random charging duration. The daily mileage of vehicle is
variable is 0'= [O'P0'2'''''O'nf, the correlation coefficient lognormally distributed, whose PDF is
between Xi and Xi is Pu ' the expression of covariance matrix is J(d) = 1 exp[ (lnd - ~ld )2] (10)
2 dO"d& 20"d
0'1 P120'10' 2 P1n O'lO'n where d is daily mileage, Pd =3.2, O'd = 0.88.
2
Cx-- P120' 20'1 0'2 P 2n O' 20' n Eis defined as starting value of electric vehicle battery's
SOC, E = (1- diR) , R is mileage range of electric vehicle after
2 a full charge, the value of R is 100kM. Combining with
P1I1 0'nO'j PZ n O'n 0' Z O'n
where C x is the symmetric matrix, there is an existing formula (10), whose PDF is
J( E ) = 1 [ {ln[R(1 - E] - ,LId } 2 ]
orthogonal transform matrix B , the random variable X is exp 2 (ll)
transformed into uncorrelated random variable Z . R(1- E)O"d& 20"d
Z = BX (6) Start charging time are normally distributed, its PDF is
where the covariance matrix Cz of random variable Z is the 1 (1_j1,)2

1
~ exp [-.- - 2- ] , (1', -12) < 1.:0: 24
identity matrix, namely, C z = I . <7 ,,2Jr 2<7, (12)
j~)= ' ,
Cx is symmetric positive definite matrices, which is I (t + 24 - pY
~ exp[ , ] , 0 < 1:0: (1', -12),
adopted to carry out Cholesky decomposition, namely, <7,,,2ff 2<7;
C x = LL1 where PI =17.6, 0'1 =3.4.
According to formula (6) can be derived: ~. is charging power, tEV is charging duration, PDF is
C z = f co v(Z,Zl) = fCOy(BX,X1Bl) = Bfco v(X,X 1)B T J( ~v ) -- 1
1
[3l.61xO.15
x
= BC xBT = B(LLT)B T = I => B = L- 1 (7) 1.61xO.15 2 tFVO"d&
In the PLF calculation and analysis base on SRSM, it is exp[ (lntFv-lnI.61-1n~.15+1np-,LId)2 ]dp (13)
necessary to transform the correlative random variable X into 20"d
uncorrelated random variable Z . There are N electric vehicles in the system, the daily
mileage of vehicle d and the charging start time t are mutually
IV. PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION MODEL FOR WIND POWER independent, then at the t(t ~ T) moment, the expected value of
ANDEVCL
active demand for electric vehicle is
A. Probability distribution model ofwind power P(t, T) = N ['J(E)p(t)dE (14)
Since the uncertainty of wind power generation is directly Jo
related to the uncertainty of wind speed, it's important to The expression of pet) is

1
select the appropriate model ofwind speed, analysis of a large
Pe.,1 E [T,T + I El' ]
number of measured data shows that the wind speed in most , T + t EV :0: 24
areas obeys double parameter Weibull distribution [5], PDF of
wind speed for wind farm is
p(t) =
1{
0, I E [(0, T) u (T + I El' ,24 )]
Pol E [(O,T + I KV -24)u[(T,24)]]
, T + t vv 2: 24
K . V -' V K
(8) O,IE[T+I KV -24,T]
j(v)=-(-) exp[-(-)]
C C C tEv = (1- E)I Pe (15)
where K is shape parameter, K = (0" / ,LIr 1086 C is scale The expected values of active demand for N electric
parameter, C =,LI 1[['(1 + 11 K)], P is average wind speed, (J' is vehicles are obtained at t moment from the formula (15).
standard deviation. [' is Gamma function. Combining with central limit theorem, EVCL approximately

1863
obeys the normal distribution at t time. On the basis of the TABLEI. STATISTICS OF VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION OF 29 BUS
UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS
known mean value JI,iV and standard deviation (J",y , thus
Conditions P(V<O I maximum Minimum mean standard
EVCL'sPDFis .951 voltae:e/v.u voltae:e/p.u. value deviation
no
0,1275 1.0052 0,9273 0,9731 Om02
= __l_exp[_ (PFV - ~IFV )2 1
strong
f(Ptf) (16) POSlttV
fluctuation
10010
.j2;O"tf' 20"FV e
fluctuation
0,1312 1.0197 0,9156 0,9735 Om09
correla
20%
bon 0,1390 0,0278 0,9072 0,9732 Om12
V. PROCEDURE OF PLF CALCULA TlON BASED ON SRSM fluctuation
no
AND ORTHOGONAL TRANSFORMATION moder fluctuation
0,0728 1.0056 0,9283 0,9738 0,0091
ate 10%
The wind speed and the power ofthe basic load and EVCL correla fluctuation
0,0861 1.0144 0,9145 0,9736 0,0108

can be taken as the random variable X =[XI ,X2, . ,xnt, the

tlOn 20%
fluctuation
0,0957 1.0217 0,9036 0,9734 Om13
no
general process of PLF calculation based on SRSM and fluctuation
0,0435 1,0038 0,9354 0,9741 0,0086
low
orthogonal transformation is depicted as follow: correla
10%
0,0573 1,0045 0,9291 0,9738 0,0089
fluctuation
1) Input basic data, including the data for power tlow hon
20%
0,0698 1.0065 0,9138 0,9737 0,0093
calculation ofpower system, the parameters ofwind farm, fluctuation

the parameters ofbasic load and EVCL. strong

TIO
fluctuation
Om63 1.0032 0,9325 0,9743 0,0095
2) Decouple the covariance matrix C x of the random negattv 10010
fluctuation
0,0819 1.0189 0,9186 0,9739 0,0102
e
variable X by Cholesky decomposition method, and then correla 20%
0,9738 0,0108
the orthogonal transform matrix B is obtained. tlOn fluctuatio 0,0895 1,0237 0,9012
n
3) Transform the random variable X into uncorrelated When the load IS wlthout tluctuatlOn, the correlatlOn of
random variable Z by formula (6), the variable Z is wind speed has a great intluence on the resuIts of PLF, which
expressed by standard normal distribution~=(~p~2""t,,). has increased the tluctuation range of the node voltage and
4) Express the output response y as the Hermite polynomial transmission power of branch, and has made the probability
chaos expansion based on standard normal distribution for the voltage limit violations and power tlow overloads lager.
~ = (~I'~2""'~n)' When there is an existing strong positive correlation in the
5) Select the optimal collocation points according to linear wind speed of each wind farm, the tluctuation range of the
independent principle. node voltage has been larger, and the probability for the
6) Select the polynomial expansion term according to the voItage limit violations has been greater.
stepwise regression analysis. When the random tluctuation of load is considered, the
7) Determine the sampIe points of variable Z by the intluence of the wind speed correlation on the probability
collocation point r; , and the sampIe points of distribution of the branch transmission power has been
substantially unchanged, and yet the effect of the wind speed
variable X are obtained by X = B- 1Z transformation. correlation on the probability distribution of the node voltage
8) Solve the power tlow ofthe sampling points by Newton- has reduced. The correlation effect has decreased with the
Raphson method. increase of load tluctuation, however the load in actual
9) Plug the collocation point r; and corresponding node system operation has catholically had the random tluctuation,
voltage and branch power tlow into the Hermite so the randomness and correlation of wind speed can't be
polynomial chaos expansion, the undetermined individually considered, all kinds of stochastic factors should
coefficients are obtained by solving the linear equations, have been synthetically and comprehensively considered.
and the characteristics of probability and statistics for the In order to ensure the reliability of the system operation,
output random response is obtained by MCSM. the reasonable range ofthe voltage of grid-connected point for
the wind farm is generally restricted to 0.95~ 1.05p.u.,
VI. CA SE STUDY
therefore, when the installed capacity of wind farm is
A. P LF calculation of considering wind speed correlation determined, the corresponding reactive power capacity should
be configured. The qualified voltage quality is defined as the
IEEE30 bus system [11] is adopted to perform case study.
standard that the probability for the voltage limit violations is
Four wind fields operated in constant power factor with the
less than 5%. On the basis of this case study, the reactive
capacity of 20MWare installed at node25, 26, 29, 30,
power compensation capacity that should be configured under
respectively. PLF distribution is considered while the wind
different wind speed correlation is shown in TABLE TI when
speed of four wind farms can be c1assified as strong positive
correlation, moderate correlation, low correlation and strong the load is without tluctuation.
negative correlation. There are the parameters ofwind power: TABLE IL REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION CAPACITY OF BUS
29 WHEN TRE WIND SPEED CORRELATION CRANGES
Pr =IMW, K =3.97, C =10.7, V ci =3m/s, V r =12 m/s, V co =25
strong moderate low strong
m/s. At the same time, in order to consider the intluence ofthe Conditions positive correlatio correl negative
random tluctuation of load on the PLF, the simulation and correlation n ation correlation
calculation are carried out in three cases including no reactive power
1.6 OAI 0 0.55
tluctuation, the standard deviation ofloads that equals to 10% compensationlMvar
and 20% of their expectation, respectively. T ABLE I shows P(V<0.95) 0.0492 0.0478 0.0453 0.0490
the various statistics of voltages for node 29 corresponding to The reactlve power compensatlon capacIty of gnd-
different wind speed correlation in the three cases. connected point for each wind farm has also changed when the

1864
random tluctuation of load is considered and the installed .3 ..S
capacity of wind farm is different. Therefore, the reactive
power compensation capacity that should be configured 2 ..S

should be considered, meanwhile, considering the wind speed

correlation, the random tluctuation of load and the installed
capacity of wind farm, thereby the safety, reliability and
economy ofthe system operation have been improved. o. ;)
B. PLF calculation based on SRSM (b~-~5~-~IO~-~15--C2~O--~25
thc i nstallcd capacity of wind far m
IEEE30 bus system [11] is adopted to perform case study, Figure 3. Average and maximal ARMS ofbus yoltage amplitude
the probabilistic characteristics of distribution system
containing wind power and EVCL based on SRSM is The simulation results have shown that the calculation
researched without considering the of wind speed corre1ation. accuracy of SRSM gradually decreases with the increase of
The significant level a based on the stepwise regression the installed capacity of wind farm. Comparing with the
analysis is 0.05, cos ip =-0.95. The average root mean square increase of average ARMS, that of maximal ARMS is
relatively larger.
(ARMS) is proposed as the evaluation index. In Case2, the comparison results of CDF curves for node
ARMS = ~~ (M c, - PR)' IN (17)
14,30 and branch 14-15,27-30 are shown in Figure 4 when
the installed capacity ofwind farm is 20MW.
where Me, and PR, are the value of the point on the CDF curve
of the output random variable obtained by MSRS and SRSM,
respective1y. N is the total number of points.
Setting the result obtained by MSRS with the sampie size
of 10000 as reference, the voltage amplitude of PQ node is
taken as analysis object, ARMS is considered as the
evaluation index, the calculation accuracy of SRSM under
different cases is compared and analyzed, N =5000. (a) bus 30 (b) bus 14
Analyzing the following 4 cases in this section:
Case 1, considering the tluctuation of basic load without the
addition ofwind power and EVCL.
Case2, considering the tluctuation for the basic load and
power outputs of wind power.
Case3, considering the tluctuation ofthe basic load and EVCL.
Case4, considering the tluctuation of basic load and EVCL
and power outputs of wind power.
Casel: The re1ationship between the average and (c) brauch 27-30 (d) brauch 14-15
maximal ARMS of bus voltage amplitude and standard Figure 4. CDF comparison ofthe node voltage and active power
deviation ofload tluctuation is shown in Figure 2.
O. 7,----~--~--~--~---
According to (a), (b) in the Figure 4, the access of wind
farm has increased the voltage tluctuation of node 14 and 30,
0.6
and the voltage tluctuation of node 30 has been the most
o. ,S
max i mum conspicuous. The randomness of wind power has increased
the tluctuation of node voltage, and has made the probability
0 ..3
mcan va l uc
of the voItage limit violations larger. The more c10ser to the
O.
integration node, the more obvious intluence will be received.
2L--~----~--'

0.1
s 10 1.5 20 25
standard deviation of load fluc t uation
Figure 2. Average and maximal ARMS ofbus voltage amplitude
The simulation results have shown that SRSM is of higher
computational accuracy when the load tluctuation is
exceedingly smalI, the calculation accuracy of SRSM
gradually decreases with the increase of load tluctuation.
Case2: a wind farm is installed at node 30, Pr =IMW,
K =3.97, C =10.7, V ci =3m/s, V r =12 m/s, V co =25 m/s, the
standard deviation of the loads equals to 10% of their
expectation. The relationship between the average and
maximal ARMS of bus voltage amplitude and the installed
capacity ofwind farm is shown in Figure 3.
According to (c), (d) in the Figure 4, the access of wind
30 farm has had a great intluence on the branch power tlow, and
it has also changed the tide of the original tlows. The
probability for power tlow overloads ofbranch 27-30 has been
increased from 0 to 6.73%.It may be concluded that different
lines has different intluences affected by the wind farms'
integration. The more closer to the integration node, and the
more heavier the original power courses, the more severity of
line tlow's tluctuation will be got.
Case3: EVCLs are installed at node 30 on the basis of
Case 1. There is the electric vehicle battery with the capacity of
18kW . h, charging power of the single electric vehicle is
3.6kW, when a battery charges, conversion efficiency is 0.75.
The relationship between average and maximal ARMS of bus
voItage amplitude and the number of EVCLs is shown in
Figure 5.

1865
 active
0.237 2.263 0.575 3.059
power
O. R-
reactive
0.529 1.597 0.736 2.986
f O. 6- power
~O ..1- "alup
From Tab.7, the maximum value of s;mcan is 2.401 %, the
0. __ ________ _ maximum value of Ei;",,", is 4.787%. It is seen that the relative
O'c-----c2ccOOc---cc40CC'O------c~---c8~OOcc--lcc!OOO error index for each output random variable is all less than 5%.
thp llnmher
Hence one can see that the error of SRSM is smaller, which
Figure 5, Average and maximal ARMS ofbus voltage amplitude can be used to accurately evaluate the probabilistic
The simulation results have shown that the average and characteristics ofsystem containing wind power and EVCL.
maximal ARMS gradually increase with the increase of the In the case study, the calculation time of MSRS is 68.95s,
number of EVCLs. and yet that of SRSM is 1.67s, only about 2.4% of MSRS,
Case4: EVCLs are instalIed at node 30 on the basis of which has shown that SRSM has the advantage of fast
Case2, there is the wind farm operated in constant power calculation speed in solving PLF.
factor with the capacity of 5MW, the number of EVCLs are VII. CONCLUSIONS
600. The voltage ofnode 30 and the power flow ofbranch 27-
1) The load flow of distribution system has been affected by
30 are used as the test point, which are shown in TABLE ITT.
the output randomness of wind power and the uncertainty
TABLEIII. RESULTS OF PLF CALCULATION ofbasic load and EVCL, significantly.
standard 2) After considering the correlation ofwind speed, the wind
Case mean value
standard mean value deviation speed correlation has a great influence on the results of
deviation of reactive of reactive PLF.
cIassific ofvoltage for
ofvoltage power for power for
ation 30 bus
for 30 bus 27-30 branch 27-30
3) The reactive power compensation capacity of grid-
branch connected point for each wind farm has also changed
Casel 0,9947 0.0050 -0.0082 0.0344 when the instalIed capacity of wind farm is different.
Case2 1.0061 0.0127 0.0186 0.0447 4) The simulation accuracy and computational efficiency of
Case3 0.9969 0.0129 0.0193 0.0432 SRSM have been better than MSRS, which has been able
Case4 1,0075 0.0128 0,0188 0.0429 to accurately evaluate power system operation and
The result obtamed by MSRS wlth the sampIe slze of analysis containing wind power and EVCL and has had a
10000 is set as reference, SRSM and MSRS with the sampie good prospect in engineering application.
size of 500 are adopted to carry out PLF calculation under the
Case4, the average and maximal ARMS of voltage amplitude, REFERENCES
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