2016 IEEE PES Transmission & Distribution Conference and Exposition - Latin America (PES T&D-LA).

Morelia, Mexico

Analysis of Plug-in electric vehicles penetration in

residential buildings under deterministic and
stochastic scenarios
Andres D. Quevedo, Francisco Santamaria, Jorge A. Alarcn
Electromagnetic Compatibility and Interference Group Faculty of Engineering
Universidad Distrital Francisco Jos de Caldas
Bogot, Colombia
adquevedor@correo.udistrital.edu.co, fsantamariap@udistrital.edu.co, jaalarconv@udistrital.edu.co

AbstractThis paper presents a comparative analysis of a required to analyze and operate the electrical systems because
residential power system considering the inclusion of Plug-in the growing of power grid complexity [4].
Electric Vehicles (PEV) to the system, and both load curve of
users and PEVs have a deterministic or stochastic behavior. For There are many aspects of electrical systems requiring
this analysis, two computational tools are used, DigSilent and computing capacity, such as generation and power demand
Matlab in order to take advantage of the main features offered (due to its stochastic nature [5]), control, optimization, new
by each one. The communication system between these tools is renewable energy sources, among others. So, it is necessary to
completely autonomous using a control file. A study case is have on hand the abilities of tools to evaluate and make
selected to implement the proposed methodology, and when the decisions about planning and operation of power systems [6].
stochastic curves are implemented more realistic results are
observed. In this study, DigSilent and Matlab are simultaneously
used to analyze the behavior of electrical variables in a
KeywordsProbability, deterministic, stochastic, electric residential network, considering the inclusion of plug-in
vehicle, computational tool, final user. electric vehicles (PEV) to the system, and combining the
computational advantages of each tool. These tools have been
ABBREVIATIONS used together in several researches, such as [7] to implement a
model for automatic data exchange along with particle swarm
CDF Cumulative Distribution Function optimization. In [8] a genetic algorithm is developed,
CO2 Carbon Dioxide meanwhile [9] compares these tools for studying transient
DPL DigSilent Programming Language stability in HVAC-HVDC transmission lines. Finally, in [10]
FEV Full Electric Vehicle they are used to improve the calculation of losses in
HEV Hybrid Electric Vehicle transmission lines.
HVAC High Voltage Alternant Current
HVDC High Voltage Direct Current
This paper is divided in four main parts. The first part is a
MAX CAP Maximum Capacity Transformer brief description of the methodology used in this paper (section
PEV Plug-In Electric Vehicle II). The second part presents the selection of the study case and
SOC PEVs State Of Charge a description of the deterministic and stochastic scenarios
RETIE Technical Regulations of Electrical Facilities used (sections III to V). The third part is a description of the
in Colombia computational tools and the developed interface (section VI),
%PEN PEV Penetration Rate and the last part shows the main results and conclusions
(sections VII and VIII).
I. INTRODUCTION
II. METHODOLOGY
The high worldwide energy consumption causes
environmental problems as CO2 emissions, dependence on This section describes the methodology proposed for this
fossil fuels, air pollution, among others [1]. PEVs have research, which involves three aspects:
emerged as an effective solution to the environmental problem
A. Input parameters definition
since these vehicles can be powered by electricity and/or fuel
[2], so the market is seeking the massive use of these vehicles. Two input parameters were selected, the users load curve
and PEV load curve. Load curve is defined as a pattern of
However, a high degree of PEV penetration could generate electricity consumption for a home user, during a period of 24
important challenges to the power system, like the increase of hours [11], and its estimation is a challenging task due the
load in peak hours, the increment in operation and maintenance uncertainty associated with the user behavior, because it
costs, and the necessity of improving the current electric depends of many factors such as socioeconomic and comfort
infrastructure [2], [3]. In addition, computational tools are also levels [12].In the same way, to determine the PEV load curve it
is necessary to identify the parameters that have more influence
This study has been partially supported by the Engineering Doctorate
Program, Universidad Francisco Jos de Caldas, Bogot - Colombia

978-1-5090-2875-7/16/$31.00 2016 IEEE

 2016 IEEE PES Transmission & Distribution Conference and Exposition - Latin America (PES T&D-LA). Morelia, Mexico
on the estimated demand. In this paper, the following
parameters were considered:
PEV battery capacity
Energy consumed by the battery
PEV connections during a day
Battery recharge curve
B. Scenarios definition
There are two possibilities to generate the load curve
values, a deterministic model and a stochastic model.
Deterministic Model: In this model the data are known
with certainty, and the load curve values can be
obtained from measurements, historical averages or
reports of other authors, so some kind of randomness is
not considered and also the values remain constant
during simulation.
Stochastic Model: It is also known as probabilistic
model, the behavior of values can be represented by
probabilistic functions, creating uncertainty and
randomness to the simulation and therefore generating
different load curves for each simulation performed.
C. Definition of the parameters for system evaluation
Considering that a system evaluation is performed, three
system parameters are chosen: load curve, voltage level and
system losses. These parameters are evaluated for different
%PEV in both deterministic and stochastic scenarios, to
identify differences and make a further comparison.
III. ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STUDY CASE
A residential complex including 4 buildings and 80
apartments located in the city of Bogota - Colombia was
selected for the study. This complex has a social area and
elevators, and the next characteristics:
One three-phase transformer, DY5, 225 kVA
Seven low voltage branches: one for each building, one
for the common area, one for the water pump and one
for the backup of the electric plant
Measurements were carried out from Friday at 15:45 until
next Monday at 14:35 in the common point (power
transformer) to establish the daily demand curve (Fig. 1) and to
obtain a consumer model. These daily load curves are used
later to identify which scenario is closer to real life patterns.
Fig. 1 Daily Load Curve measured on the transformer
Considering that the power consumption varies during the
day, it is necessary to establish the behavior of the electrical
variables each hour, for this reason, 24 simulations
corresponding to the hour-hour behavior were developed.
IV. DETERMINISTIC SCENARIO
For the deterministic scenario, constant load conditions are
considered, it means, loading parameters of the households and
PEVs are constant values during the simulations.
A. Users load profile
The users load profile is considered as a constant value
during all day. This value is equal to 685 W per user and
corresponds to the mean value of consumption from measured
data. It is also considered that the equivalent power demand of
common services is 28.5 kW obtained by multiplying the total
common services load for the standard utilization factor (0.38
for this case).
B. PEV load profile
1) Battery capacity of PEV
Due to the complexity of implementing a battery model for
each PEV in the market, in this study the Nissan Leaf has been
selected, which is analyzed in detail in [13].
2) Energy consumed by PEV
It is necessary to considered the useful depth of discharge
for batteries and the losses in charging stations [14]. Based on
that, it is assumed that PEV has consumed 80% of SOC during
its discharge cycle, so it connects to the system with 20% SOC
available.
3) PEV battery charger mode
Each user can connect a PEV to an individual recharging
station, it means that there is a station per user. For this
scenario, the power that each station can deliver is constant and
corresponds to 1.5 kW [14].
4) Connection of PEV to the system
The connection of PEV is based on the methodology
developed in [15], which takes into account the mobility
patterns of private vehicles in the city. The data are taken from
[16] and the result is shown in Fig. 2.
 2016 IEEE PES Transmission & Distribution Conference and Exposition - Latin America (PES T&D-LA). Morelia, Mexico

8 B. PEV load profile

7 1) Battery capacity of PEV
For battery capacity, a selection of main PEVs available in
6
the Colombian market was done, and they were divided in two
PEV CONNECTIONS

5 groups, FEV and HEV. In order to identify the most suitable

probability function, a goodness of fit test was performed for
4 each group, with a significance level greater than 5%.
3 2) Energy consumed by PEV
It is assumed that the energy consumed by a PEV has a
2
probabilistic behavior, and follows the methodology described
1
by [15], [17]. For both, the battery capacity and the energy
consumed by the battery, it was found that the lognormal
0 probability function fits the data (Table 1).
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
HOUR
Fig. 2 PEV connections per hour

V. STOCHASTIC SCENARIO
This scenario is based on the generation of probability
functions to simulate the load behavior, in order to TABLE 1. Values for Log-Normal Distribution
approximate the model to the real consumption of users, Range [kWh] Mean () Standard Deviation ()
including PEV. FEV CAPACITY 1-50 3,056 0,159
A. Users load profile HEV CAPACITY 1-50 1,722 1,133
To determine the power consumed by each apartment, the ENERGY
1-25 1,893 0,403
data were collected and organized by hour, and then a CONSUMPTION
goodness of fit test was performed to identify the most suitable
probability function, with significance level greater than 5%. It 3) PEV battery charger mode
was found that the probability function of Johnson, which is a In this scenario, it is considered that each user can connect
modified normal distribution, has the best fit with data. a PEV to an individual recharging station as in the
However, the normal distribution was used in the cases where deterministic scenario; the main difference is the way the
the Johnson distribution was not fitted to the data. Fig. 3 shows battery recharges. A constant current/constant voltage charging
the results corresponding to the 00:00 hours. Data follow a model is considered in this case, which consists of two stages.
normal distribution and have a significance value greater than
In the first stage, current remains constant and once the battery
5%, which corresponds to P-Value in Fig. 3.
reaches 70% of SOC, the battery passes to second stage in
which voltage becomes constant, so that the current decreases
rapidly and prevents battery overcharge. The equations
describing this behavior are presented in [15]. The power
delivered to the battery rises in the first stage and then drops
exponentially, as the current supplied to the battery decreases,
as shown in Fig. 4. The curve corresponds to a 141 Ah battery
of a PEV Tesla Roadster, with an initial SOC of 15% at a
charge rate of 0.2C.

Fig. 3 Goodness of Fit Test at 00:00 hours

A constraint of this study is the data collection period,

because it is not representative period for a week demand
period, and only four days was used to construct the user load
profile. However the methodology applied in this study case is
valid to be used independently of the period of measurement.
 2016 IEEE PES Transmission & Distribution Conference and Exposition - Latin America (PES T&D-LA). Morelia, Mexico

14
COMMUNICATION PROCEDURE
12 MATLAB CONTROL DIGSILENT

10

START
Power [kW]

8
READ AND EDITING
HOUR=1:1:24
CONTROL.CSV [0]
6

ENTERING %PEN
4
GENERATE THE DAILY
LOAD CURVE FOR: HOUR 24
2 FLAT
EVS

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 READ DATA FILE
EXPORT DATA TO FILE READ AND EDITING
Curva_Carga.xls
Time of Charge [h] Curva_Carga.xls CONTROL.CSV [0 1]

Fig. 4 Load Curve of a PEV battery for the stochastic scenario

MODIFY THE
4) Connection of PEV to the system PARAMETERS OF
ELECTRICAL LOAD
The connection of PEV follows the same methodology READ DATA FILE
than in the deterministic scenario (Fig. 2). Resultados.xls
EXECUTE LOAD FLOW
AND SAVE RESULTS TO
VI. MATLAB-DIGSILENT INTERFACE FILE Resultados.xls

DigSilent has the ability to simulate power flows and PERFORM DATA
ANALYSIS
EXPORT DATA RESULTS
perform fault and stability analysis, among others, for AC, DC READ AND EDITING
TO FILE
CONTROL.CSV [1 0]
and AC-DC systems [9]. It has a programming module that Resultados.xls
END
uses its own programming language (DPL) which is very
useful, but has very large restrictions regarding to
mathematical operations and the use of vectors or arrays [8], Fig. 5 Flowchart for the communication process between DigSilent and
[18]. Matlab

Matlab is a mathematical software with its own

programming language (M language), which allows solving
highly complex mathematical operations in an affordable way
and debugging programs with a high complexity degree.
Although this software has the ability to perform simulation of
load flow, when specific studies of the power engineering are
required, such as fault analysis, protection coordination among
others, is necessary to use a specialized software in electrical
studies because Matlab cannot perform these power studies.
These characteristics are the reason to combine the
presented tools. DigSilent contributes in the analysis of power
systems and Matlab is used to develop mathematical
operations and generate more detailed models, in order to
obtain solutions in a quick way and perform the analysis with a
high flexibility degree. The communication between these
tools is based on the procedure described in [10] and [19]. Fig.
5 shows the detailed communication process, using mainly a
control file.
Communication is carried out through three stages:
1) Matlab starts the program. The software enters to the
control file and changes the value to 0, ensuring the
code runs first in Matlab. In this stage, it randomly
generates load curves of households and PEVs. These
curves are stored in an Excel spreadsheet and then the
control file is changed to 1.
2) At this stage, the DigSilent code reads the control file,
if it is 1, it reads the file Load_curve.xls and stores
the corresponding load values in a matrix. Then, the
code begins to change the corresponding load values
(households and PEVs) hour by hour, and when all the
changes are made in the electrical system, the load
flow calculation is done for each hour. When DigSilent
has performed the load flow calculation for a complete
day, the results are stored in another Excel spreadsheet,
and DigSilent modifies the control file to 0.
3) Finally, Matlab reads the control file and if it is 0,
reads the Excel spreadsheet and the code proceeds to
analyze the obtained data.
VII. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this section, the three variables selected to establish the
differences between the two study cases are analyzed.
 2016 IEEE PES Transmission & Distribution Conference and Exposition - Latin America (PES T&D-LA). Morelia, Mexico

A. Load Curve 280

S-20%
This is the main variable for the analysis, due to the 260 D-20%
different methodologies used to generate the load curves in 240
S-60%
D-60%
each study case. S-90%
220
D-90%
Base Load Curve: For the stochastic case, it is MAX CAP
200
constructed from the consumption of residential users

Power [kW]
randomly generated, and for the deterministic case, it is 180
assumed as a constant value. Additionally, the average 160
consumption of common services is 28.75 kW during
all day. 140

120
PEV Load Curve: In Fig. 6 the curves obtained for each
%PEN are shown. It can be seen that for the stochastic 100

case (S-curves), the curves have a similar behavior than 80

the shape of residential consumption, while in the 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Hour [h]
deterministic case (D-curves), the curve grows almost
constantly during all day. Fig. 7 Aggregate system load curve

80 B. Voltage Level
S-20%
70 D-20% To verify if voltages in all nodes are within the ranges
S-60% defined by the national Colombian regulation, it means
60
D-60% between 0,9 p.u. and 1,1 p.u. [20], simulations were carried out
S-90%
D-90%
in the peak hour (20:00). As it can be seen in Fig. 8, there are
50 not problems with the voltage profile.
Power [kW]

40 S-20%
1.1
D-20%
S-60%
30
D-60%
S-90%
20 1.05
D-90%

10
|V| P.U.

1
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Hour [h]

Fig. 6 EV Load curve for different %PEN 0.95

Aggregate Load Curve: This is the curve viewed from

the common point. The dotted line in Fig. 7 corresponds 0.9

to the deterministic case and the solid line is the 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
System Node
obtained for the stochastic case.
Fig. 8 Voltage Range of the system for hour 20:00
For the deterministic case, the peaks in the demand
curve are significantly reduced (8% with respect to the
stochastic case), indicating that the transformer would C. System Losses
be in better operating conditions; however, the The system losses analysis shows that there is not a
stochastic case is the closer to the actual conditions of significant difference between the results obtained in the
the system. Additionally, the system under study has deterministic and stochastic scenarios, and these losses
the capacity to support up to 20% of PEN, since after increase as the %PEN grows (Fig. 9).
this value the power demand exceeds the transformer
capacity (225 kVA).
 2016 IEEE PES Transmission & Distribution Conference and Exposition - Latin America (PES T&D-LA). Morelia, Mexico
80
Deterministic Scenario
70 Stochastic Scenario
60
TOTAL LOSSES [kW]
50
40
30
20
10
0 [12]
0% 20% 60% 90%
RATE PENETRATION OF PEV
Fig. 9 Diary system losses for different %PEN
VIII. CONCLUSIONS
The aggregate load curve in the stochastic case shows
variations in the valleys and peaks that are not observed in the
deterministic case. In addition, the peaks of the load curve in
the stochastic load curve are 8% greater than in the
deterministic case, and also the valleys of the load curve have
not been reflected in the deterministic case.
The PEV load curve in the deterministic scenario shows an
increasing trend until 22:00, where the load starts to decrease.
Meanwhile for the stochastic case, the increasing load is
registered in two periods, since 12:00 to 14:00 and between
17:00 and 19:00; additionally, from 20:00 it has a higher rate
of decrease than the deterministic scenario, showing a closer
behavior to real user.
The voltage level decreases slightly with increasing %PEN;
however, it never exceeds the voltage limits established by
Colombian regulation.
In both, deterministic and stochastic scenarios, the system
losses are proportional to the penetration level and no
significant differences between them are observed.
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