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Microchip 8 Bits

Introduction

Analog vs Digital

Number Systems

P vs. C

Microcontrollers

Microprocessors

Microcomputers

I/O Systems
Embedded Electronics
Microchip Microcontroller
Buses

Memories

Embedded Systems

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Microchip 8 Bits

Introduction

Analog vs Digital

Number Systems

P vs. C Advanced PIC Micro-controller Programming

Microcontrollers

Microprocessors Lecture1
Microcomputers

I/O Systems

Buses

Memories

Embedded Systems
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Digital vs. Analog

Microchip 8 Bits

Introduction Analog infinite resolution

Analog vs Digital Like(old fashioned) radio dial
Number Systems
Well do very little with analog
VGA, maybe sound
P vs. C

Microcontrollers Digital a finite set of values

Microprocessors Likemoney
Microcomputers Cant get smaller than cents
I/O Systems Typically also has maximum value
Buses

Memories

Embedded Systems
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Binary Signaling
Microchip 8 Bits

Introduction

Analog vs Digital Zero volts

Number Systems
FALSE or 0
P vs. C
3.3 or 5 volts
Microcontrollers
TRUE or 1
Microprocessors Modern chips down to 1V

Microcomputers

I/O Systems

Buses

Memories

Embedded Systems
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Binary Numbers
Microchip 8 Bits

Introduction Strings of binary digits (bits)

Analog vs Digital One bit can store a number i.e. 0 or 1
Number Systems
n bits can store numbers from 0 to 2n
P vs. C
Each digit represents a power of 2
Microcontrollers So 101 binary is
Microprocessors 1 22 + 0 21 + 1 20
Microcomputers or
I/O Systems 14 + 02 + 11=5
Buses

Memories

Embedded Systems
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Converting Binary to Decimal

Microchip 8 Bits

Introduction Easy, just multiply digit by power of 2

Analog vs Digital
Just like a decimal number is represented
Number Systems

Example follows
P vs. C

Microcontrollers

Microprocessors

Microcomputers

I/O Systems

Buses

Memories

Embedded Systems
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Binary Decimal Example

Microchip 8 Bits

Introduction

Analog vs Digital 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Number Systems

P vs. C
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
Microcontrollers 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Microprocessors

Microcomputers What is 10011100 in decimal?

I/O Systems
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
Buses

Memories
128 + 0 + 0 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 0 = 156
Embedded Systems
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Decimal to Binary
Microchip 8 Bits

Introduction A little more work than binary to decimal

Analog vs Digital
Some examples
Number Systems
3 = 2 + 1 = 11 (thats 121 + 120)
P vs. C
5 = 4 + 1 = 101 (thats 122 + 021 + 120)
Microcontrollers

Microprocessors

Microcomputers

I/O Systems

Buses

Memories

Embedded Systems
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Hexadecimal
Microchip 8 Bits

Introduction Strings of 0s and 1s too hard to write

Analog vs Digital Use base-16 or hexadecimal 4 bits
Number Systems

P vs. C Dec Bin Hex Dec Bin Hex

0 0000 0 8 1000 8
Microcontrollers
1 0001 1 9 1001 9
Microprocessors
2 0010 2 10 1010 ?
Microcomputers 3 0011 3 11 1011 ?
I/O Systems 4 0100 4 12 1100 ?
5 0101 5 13 1101 ?
Buses
6 0110 6 14 1110 ?
Memories
7 0111 7 15 1111 ?
Embedded Systems
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Hex to Binary
Microchip 8 Bits Bin Hex

Introduction Convention write 0x before number 0000 0

Analog vs Digital
Hex to Binary just convert digits 0001 1
0010 2
Number Systems 0011 3

P vs. C 0100 4
0101 5
Microcontrollers

Microprocessors
0x2ac 0110
0111
6
7
Microcomputers 1000 8
1001 9
I/O Systems
0010 1010 1100 1010 a
Buses
1011 b
0x2ac = 001010101100 1100 c
Memories

1101 d
Embedded Systems Remember hex digit = 4 bits 1110 10 e
1111 f
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Octal
Microchip 8 Bits

Introduction Octal is base 8

Analog vs Digital
Similar to hexadecimal
Number Systems
Conversions
P vs. C
Less convenient for use with 8-bit bytes
Microcontrollers

Microprocessors

Microcomputers

I/O Systems

Buses

Memories

Embedded Systems
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Introduction
Microchip 8 Bits

Introduction Microprocessor (P)(MPU)

A P is a CPU on a single chip.
Analog vs Digital
Components of CPU
Number Systems
ALU, instruction decoder, registers, bus control
P vs. C
circuit, etc.
Microcontrollers
Micro-computer (-Computer)
Microprocessors small computer
Microcomputers P + peripheral I/O + memory specifically for

I/O Systems
data acquisition and control applications
Buses
Microcontroller (C)
Memories u-Computer on a single chip of silicon
Embedded Systems
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P vs. C
Microchip 8 Bits

Introduction
A P
only is a single-chip CPU
Analog vs Digital bus is available
Number Systems
RAM capacity, num of port is selectable
RAM is larger than ROM (usually)
P vs. C

Microcontrollers A C
contains a CPU and RAM,ROM ,Peripherals,
Microprocessors
I/O port in a single IC
Microcomputers internal hardware is fixed
Communicate by port
I/O Systems
ROM is larger than RAM (usually)
Buses Small power consumption
Single chip, small board
Memories
Implementation is easy
Embedded Systems Low cost
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P vs. C cont.
Microchip 8 Bits

Introduction

Analog vs Digital Applications

Number Systems Cs are suitable to
P vs. C control of I/O devices in
Microcontrollers designs requiring a
Microprocessors
minimum component
Microcomputers
Ps are suitable to

I/O Systems
processing information
Buses
in computer systems.
Memories

Embedded Systems

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P vs. C cont.
Microchip 8 Bits

Introduction
C is easy to use and design.
Only single chip can be a complete system
Analog vs Digital

Number Systems
interfacing to other devices,
P vs. C
for example, motors, displays, sensors, and
Microcontrollers
communicate with PC.
Microprocessors
In contrast, similar system that builds
Microcomputers
from P would require a lot of
I/O Systems
additional units,
Buses
such as RAM, UART, I/O , TIMER and etc.
Memories

Embedded Systems
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C is a Reusable Hardware
Microchip 8 Bits

Introduction Logic circuit provides limited function for

Analog vs Digital one single design. In order to change circuits
Number Systems functionality, we need to redesign the
P vs. C
circuits.
C can reprogram and change functionality
Microcontrollers
of every port, input to output or digital to
Microprocessors
analog on the fly.
Microcomputers

I/O Systems

Buses

Memories

Embedded Systems
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Microcontrollers
Microchip 8 Bits

Introduction Many Cs are existing right now.

Analog vs Digital PIC, 8051, 68HC11, MSP430, ARM series, and etc.
Number Systems We may widely divide it with how it is
P vs. C designed
Microcontrollers
RISC/CISC architecture.
Microprocessors
What is the main difference between
Microcomputers
RISC/CISC
I/O Systems
Does it make any difference to our
Buses
application?
Memories

Embedded Systems
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The Microprocessor (MPU)

Microchip 8 Bits

Introduction The P is the brain of the microcomputer

Analog vs Digital Is a single chip which is capable of
Number Systems processing data
controlling all of
the components which make up the
P vs. C
microcomputer system
Microcontrollers P used to sequence executions of
Microprocessors instructions that is in memory
Microcomputers P Fetch , Decode , and Execute the
I/O Systems instruction
Buses The internal architecture of the
Memories microprocessor is complex.
Embedded Systems
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The Microprocessor (MPU)

Microchip 8 Bits

Introduction
Microprocessor (MPU) typically contains
Analog vs Digital
Registers: Temporary storage locations for program
Number Systems
instruction or data.
P vs. C
The Arithmetic Logic unit (ALU): This part of the
Microcontrollers
MPU performs both arithmetic and logical???
Microprocessors

Microcomputers
operations
I/O Systems
Timing and Control Circuits: that keep all of the
Buses
other parts of system (Regs, ALU, memory & I/O)
Memories working together in the right time sequence
Embedded Systems
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Microcomputers
Microchip 8 Bits

Introduction
All Microcomputers consist of (at least)
Analog vs Digital 1. Microprocessor Unit (MPU)
Number Systems 2. Program Memory (ROM)
P vs. C 3. Data Memory (RAM)
Microcontrollers 4. Input / Output ports
Microprocessors 5. Bus System
Microcomputers (and Software)
I/O Systems

Buses MPU is the brain of microcomputer

Memories

Embedded Systems
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Microcomputers
Microchip 8 Bits

Introduction

Analog vs Digital

Number Systems

P vs. C

Microcontrollers

Microprocessors

Microcomputers

I/O Systems

Buses

Memories

Embedded Systems
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The Input/Output (I/O) System

Microchip 8 Bits

Introduction I/O is the link between the MPU and the

Analog vs Digital outside world.
Number Systems An input port is a circuit through which an
P vs. C external device can send signals (data?) to
Microcontrollers the MPU. Eg
Microprocessors An output port is a circuit that allows the
Microcomputers MPU to send signals (data?) to external
I/O Systems
devices. Eg.
Buses I/O ports connect both digital and analogue
Memories devices by DAC and ADC
Embedded Systems
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Bus
Microchip 8 Bits

Introduction A Bus is a common communications pathway

Analog vs Digital used to carry information between the various
Number Systems elements of a computer system
P vs. C
The term BUS refers to a group of wires or
Microcontrollers conduction tracks on a printed circuit board
Microprocessors (PCB) though which binary information is
Microcomputers
transferred from one part of the microcomputer
I/O Systems
to another
Buses The individual subsystems of the digital
Memories computer are connected through an
Embedded Systems
interconnecting BUS system.
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Bus
Microchip 8 Bits

Introduction
There are three main bus groups
Analog vs Digital
ADDRESS BUS
Number Systems
DATA BUS
P vs. C
CONTROL BUS
Microcontrollers

Microprocessors

Microcomputers

I/O Systems

Buses

Memories

Embedded Systems
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Data Bus
Microchip 8 Bits

Introduction
The Data Bus carries the data which is
Analog vs Digital
transferred throughout the system.
Number Systems
( bi-directional)
Examples of data transfers
P vs. C

Microcontrollers
Program instructions being read from memory into
Microprocessors
MPU.
Microcomputers Data being sent from MPU to I/O port
I/O Systems
Data being read from I/O port going to MPU
Results from MPU sent to Memory
Buses

Memories
These are called read and write
Embedded Systems
operations
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Address Bus
Microchip 8 Bits

Introduction
An address is a binary number that
Analog vs Digital
identifies a specific memory storage
Number Systems
location or I/O port involved in a data
P vs. C

Microcontrollers
transfer
Microprocessors
The Address Bus is used to transmit
Microcomputers
the address of the location to the
I/O Systems
memory or the I/O port.
Buses The Address Bus is unidirectional
Memories ( one way ): addresses are always
Embedded Systems issued by the MPU.
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Control Bus
Microchip 8 Bits

Introduction
The Control Bus: is another group of
Analog vs Digital
signals whose functions are to provide
Number Systems
synchronization ( timing control )
P vs. C
between the MPU and the other system
Microcontrollers

Microprocessors
components.
Microcomputers
Control signals are unidirectional, and
I/O Systems
are mainly outputs from the MPU.
Buses Example Control signals
RD:read signal asserted to read data into MPU
Memories
WR: write signal asserted to write data from MPU
Embedded Systems
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Main memory
Microchip 8 Bits

Introduction The duties of the memory are :

Analog vs Digital To store programs
To provide data to the MPU on request
Number Systems
To accept result from the MPU for storage
P vs. C

Microcontrollers Main memory Types

Microprocessors ROM : read only memory. Contains program
(Firmware). does not lose its contents when
Microcomputers
power is removed (Non-volatile)
I/O Systems RAM: random access memory (read/write
Buses
memory) used as variable data, loses contents
when power is removed volatile. When power
Memories
up will contain random data values
Embedded Systems
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Read-Only Memory
Microchip 8 Bits

Introduction
P can read instructions from ROM
Analog vs Digital
quickly
Cannot write new data to the ROM
Number Systems

ROM remembers the data, even after

P vs. C

Microcontrollers

Microprocessors
power cycled
Microcomputers
Typically, when the power is turned on,
I/O Systems
the microprocessor will start fetching
Buses instructions from the still-remembered
Memories program in ROM (bootstrap )
Embedded Systems
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Available ROMs
Microchip 8 Bits

Introduction Masked ROM or just ROM

Analog vs Digital PROM or programmable ROM(once only)
Number Systems EPROM (erasable via ultraviolet light)
P vs. C
Flash (can be erased and re-written about 10000
Microcontrollers
times, usually must write a whole block not just
1 byte or 2 bytes, slow writing, fast reading)
EEPROM (electrically erasable read-only
Microprocessors

Microcomputers
memory, also known as EEROMboth reading
I/O Systems
and writing are very slow but can program
Buses millions of timesuseless for storing a program
Memories but good for say configuration information.
Embedded Systems
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RAM (Random Access Memory)

Microchip 8 Bits

Introduction The P can read the data from RAM quickly

Analog vs Digital The P can write new data quickly to RAM
Number Systems RAM forgets its data if power is turned off
P vs. C Two type of is available :
Microcontrollers Static RAM(SRAM): ff base, fast, expensive,
Microprocessors low cap/vol, applied for cache , no refresh
Microcomputers Dynamic RAM (DRAM): cap base, slow , low
I/O Systems
cost high capacity/volume , applied for main
Buses
memory(pc) need refresh.
Memories

Embedded Systems
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Embedded System
Microchip 8 Bits

Introduction An embedded system is closely

Analog vs Digital integrated with the main
Number Systems
system
It may not interact directly
P vs. C
with the environment
Microcontrollers For example A
Microprocessors microcomputer in a car
Microcomputers
ignition control
I/O Systems
An embedded product uses a microprocessor or
Buses microcontroller to do one task only
Memories There is only one application software that is typically
Embedded Systems
burned into ROM
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Examples of Embedded Systems

Microchip 8 Bits

Introduction Keyboard
Analog vs Digital Printer
Number Systems video game player
P vs. C MP3 music players
Microcontrollers Embedded memories to keep
Microprocessors configuration information
Microcomputers Mobile phone units
I/O Systems Domestic (home) appliances
Buses Data switches
Memories Automotive controls
Embedded Systems
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Three criteria in Choosing a Microcontroller

Microchip 8 Bits

Introduction Meeting the computing needs of the task

Analog vs Digital
efficiently and cost effectively
Number Systems speed, the amount of ROM and RAM, the number of
P vs. C I/O ports and timers, size, packaging, power
Microcontrollers
consumption
easy to upgrade
Microprocessors
cost per unit
Microcomputers
Availability of software development tools
I/O Systems Assemblers, debuggers, C compilers, emulator,
Buses simulator, technical support
Memories Wide availability and reliable sources of
Embedded Systems the microcontrollers
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Automatics Training Group

Microchip 8 Bits

Introduction

Analog vs Digital

Number Systems

P vs. C

Microcontrollers
Thank you
Microprocessors

Microcomputers

I/O Systems

Buses

Memories

Embedded Systems

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