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Ahmed Shalabi, Undergraduate Mathematical Physics student
Answered Apr 26 What type of physics branch is best for me?

Physics before the 20th century had primarily three branches: Is chemistry a branch of physics?

Classical Mechanics:

Classical Mechanics is concerned with the motion of objects under the influence of
forces. There are three main formulations of Classical Mechanics: Newtonian
mechanics which involves Newtons Laws of motion. These laws described an array
of different dynamics including rolling balls, swinging pendulums and planets in
orbits

Lagrangian Mechanics arose from the Newtonian formulation as a result of how

difficult it was to solve systems that were complicated or involving many objects.
Lagrangian Mechanics was developed independent of any particular coordinate
system. The formulation involves defining the Lagrangian and the development of

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 Calculus of Variation . This lead to solving many complicated problems and more
importantly the discovery of the principle of least action

Hamiltonian Mechanics formulation is based on a Legendre transform of the

Lagrangian of a system. Hamiltonian Mechanics is focused around emphasizing the
conserved quantities and symmetries of a system. Technically, all three
formulations are mathematically equivalent and essentially describe the same set of
rules! Which one you use depends on the problem and what you are trying to extract
from a system.

Statistical Mechanics

The very powerful idea that matter is made out of classical atoms that bump around and
exchange heat forms a basis for Statistical Mechanics. Simply put , we can describe macro
properties like pressure and temperature due to the random interactions between atoms.

Electromagnetism

In the 19th century , electricity , magnetism and light were studied separately. Thanks to
several scientists , most notably Ampere and Faraday, a few laws were formulated. Later
Maxwell came along and unified Electricity and Magnetism and showed that light was an
electromagnetic wave as well.

Early 20th century Physics:

Relativity (Special and General)

Quantum Mechanics

Research in Physics nowadays uses those branches to solve problems in:

High Energy particle physics

Gravitational physics and Cosmology

Astrophysics and Astroparticle Physics

Atomic , Molecular and optical Physics (AMO)

Nuclear Physics

Condensed Matter Physics

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 Computational Physics

To name a few things on the top of my head! Finally this list barely scratches the surface of
Fundamental Physics ( Theoretical and Experimental). Theres a whole sea of other branches
in Applied or interdisciplinary Physics (Biophysics, Geophysics etc)
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