(1.3 ) State main objectives of future PLMTS ?

To provide a framework for continuing the extension of mobile

network services and access to services and facilities of the
fixed network
To allow mobile and fixed network users to use the services
regardless of location
To provide an open architecture that will permit the easy
introduction of new technology advancements
To allow the coexistence and interconnection with mobile
systems that use direct satellite links
To provide for unique user identification and PSTN/ISDN
numbers in accor- dance with appropriate CCITT
Recommendations
To offer the services available in the PSTNASDN and other
public networks
To provide frequency commonality, which should allow for the
desired level of operational compatibility on the systems
 (1.6) List, in order of importance, the operational
requirements of GSM ?
High audio quality and link integrity .
High spectral efficiency.
Identical system in all countries (European harmonization
and standardization).
Intersystem roaming (international roaming needs
standardized air interface).
High degree of flexibility.
Economy in both sparsely and heavily populated areas.
Integration with ISDN.
Other security features.
Easy to introduce the system.
Low-cost infrastructure.
 (1.9) Find the spectral efficiency in bpsHz of the GSM
system assuming channel- bandwidth BW to be 200 kHz
and the channel data rate of 270.833 Kbps. What will be
the spectral efficiency if the BW is increased by 50%?

Spectral efficiency = =

If the BW increased by 50% :

BW(New) = BW(old) + [ BW(old) ]=
=200 KHz + [ 200 KHz ] = 300 KHz

Spectral efficiency = = 0.902 bps/Hz

 (1.11)Why, in actuality, are only 124 or even less channels
used instead of the total available 125 channels ?

Because the first channel is guard

The bandwidth for the GSM system is 25 MHz, which
provides 125 carriers each having a bandwidth of 200
kHz. Due to interference to other systems, the very first
carrier is not used, thus reducing the number of carriers to
124.
 (2.1) Why is VLR regarded as a distributed HLR? What
particulars about mobile will you like to keep in the VLR data
base?

VLR is distributed HLR because it acts as a copy of HLR which contains

more information about mobile location and used when the user moves
from cell ' area ' to another area . it become a visitor with respect MSC, so
MSC wants to know the status of user to permit service.

Data stored in VLR are:

The IMSI.
The MSISDN.
The MSRN, which is allocated to the MS either when the station is
registered in an MSC area or on a per-call basis and is used to route the
incoming calls to that station.
The TMSI; The LA where the MS has been registered, which will be used to
call the station.
Supplementary service parameters.
MS category.
Authentication key, query and response obtained from AUC.
ID of the current MSC.
 State the main functions of: (1) BTS and BSC, (2)
MSC/GMSC, (3) OMC, and (4) NMC.
Functions of BTS : Base Transceiver Station
Encodes, encrypts, multiplexes, modulates and feeds the RF signals
to the antenna;
Transcoding and rate adaptation;
Time and frequency synchronization signals transmitted from BTS;
Each BTS serves a single cell;
Voice communication through full rate or half rate (future date)
speech channel;
Received signal from mobile is decoded, decrypted and equalized
before demodulation;
Frequency hopping controlled such that no two MSs in the same BSC
area are hopped together;
Random access detection;
Timing advance;
Uplink radio channel measurements.
 Functions of BSC : Base Station Controller

RR management for BTSs under its control;

Intercell handover;
Reallocation of frequencies among BTSs;
Power management of BTSs;
Time and frequency synchronization signals to BTSs;
Time delay measurement of the received signals from MSs with respect to
BTS clock;
Controls frequency hopping;
Performs traffic concentration to reduce the number of lines from BSC to
MSC and BTSs;
Provides interface to the Operations and Management for BSS.
 Functions of MSC/GMSC : MOBILESWITCHING CENTER
AND GATEWAY SWITCHING CENTER
Paging;
Coordination of call set up from all MSs in its jurisdiction;
Dynamic allocation of resources; Location registration;
Interworking function with different networks;
Handover management;
Billing for all subscribers based in its area;
Reallocation of frequencies to BTSs in its area to meet heavy demands;
Encryption;
Echo canceler (EC) operation control;
Signaling exchange between different interfaces;
Synchronization with BSSs;
One MSC may interface several BSSs;
Gateway to SMS.
 Functions of OMC : OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE
CENTER
Supports for maintenance;
X.25 interface;
Alarm handling;
Fault management;
Performance management;
Software version and configuration control;
Network status;
Traffic collection from network.
Functions of NMC : THE NETWORK MANAGEMENT
CENTER
Single NMC per network;
Provides traffic management for the whole network;
Monitors high-level alarms such as failed or overloaded nodes;
Performs responsibilities of an OMC when it is not staffed;
Provides network planners with essential data for network performance.
 (2.16) Explain White, Black, and Gray identities with respect to
IMEI.

White List: contains those IMEIs that are known to have been
assigned to valid MSs. This is the category of genuine
equipment.
Black List: contains IMEIs of mobiles that have been reported
stolen.
Gray List: contains IMEIs of mobiles that have problems (for
example, faulty software, wrong make of the equipment). This
list contains all MEs with faults not important enough for
barring.
 (3.4 )Find the frame, multiframe, and the superframe rates.

Frame,Multiframe,Superframe,Hyperframe for a GSM

network
 (3.7 )List different logical channels and their associated functions.

Types of logical channel :

A- TCHs Channel.
B- Control Channel.

A- TCHs Channel : are intended to carry either encoded speech or user data
both in the up and down link directions in a point - to point
communication.
TCH divided into:
Full rate TCH (TCH/ F)
Half rate TCH (TCH/H)

B- Control channels are intended to carry signaling or synchronization

data.
Control Channel divided into :
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH).
Common Control Channel (CCCH).
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH).
 (3.15) Name different types of burst signals used in GSM. Justify the utility of
including the training sequence in the middle of the normal burst. What is
the reason for using TB?
Burst signals types:
Normal burst.
Synchronization burst.
Frequency correction burst.
Access burst.
Dummy burst.

The reason why the training sequence is placed in the middle is that the
channel is constantly changing . The training sequence is a known 26-bit
pattern used by equalizer to create channel model.

The reason of the tail bits they help the equalizer know the start and stop bit
pattern , the algorithm used in equalizer needs a certain start/stop point.
 (3.21)Assuming the hopping is at the frame rate in a
GSM system, compute the hopping rate. What
happens to signal quality as the hopping rate is
reduced to half or increased by a factor of two?

The hopping rate is 216.7 hops/s, which corresponds to

l/(frame duration) = l/(4.1615 x 10-3).

If the hopping rate is reduced to half the signal quality will be

improved .

If the hopping rate increased by factor of two this will be

reduce the signal quality.