Job No.: ECMM150-CW1 Sheet of Rev.

: 0
Job Title: Typical Portal Frame Design for a Supermarket
Subject: Determination of Wind Loads
Client: CEMPS, Made by: 650047039 Date: Nov. 2016
University of Exeter Checked by: Date: Nov. 2016
REFERENCE CALCULATIONS OUTPUT

Schematic View of the Supermarket:

5m

16.00 m

(A typical internal frame is being considered in the design)

Basic Data:
Dimensions of Supermarket
Height to eave, h = 5.00 m (Given)
Portal Span, d = 16.00 m (Given)
Frame spacing, ls = 6.00 m (assumed)
Duopitch roof slope, = 6.00 deg
Total length, b = 30.00 m
Total structure height, H = 5.84 m
Location
City: Exeter
Altitude: 50 m (a.s.l)

EN 1991:1-4 Wind Loads:

clause 4.2 Basic values
Fig.NA.1 Fundamental value of the basic wind velocity, (vb,0) = 22.50 m/s
Basic wind velocity, vb
eqn 4.1 vb = (cdir * cseason * vb,0)
cdir = 1.0 (recommended under cl. 4.2, Note 2)
cseason = 1.0 (recommended under cl. 4.2, Note 3)
vb = 22.50 m/s

Table 4.1 Terrain category = II

thus, z0,II = 0.05 m
z0 = 0.05 m
zmin = 2.00 m
 Job No.: ECMM150-CW1 Sheet of Rev.: 0
Job Title: Typical Portal Frame Design for a Supermarket
Subject: Determination of Wind Loads
Client: CEMPS, Made by: 650047039 Date: Nov. 2016
University of Exeter Checked by: Date: Nov. 2016
REFERENCE CALCULATIONS OUTPUT
clause 4.3 Determination of mean wind velocity, vm(z)
eqn 4.3 vm (z) = cr (z) * c0 (z) * vb
c0 (z) = 1.00 (terrain orography factor for flat terrain )
clause 4.3.2 roughness factor, cr (z)
eqns 4.4 cr (z) = kr * ln (z/z0) for z min <= z <= z max
cr (z) = cr (zmin) for z <= z min
zmax (z) = 200 m
0.07
eqn 4.5 kr (z) = 0.19 * (z0/z0,II) = 0.1900
cr (zmin) = kr * ln (zmin/z0) = 0.7009 (for 0 to 2m height)

NB: The mean wind velocity [v m (z)] values for z > z min (i.e. from 2.0m to
5.84m) computed from eqn 4.3 are shown in Table 1.

clause 4.4 Wind turbulence, lv (z)

eqn 4.7 lv (z) = v / vm(z)
Standard deviation of turbulence, v
eqn 4.6 v = kr * vb * kl
where, kr = 0.1900
vb = 22.50 m/s
kl = 1.0 (turbulence factor - recommended in cl. 4.4, Note 2)
thus, v = 4.275 m/s

NB: The wind turbulence [l v (z)] values computed from eqn 4.7 above
are shown in Table 1.

clause 4.5 Peak velocity pressure, qp (z)

eqn 4.8 qp (z) = [1 + 7 * lv(z)] * {0.5** [ vm(z) * vm(z) ]}
= 1.25 kg/m3 (recommended in clause 4.5, Note 2)

NB: The peak velcoity pressure [q p (z)] values computed from eqn 4.8
above are shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Tabulation for computed values of v m (z), l v (z) and q p (z)

z [m] 0.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 5.84
c0 (z) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
cr (z) 0.701 0.701 0.778 0.833 0.875 0.904
vm (z) [m/s] 15.770 15.770 17.503 18.733 19.687 20.351
Adopt design qp(z)
lv (z) 0.271 0.271 0.244 0.228 0.217 0.210
= 0.639kN/m2
qp (z) [kN/m2] 0.450 0.450 0.519 0.570 0.610 0.639
 Job No.: ECMM150-CW1 Sheet of Rev.: 0
Job Title: Typical Portal Frame Design for a Supermarket
Subject: Determination of Wind Loads
Client: CEMPS, Made by: 650047039 Date: Nov. 2016
University of Exeter Checked by: Date: Nov. 2016
REFERENCE CALCULATIONS OUTPUT
clause 5.2 Wind pressure on surfaces, w (Internal Frame Considered )
Wind pressure on external surfaces, we
eqn 5.1 we = qp(ze) * cpe

clause 7.2 Pressure coefficients for buildings

External pressure coefficients, cpe
clause 7.2.1(1) Since loaded area A > 10m2,
cpe = cpe,10
clause 7.2.2 Vertical walls:
h = 5.84 < b = 30.00
Fig. 7.4 ze = z and qp(ze) = qp(z) = 0.639 kN/m2

d = 16m H = 5.84m
b = 30m

wind
D E A B C
= 00

e/5 (d - e)
(Plan) d = 16m
(End Elevation)
e = min (b, 2h) = 11.680 m < d = 16.00 m

Table 7.1 Recommended values of external pressure coefficients for walls, cpe
ratio (h / d) = (5.84 / 16) = 0.365
cpe = 0.715 [for Zone D] (obtained by linear interpolation )
cpe = -0.331 [for Zone E] (obtained by linear interpolation )

clause 7.2.5 Duopitch roofs:

Roof slope angle, = 6 deg
b = 30m

e/4 F
H I
d = 16m

Fig. 7.8 wind G

= 900 G
H I
e/4 F
e/10
e/2
 Job No.: ECMM150-CW1 Sheet of Rev.: 0
Job Title: Typical Portal Frame Design for a Supermarket
Subject: Determination of Wind Loads
Client: CEMPS, Made by: 650047039 Date: Nov. 2016
University of Exeter Checked by: Date: Nov. 2016
REFERENCE CALCULATIONS OUTPUT
d = 16m

e/4 F

ridge line

b = 30m
Fig. 7.8 wind
G H J I
= 00

e/4 F

e/10 e/10

Table 7.4 Recommended values of external pressure coeff. for duopitch roofs, cpe
Table 7.4(b) Wind direction, = 90 deg (blows perpendicular to frame span )

Zone F G H I
cpe (-ve) -1.57 -1.30 -0.69 -0.59

Table 7.4(a) Wind direction, = 0 deg (blows in direction of frame span, d )

Zone F G H I J
cpe (-ve) -1.62 -1.16 -0.57 -0.58 -0.64
cpe (+ve) 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.18

Note 1 By inspection it is evident that on average the case of wind blowing at

0
= 0 is critical for getting the external pressure.

Wind pressure on external surfaces: we = qp(ze) * cpe

The computed values on an interior frame are as tabulated below:

Element Columns/Wall Roof loads

Zone D E F G H I J
we (kN/m2) 0.457 -0.212 -1.035 -0.741 -0.364 -0.371 -0.409

Adopted external wind pressures:

Column/wall Zone [D] = 0.457 kN/m 2
Column/wall Zone [E] = -0.212 kN/m 2
Roof Zone [F] = -1.035 kN/m 2 (represents whole roof)
 Job No.: ECMM150-CW1 Sheet of Rev.: 0
Job Title: Typical Portal Frame Design for a Supermarket
Subject: Determination of Wind Loads
Client: CEMPS, Made by: 650047039 Date: Nov. 2016
University of Exeter Checked by: Date: Nov. 2016
REFERENCE CALCULATIONS OUTPUT
External wind load on the column & roof per unit length, We (kN/m)
Supported length = spacing of the frame (ls) = 6.00 m
clause 6.2(a) Wind loads are computed by taking cscd = 1
and force coefficient cf = 1

6.211kN/m 6.211kN/m

0.84 m
2.741kN/m

1.269kN/m
D E 5.00 m

16.00 m

clause 7.2.9 Wind pressure on internal surfaces, wi

eqn 5.2 wi = qp(zi) * cpi
h = 5.84 < b = 30.00
zi = z and qp(zi) = qp(z) = 0.639 kN/m2

clause 7.2.9(6) Referring to Note 2:

Since it is NOT possible to determine the size/proportion of openings
Internal wind pressure coefficient, cpi = 0.200

NB:
c pi = +0.20 is considered the Most Onerous as it results in a force which acts
in same direction with that caused by the external pressure coefficients making
its combination with the chosen c pe critical for the structure

Positive internal pressure action on the columns/roof is:

wi = 0.128 kN/m2
Internal wind load per unit length, Wi
Wi = 0.767 kN/m

Internal wind load on the column & roof per unit length, Wi (kN/m)

0.84 m

5.00 m
0.767kN/m

16.00 m
 Job No.: ECMM150-CW1 Sheet of Rev.: 0
Job Title: Typical Portal Frame Design for a Supermarket
Subject: Determination of Wind Loads
Client: CEMPS, Made by: 650047039 Date: Nov. 2016
University of Exeter Checked by: Date: Nov. 2016
REFERENCE CALCULATIONS OUTPUT
Net wind load acting on the Portal Frame per unit length, WNet (We - Wi):

NB: The wind loads on the roof are measured perpendicular to the slope

6.978 6.978

0.84 m

Units for the Load

2.741

2.036
5.00 m
(kN/m )

16.00 m

Resolving the above roof loads on plan results in the below loads:

W*sin W*sin

W*cos

left side left side

6.940
0.729

0.729

0.84 m

Units for the Load

2.741

2.036

5.00 m
(kN/m )

16.00 m