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and cover of this guide, a 1-hour fire rating is achieved. This
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Selection of trial dimensions for the slab of the floor system.
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Verification of column slenderness through the use of minimum dimensions.
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. Definition of the foundation system is performed. 
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/ Production of the structural drawings and specifications. 
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soil profile type, lateral soil pressures anticipated for design
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member becomes unfit for service and is judged to be unsafe
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ular force effect in each of the member types at the defined
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 !
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(d) Excessive vertical deflections; and PSEHW
I )\GIWWMZIZMFVEXMSR H ! IJJIGXMZI HITXL SJ WIGXMSR XEOIR EW HMWXERGI JVSQ
extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension
',%48)6{238%8-32%2(()*-2-8-327 VIMRJSVGIQIRXMRQQ
{2SXEXMSR H ! distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid
E ! HITXLSJIUYMZEPIRXVIGXERKYPEVGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWW SJGSQTVIWWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRQQ
FPSGOMRQQ HF ! RSQMREP HMEQIXIV SJ VIMRJSVGMRK FEV SV [MVI MR
E[ ! HMWXERGIJVSQIHKISJ[EPPJSSXMRKXSXLIVIWYPXERX QQ
SJWSMPVIEGXMSRMR[EPPJSSXMRKMRQQ HG ! distance from extreme tension fiber to centroid of
%E ! IJJIGXMZIWIMWQMGTIEOKVSYRHLSVM^SRXEPEGGIPIVE XIRWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRQQ
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QQ GIRXIVSJ PEXIVEP WXMJJRIWW ERH ETTPMGEXMSR TSMRX SJ
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%N ! IJJIGXMZI GVSWWWIGXMSREPWLIEVEVIE[MXLMRENSMRX )G ! QSHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]SJGSRGVIXITWM14E
MRQQ JG ! specified compressive strength of concrete, psi
%T ! GSQTSRIRX SV GPEHHMRK [MRH I\TSWIH WYVJEGI 14E
EVIEJXQ JG ! square root of specified compressive strength of
%W ! EVIE SJ PSRKMXYHMREP XIRWMSR VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR GSRGVIXIXLIVIWYPXLEWYRMXWSJTWM14E
QQ JGV ! VIUYMVIHEZIVEKIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJGSRGVIXI
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MRQQ TVSTSVXMSRWTWM14E
%WI ! WXIIPEVIEEXXLII\XVIQIJEGISJGSPYQRSVVIMRJSVGIH JGY ! extreme fiber compressive stress due to factored
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%WQMR ! QMRMQYQ EVIE SJ PSRKMXYHMREP XIRWMSR VIMRJSVGI J] ! specified yield strength of reinforcement, psi (MPa)
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WIGXMSRSJQIQFIVSVSYXWMHIHMEQIXIVSJGMVGYPEV 1FR ! RSQMREP QSQIRX WXVIRKXL EX WIGXMSR EX FEPERGIH
WIGXMSRMRSVJXQQSVQ GSRHMXMSRWPFMR2Q
LF ! ZIVXMGEP HMWXERGI QIEWYVIH JVSQ FSXXSQ SJ 1M1\! YRJEGXSVIHSZIVXYVRMRKQSQIRXHYIXSPEXIVEPPSEHW
WYTTSVXMRKKMVHIVXSFSXXSQSJWYTTSVXIHFIEQJX JSVWXSV]MSV\VIWTIGXMZIP]PFMRO2Q
Q 1MY1\Y!JEGXSVIHWXSV]QSQIRXHYIXSPEXIVEPPSEHWEXWXSV]
LG ! HITXL SJ GSPYQR SV HMQIRWMSR SJ GSPYQR MR MSV\VIWTIGXMZIP]PFMRO2Q
HMVIGXMSRTEVEPPIPXSKMVHIVWTERERHJSVTYRGLMRK 1R ! RSQMREPQSQIRXWXVIRKXLEXWIGXMSRPFMR2Q
WLIEV IZEPYEXMSR XLI PEVKIWX TPER HMQIRWMSR SJ 1S ! XSXEPJEGXSVIHQSQIRXEXWIGXMSRPFMRO2Q
GETMXEPHVSTTERIPTIHIWXEPSVXLMGORIWWGLERKIMR 1SX ! YRJEGXSVIHSZIVXYVRMRKQSQIRXHYIXSPEXIVEPPSEHW
WXITTIHJSSXMRKWMRQQ EXFEWISJWXVYGXYVIPFMRO2Q
LJ ! flange thickness, in. (mm) 1SXY ! JEGXSVIHSZIVXYVRMRKQSQIRXHYIXSPEXIVEPPSEHWEX
LK ! XSXEPHITXLSJWYTTSVXMRKKMVHIVMRQQ FEWISJWXVYGXYVIPFMRO2Q
LML\ ! LIMKLXEFSZIFEWIXSPIZIPMSV\VIWTIGXMZIP]JXQ 1TV ! probable flexural strength of member at joint face,
LR ! GPIEVZIVXMGEP HMWXERGI FIX[IIR PEXIVEPWYTTSVXW SJ GSQTYXIHYWMRKJ]TVERH SJPFMR2Q
GSPYQRWERH[EPPWMRQQ 1Y ! JEGXSVIHQSQIRXEXWIGXMSRPFMR2Q
LTM ! story height of floor M measured from floor finish of 1ESVF! JEGXSVIH TSWMXMZI QSQIRX EX WIGXMSR PFMR 2Q
story to floor finish of story immediately below, ft (m) TIVYRMXWPEF[MHXL
LV ! QIERVSSJLIMKLXJSV[MRHHIWMKRQIEWYVIHSZIV 1zESVF ! JEGXSVIHRIKEXMZI QSQIRX EX WIGXMSRPFMR 2Q
XIVVEMRJXQ TIVYRMXWPEF[MHXL
LW ! HITXLSJWSMPEKEMRWXVIXEMRMRK[EPPMRQQ 1Y ! JEGXSVIHTSWMXMZIQSQIRXEXWIGXMSRPFMR2Q
L[ ! LIMKLXSJ[EPPJVSQFEWIXSXSTMRQQ 1Yz ! JEGXSVIHRIKEXMZIQSQIRXEXWIGXMSRPFMR2Q
, ! PSEHWHYIXS[IMKLXERHTVIWWYVISJWSMP[EXIVMR 1Y\ ! JEGXSVIH QSQIRX EX WIGXMSR MR \ HMVIGXMSR PFMR
WSMPSVSXLIVQEXIVMEPWSVVIPEXIHMRXIVREPQSQIRXW 2Q
ERHPSEHW 1Y] ! JEGXSVIH QSQIRX EX WIGXMSR MR ] HMVIGXMSR PFMR
,J ! PSRKLSVM^SRXEPHMQIRWMSRSJJSSXMRKMRQQ 2Q
-G ! QSQIRXSJMRIVXMESJGSPYQRWIGXMSRMRQQ 1\Y ! JEGXSVIH SZIVXYVRMRK QSQIRX HYI XS PEXIVEP PSEHW
OV ! WXSV]XSXEPVSXEXMSREPWXMJJRIWW JSVWXSV]\PFMRO2Q
O\ O] ! [EPPPEXIVEPWXMJJRIWWMRHMVIGXMSR\SV]VIWTIGXMZIP] RG ! RYQFIV SJ MRXIVMSV GSPYQRW MR WXSV] MR HMVIGXMSR
PFMR2QQ )UEE YRHIVGSRWMHIVEXMSRJSVXLIIRXMVIWXVYGXYVI
/E ! active soil pressure coefficient RI ! RYQFIVSJIHKIGSPYQRWMRWXSV]MRHMVIGXMSRYRHIV
/S ! at-rest soil pressure coefficient GSRWMHIVEXMSRJSVXLIIRXMVIWXVYGXYVI
/T ! passive soil pressure coefficient 2 ! RYQFIVSJFPS[WMRWXERHEVHTIRIXVEXMSRXIWX748
E ! PIRKXLSJGPIEVWTERMRWLSVXHMVIGXMSRSJX[S[E] 2 ! EZIVEKI WSMP 748 VIWMWXERGI QIEWYVIH MR RYQFIV
WPEFWSVMRHMVIGXMSRSJQSQIRXWQIEWYVIHJEGIXS SJ FPS[W TIVJX Q  SJ TIRIXVEXMSR EZIVEKIHSZIV
JEGISJFIEQWSVSXLIVWYTTSVXWMRQQ upper 100 ft (30 m) of soil profile
G ! PIRKXL SJGPIEV WTER MR PSRKHMVIGXMSRSJX[S[E] T ! YRJEGXSVIHTVIWWYVIJSVFVEGIHVIXEMRMRK[EPPWTWM
WPEFW SVW]WXIQWQIEWYVIH JEGIXSJEGI SJ FIEQW SVPFJXO4ESVO2Q
SVSXLIVWYTTSVXWMRQQ TE ! YRJEGXSVIHEGXMZITVIWWYVITWMSVPFJXO4ESVO2Q
H ! HIZIPSTQIRXPIRKXLMRQQ TH ! YRJEGXSVIHGSRGIRXVEXIHHIEHPSEHETTPMIHHMVIGXP]
R ! PIRKXLSJGPIEVWTERMRPSRKHMVIGXMSRJSVX[S[E] XSQIQFIVPFO2
W]WXIQWQIEWYVIHJEGIXSJEGISJFIEQWSV SXLIV T ! YRJEGXSVIH GSRGIRXVEXIH PMZI PSEH ETTPMIHHMVIGXP]
WYTTSVXWMRQQ XSQIQFIVPFO2
W ! GIRXIVXSGIRXIV WTER PIRKXL WLSVXIWX HMWXERGI TS ! YRJEGXSVIHTVIWWYVIEXVIWXTWMSVPFJXO4ESVO2Q
FIX[IIR EHNEGIRX TEVEPPIP GSPYQR GIRXIVPMRIW MR TT ! YRJEGXSVIHTEWWMZITVIWWYVIPFJXO4ESVO2Q
QQ TX ! YRJEGXSVIH ZIVXMGEP WYVGLEVKI TVIWWYVI SR XST SJ
[ ! LSVM^SRXEPPIRKXLSJ[EPPMRQQ retaining wall backfill, lb/ftO4ESVO2Q
 ! column confinement length, in. (mm) TY ! JEGXSVIH GSRGIRXVEXIH PSEH ETTPMIH HMVIGXP] XS
QIQFIVPFO2

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
 +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6

TYX[ ! JEGXSVIH HIWMKR LSVM^SRXEP TVIWWYVI JSV VIXEMRMRK 6W ! response modification factor related to energy
[EPPW GEYWIH F] WYVGLEVKI TVIWWYVI SR XST SJ HMWWMTEXMSR GETEGMX] MR MRIPEWXMG VERKI SJ WIMWQMG
retaining wall backfill, lb/ftO4ESVO2Q VIWMWXERXWXVYGXYVEPW]WXIQ
TY[ ! JEGXSVIH HIWMKR LSVM^SRXEP TVIWWYVI JSV VIXEMRMRK 6Y ! JEGXSVIH VIEGXMSR JVSQ WYTTSVXIH WXVYGXYVEP
[EPPWPFJXO4ESVO2Q QIQFIVPFO2
T^ ! EXVIWXSVEGXMZIPEXIVEPWSMPTVIWWYVIEXHITXL\PF W ! WTEGMRK SJ XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX WXMVVYTW SV
JXO4ESVO2Q [EPPVIMRJSVGIQIRXQIEWYVIHEPSRKE\MWSJQIQFIV
4FR ! RSQMREPGSQTVIWWMSRE\MEPGSQTVIWWMSRWXVIRKXLEX MRQQ
WIGXMSREXFEPERGIHGSRHMXMSRWPF2 WN ! GIRXIVXSGIRXIVWTEGMRKFIX[IIRTEVEPPIPNSMWXWMR
4GY ! JEGXSVIH GSQTVIWWMSR PSEH SR [EPP FSYRHEV] QQ
IPIQIRXMRGPYHMRKWIMWQMGIJJIGXWPF2 WW ! WEQTPIWXERHEVHHIZMEXMSRTWM14E
4H ! YRJEGXSVIHHIEHPSEHE\MEPJSVGIEXWIGXMSRPFO2 WWO ! WTEGMRKSJWOMRVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRQQ
4P ! YRJEGXSVIHPMZIPSEHE\MEPJSVGIEXWIGXMSRPFO2 WY ! WLIEV WXVIRKXL SJ YRHVEMRIH GSLIWMZI WSMP PFJX
4R ! RSQMREP E\MEP GSQTVIWWMSR WXVIRKXL EX KMZIR O4ESVO2Q
IGGIRXVMGMX]PF2 7 ! WRS[PSEHSVVIPEXIHMRXIVREPQSQIRXWERHPSEHW
4RQE\ ! QE\MQYQGSQTVIWWMSRRSQMREPE\MEPGSQTVIWWMSR 7E ! ZEPYI SJ IPEWXMG EGGIPIVEXMSR HIWMKR VIWTSRWI
WXVIRKXLEXWIGXMSRPF2 WTIGXVYQJSVHEQTMRKVEXMSSJTIVGIRXSJGVMXMGEP
4SR ! nominal compression, without flexure, or axial I\TVIWWIHEWJVEGXMSRSJEGGIPIVEXMSRSJKVEZMX]
GSQTVIWWMSRWXVIRKXLEXWIGXMSRPF2 7M ! RSQMREPPSEHIJJIGXFEWIHSRPSEHM
4SZ ! QE\MQYQZIVXMGEPPSEHETTPMIHXSJSSXMRKMRGPYHMRK 7(7 ! ZEPYI SJ HIWMKR IEVXLUYEOI WTIGXVEP EGGIPIVEXMSR
[MRHSVWIMWQMGSZIVXYVRMRKIJJIGXWPF2 TEVEQIXIVEXWLSVXTIVMSH
4XR ! nominal tension, without flexure, or axial tension X\X] ! WXVYGXYVEP ZIVXMGEP QIQFIV GVSWWWIGXMSREP
WXVIRKXLEXWIGXMSRPF2 HMQIRWMSRMRHMVIGXMSR\SV]VIWTIGXMZIP]MRQQ
4XY ! JEGXSVIH XIRWMSR JSVGI SR [EPP FSYRHEV] IPIQIRX 8 ! GYQYPEXMZIIJJIGXSJXIQTIVEXYVIGVIITWLVMROEKI
MRGPYHMRKWIMWQMGIJJIGXWPF2 HMJJIVIRXMEPWIXXPIQIRXERHWLVMROEKIGSQTIRWEXMRK
4Y ! JEGXSVIH E\MEP SV GSRGIRXVEXIH PSEH SV JEGXSVIH GSRGVIXI
E\MEPPSEHEXKMZIRIGGIRXVMGMX]PF2SVO2 8M 8\ ! YRJEGXSVIH WXSV] XSVWMSREP QSQIRX HYI XS PEXIVEP
4YF ! JEGXSVIHE\MEPPSEHEXFEWISJGSPYQRPF2 PSEHWEXWXSV]MSV\VIWTIGXMZIP]PFMRO2Q
4Z ! QE\MQYQ ZIVXMGEP PSEH ETTPMIH XS JSSXMRK RSX 8S ! YRJEGXSVIH WXSV] XSVWMSREP QSQIRX HYI XS PEXIVEP
MRGPYHMRK[MRHSVWIMWQMGPF2 PSEHWEXFEWISJWXVYGXYVIPFMRO2Q
4- ! WSMP TPEWXMGMX] MRHI\ IUYEP XS HMJJIVIRGI MR 8SY ! JEGXSVIHWXSV]XSVWMSREPQSQIRXHYIXSPEXIVEPPSEHW
TIVGIRXEKISJQSMWXYVIGSRXIRXEXPMUYMHPMQMXERH EXFEWISJWXVYGXYVIPFMRO2Q
EXTPEWXMGPMQMX 8Y ! JEGXSVIHXSVWMSREPQSQIRXEXWIGXMSRPFMR2QQ
UE ! YRJEGXSVIHEPPS[EFPIFIEVMRKGETEGMX]SJWSMPPFJX 8\Y 8MY ! JEGXSVIHWXSV]XSVWMSREPQSQIRXHYIXSPEXIVEPPSEHW
O4ESVO2Q EXWXSV]MSV\VIWTIGXMZIP]PFMRO2Q
UG ! WXERHEVH GSRI TIRIXVEXMSR VIWMWXERGI MR GSRI 9 ! VIUYMVIHWXVIRKXLXSVIWMWXJEGXSVIHPSEHWSVVIPEXIH
TIRIXVEXMSRXIWX'48 PFJXO4ESVO2Q MRXIVREPQSQIRXWERHPSEHW
UH ! YRJEGXSVIHHIEHPSEHTIVYRMXEVIEPFJXO2Q : ! FEWMG[MRHWTIIHQTLGSVVIWTSRHMRKXSWIGSRH
UL ! [MRHZIPSGMX]TVIWWYVIEXLIMKLXLSZIVXIVVEMRPF KYWXWTIIHEXJXQ EFSZIKVSYRH
JXO2Q :FW ! WIMWQMGHIWMKRFEWIWLIEVPFO2
U ! YRJEGXSVIHPMZIPSEHTIVYRMXEVIEPFJXO2Q :G ! RSQMREPWLIEVWXVIRKXLTVSZMHIHF]GSRGVIXIPF2
US ! SZIVFYVHIR TVIWWYVI SV YRJEGXSVIH KVEZMX] PSEHW :M :\! YRJEGXSVIHWXSV]WLIEVHYIXSPEXIVEPPSEHWEXWXSV]M
ETTPMIH HMVIGXP] XS WPEF MR QEX JSYRHEXMSRW PFJX SV \VIWTIGXMZIP]PFO2
O2Q :MY:\Y! JEGXSVIHWXSV]WLIEVHYIXSPEXIVEPPSEHWEXWXSV]MSV
UY ! JEGXSVIHPSEHTIVYRMXEVIEPFJXO2Q \VIWTIGXMZIP]PFO2
UYG ! unconfined compression strength of soil, lb/ftO4E :R ! RSQMREPWLIEVWXVIRKXLEXWIGXMSRPF2
SVO2Q :S ! YRJEGXSVIHWXSV]WLIEVHYIXSPEXIVEPPSEHWEXFEWISJ
UYR ! JEGXSVIHRIXWSMPVIEGXMSRTVIWWYVISRJSSXMRKPFJX WXVYGXYVIPFO2
O2Q :SY ! JEGXSVIHWXSV]WLIEVHYIXSPEXIVEPPSEHWEXFEWISJ
VY ! JEGXSVIH YRMJSVQP] HMWXVMFYXIH VIEGXMSR JVSQ WPEF WXVYGXYVIPFO2
SRWYTTSVXMRKKMVHIVFIEQSVVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI :W ! RSQMREP WLIEV WXVIRKXL EX WIGXMSR TVSZMHIH F]
[EPPPFJXO2Q XVERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGIQIRXPFO2
6 ! VEMRPSEHSVVIPEXIHMRXIVREPQSQIRXWERHPSEHWPF :W[ ! GSRXVMFYXMSRSJXLILSVM^SRXEP[EPPVIMRJSVGIQIRXXS
SVJXPFERHPF2 SV2Q 2 XLIRSQMREPWLIEVWXVIRKXLEXWIGXMSRPFO2
6R ! nominal strength in terms of flexure, axial load, :Y ! JEGXSVIHWLIEVPF2
WLIEVSVFIEVMRKWXVIRKXLPF2 :[ ! [MRHHIWMKRFEWIWLIEVPFO2
6TM ! VIEGXMSRJVSQPEXIVEPWSMPTVIWWYVIEXWXSV]MPFO2 [ ! QSMWXYVIGSRXIRXSJXLIWSMPTIVGIRXEKI

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
 +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6 

[H ! YRJEGXSVIH HIEH PSEH TIV YRMX QIQFIV PIRKXL W ! VEXMS SJ ZSPYQI SJ WTMVEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX XS GSVI
ETTPMIHHMVIGXP]XSXLIQIQFIVPFMRO2Q volume confined by spiral reinforcement (measured
[HJ ! YRJEGXSVIH HIEH PSEH TIV YRMX QIQFIV PIRKXL SYXXSSYX
ETTPMIHHMVIGXP]XSXLIQIQFIVPFJXO2Q X ! VEXMSSJLSVM^SRXEPWLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXEVIEXSKVSWW
[M[\ ! TEVXSJ;WGSVVIWTSRHMRKXSWXSV]MSV\VIWTIGXMZIP] GSRGVIXIEVIESJZIVXMGEPWIGXMSR
PFJXO2Q Z[ ! VEXMS SJ ZIVXMGEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR VIMRJSVGIH
[ ! YRJEGXSVIHPMZIPSEHTIVYRMXQIQFIVPIRKXLETTPMIH GSRGVIXI[EPPW
HMVIGXP]XSXLIQIQFIVPFMRO2Q ! WXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSV
[Y ! JEGXSVIH PSEH TIV YRMX QIQFIV PIRKXL ETTPMIH W ! ERKPISJMRXIVREPJVMGXMSRSJWSMP
HMVIGXP]XSXLIQIQFIVPFJXO2Q 1G ! sum of nominal flexural strengths (1R SJGSPYQRW
; ! [MRHPSEHWSVVIPEXIHMRXIVREPQSQIRXWERHPSEHW JVEQMRKMRXSNSMRXPFMR2Q
;W ! XSXEP FYMPHMRK [IMKLX JSV WIMWQMG HIWMKR PF O2  1K ! sum of nominal flexural strengths (1R SJ KMVHIVW
 JVEQMRKMRXSNSMRXPFMR2Q
;Y ! XSXEPJEGXSVIHYRMJSVQP]HMWXVMFYXIHHIWMKRPSEHTIV 4Y ! WYQSJJEGXSVIHGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHW[MXLMRWTERPF
YRMXQIQFIVPIRKXLPFMRO2QQ O2
;YJ ! XSXEPJEGXSVIHYRMJSVQP]HMWXVMFYXIHHIWMKRPSEHTIV 6Y ! WYQSJJEGXSVIHVIEGXMSRWJVSQWYTTSVXIHWXVYGXYVEP
YRMXQIQFIVPIRKXLPFJXO2Q QIQFIVWEXWEQIWXSV]PFO2
\ ] ! WXSV] PEXIVEP WXMJJRIWW GIRXIV GSSVHMREXIW MR
HMVIGXMSRW \ERH]VIWTIGXMZIP]MRQQ 2.2Definitions
^ ! HITXLSJWSMPJXQ ACI provides a comprehensive list of definitions through
E ! JVEGXMSRSJPSEHEGXMRKMRWLSVXHMVIGXMSRMRX[S[E] ER SRPMRI VIWSYVGI w%'- 'SRGVIXI 8IVQMRSPSK]x LXXT
WPEFWSRKMVHIVW XIVQMRSPSK]GSRGVIXISVK.) Definitions provided herein
F ! JVEGXMSRSJPSEHEGXMRKMRPSRKHMVIGXMSRMRX[S[E] GSQTPIQIRXXLEXVIWSYVGI
WPEFWSRKMVHIVW EHQM\XYVI{QEXIVMEP SXLIV XLER [EXIV EKKVIKEXI SV
J ! TEVEQIXIVSJ)U L]HVEYPMG GIQIRX YWIH EW ER MRKVIHMIRX SJ GSRGVIXI ERH
WL ! JEGXSV EJJIGXMRK IUYMZEPIRX WLIEV JSVGI HYI XS EHHIHXSGSRGVIXIFIJSVISVHYVMRKMXWQM\MRKXSQSHMJ]MXW
YRFEPERGIHQSQIRX EXGSPYQRWPEFGSRRIGXMSRMR TVSTIVXMIW
)U EKKVIKEXI{KVERYPEV QEXIVMEP WYGL EW WERH KVEZIP
[ ! LSVM^SRXEPERKPIFIX[IIRRSVQEPXS[MRHI\TSWIH GVYWLIH WXSRI ERH MVSR FPEWXJYVREGI WPEK YWIH [MXL E
WYVJEGIERH[MRHHMVIGXMSRHIKVIIW GIQIRXMRKQIHMYQXSJSVQEL]HVEYPMGGIQIRXGSRGVIXISV
! VEXMS SJ GPIEV WTERW MR PSRK XS WLSVX HMVIGXMSR SJ QSVXEV
X[S[E]WPEFW EKKVIKEXIPMKLX[IMKLX{EKKVIKEXI QIIXMRK XLI VIUYMVI
J ! VEXMSSJPSRKWMHIXSWLSVXWMHISJJSSXMRK QIRXWSJ%781''1ERHLEZMRKEPSSWIFYPO
[ ! ZIVXMGEP ERKPI FIX[IIR RSVQEP XS [MRHI\TSWIH HIRWMX]SJPFJXOKQ SVPIWWHIXIVQMRIHMREGGSV
WYVJEGIERHLSVM^SRXEPPMRIHIKVIIW HERGI [MXL %781 ''1 'SRGVIXI QERYJEGXYVIH
! YRMX[IMKLXSJQEXIVMEPSVWSMPPFJXO2Q YWMRKPMKLX[IMKLXEKKVIKEXIMWRSXGSZIVIHF]XLMWKYMHI
M ! PSEHJEGXSVJSVPSEHIJJIGXM EPPS[EFPI FIEVMRK GETEGMX]{XLI QE\MQYQ TVIWWYVI XS
1Y ! JEGXSVIHYRFEPERGIHQSQIRXEXGSPYQRKMVHIVNSMRX [LMGLEWSMPSVSXLIVQEXIVMEPWLSYPHFIWYFNIGXIHXSKYEVH
SV[EPPKMVHIVNSMRXPFMR2QQ EKEMRWXWLIEVJEMPYVISVI\GIWWMZIWIXXPIQIRX
1YEH ! EHHMXMSREPJEGXSVIHYRFEPERGIHQSQIRXEXGSPYQR ERGLSVEKI{E HIZMGI IQFIHHIH MR GSRGVIXI JSV XLI
WPEFGSRRIGXMSRPFMR2QQ TYVTSWI SJ TVSZMHMRK E GSRRIGXMSR XS ERSXLIV QIQFIV SV
:I ! JEGXSVIH HIWMKR WLIEV JSVGI JVSQ HIZIPSTQIRX SJ WXVYGXYVI
probable flexural capacity of member at faces of FEV HMEQIXIV RSQMREP{ZEPYI GSQTYXIH YWMRK XLI
NSMRXWPF2 RSQMREPFEVEVIE
:Y ! JEGXSVIHWLIEVJSVGIHYIXSYRFEPERGIHQSQIRXEX FEWI SJ WXVYGXYVI{PIZIP EX [LMGL XLI LSVM^SRXEP IEVXL
GSPYQRWPEFGSRRIGXMSRPF2 UYEOI KVSYRH QSXMSRW EVI EWWYQIH XS FI MQTEVXIH XS E
:YX ! MRGVIEWI MR [EPP JEGXSVIH WLIEV HYI XS XSVWMSREP FYMPHMRK8LMWPIZIPHSIWRSXRIGIWWEVMP]GSMRGMHI[MXLXLI
IJJIGXWPFO2 KVSYRHPIZIP
TW ! JEGXSVXSGEPGYPEXITYRGLMRKWLIEVWXVIRKXL FIEQ{E WXVYGXYVEP QIQFIV WYFNIGXIH XS E\MEP PSEH ERH
! VEXMSSJPSRKMXYHMREPXIRWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRX%WFH flexure but primarily to flexure. See also KMVHIV
! VEXMS SJ PSRKMXYHMREP GSQTVIWWMSR VIMRJSVGIQIRX FIRHMRK QSQIRX{XLI FIRHMRK IJJIGX EX ER] WIGXMSR SJ
%W FH EWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXMXMWIUYEPXSXLIEPKIFVEMGWYQSJXLI
! VEXMS SJ XSXEP PSRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX EVIE XS QSQIRXW SJ XLI MRXIVREP GSQTVIWWMSR ERH XIRWMSR JSVGIW
KVSWWGSRGVIXIWIGXMSREVIE%WXFL EGXMRKEXXLIWIGXMSR[MXLVIWTIGXXSXLIGIRXVSMHEPE\MWSJE
QE\ ! maximum ratio of longitudinal flexural tension QIQFIVSREJVIIFSH]SJXLIQIQFIV
VIMRJSVGIQIRX FSYPHIVW{GSEVWIQEXIVMEPWQSVIXLERMRQQ MR
QMR ! minimum ratio of longitudinal flexural tension HMEQIXIV
VIMRJSVGIQIRX

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
 +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6

FSYRHEV] IPIQIRX{TSVXMSR EPSRK [EPP IHKIW WXVIRKXL GYVMRK{EGXMSRXEOIRXSQEMRXEMRQSMWXYVIERHXIQTIVE

IRIHF]PSRKMXYHMREPERHXVERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGIQIRX&SYRHEV] XYVIGSRHMXMSRWMREJVIWLP]TPEGIHGIQIRXMXMSYWQM\XYVIXS
IPIQIRXWHSRSXRIGIWWEVMP]VIUYMVIERMRGVIEWIMRXLMGORIWW
TS^^S
SJXLI[EPP
GIQIRX{ER]SJERYQFIVSJQEXIVMEPWXLEXEVIGETEFPISJ
FMRHMRKEKKVIKEXITEVXMGPIWXSKIXLIV
GPE]{REXYVEP QMRIVEP QEXIVMEP LEZMRK TPEWXMG TVSTIVXMIW
and composed of very fine particles; the clay mineral fraction
SJEWSMPMWYWYEPP]GSRWMHIVIHXSFIXLITSVXMSRGSRWMWXMRKSJ
EPPS[L]HVEYPMGGIQIRXL]HVEXMSRERHMJETTPMGEFPI
PERMGVIEGXMSRWXSSGGYVWSXLEXXLITSXIRXMEPTVSTIVXMIWSJXLI
QM\XYVIQE]HIZIPST
GYVXEMR[EPP{[EPPWXLEXEVITEVXSJXLIJEEHISVIRGPS
WYVISJXLIFYMPHMRKXLEXHSRSXJSVQTEVXSJXLIKVEZMX]SV
PEXIVEPPSEHVIWMWXMRKW]WXIQ7IIEPWSTEVXMXMSRW
HITXL SJ QIQFIV Ldistance in a flexural member,
particles finer than 8 10z MR  Q
 GPE] QMRIVEPW EVI measured from extreme compression fiber to the extreme
IWWIRXMEPP] L]HVSYW EPYQMRYQ WMPMGEXIW SV SGGEWMSREPP]
L]HVSYWQEKRIWMYQWMPMGEXIW
GSPYQR{QIQFIV [MXL E VEXMS SJ LIMKLXXSPIEWX PEXIVEP
HMQIRWMSR I\GIIHMRK  YWIH TVMQEVMP] XS WYTTSVX E\MEP
GSQTVIWWMZIPSEH
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hydraulic cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and
tension fiber.
HIWMKR PSEH GSQFMREXMSRW{GSQFMREXMSRW SJ JEGXSVIH
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EGVMXMGEPWIGXMSR
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concrete, specified compressive strength of JG {
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 ;LIRIZIV XLI specifications, drawings, addenda, and contract changes.
UYERXMX] JG  MW YRHIV E VEHMGEP WMKR  JG
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XLIYRMXWEWTWM14E
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flange, compression{XLI [MHIRIH TSVXMSR SJ ER - 8
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FIRHMRKYRHIVRSVQEPPSEHWWYGLEWXLILSVM^SRXEPTSVXMSR
SJXLIGVSWWWIGXMSRSJEWMQTPIWTER8FIEQ
flexural reinforcement{VIMRJSVGIQIRX TVSZMHIH XS
resist the tension and compression stresses induced by flex
YVEPQSQIRXWEGXMRKSRXLIQIQFIVWIGXMSR
floor systemstructural members that comprise the floor
SJEWXSV]MREFYMPHMRKMRGPYHMRKKMVHIVWFIEQWNSMWXWERH
XLIWPEFXLEXWTERWFIX[IIRXLIQSVXLIWPEFSRP][LIVIMXMW
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XLIGSRGVIXIEW[IPPEWWYTTSVXMRKQIQFIVWLEVH[EVIERH
RIGIWWEV]FVEGMRK
 +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6


JSYRHEXMSR{EW]WXIQSJWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXWXLEXXVERWQMX PMQMX WXEXI{E GSRHMXMSR FI]SRH [LMGL E WXVYGXYVI SV

PSEHWJVSQXLIWXVYGXYVIEFSZIXSXLIIEVXL member becomes unfit for service and is judged either to
JSYRHEXMSRFIEQKVEHIFIEQ
{EVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI FIRSPSRKIVYWIJYPJSVMXWMRXIRHIHJYRGXMSRWIVZMGIEFMPMX]
FIEQYWYEPP]EXKVSYRHPIZIPXLEXWXVIRKXLIRWSVWXMJJIRWXLI PMQMXWXEXI
SVXSFIYRWEJIWXVIRKXLPMQMXWXEXI

JSYRHEXMSRSVWYTTSVXWSZIVP]MRKGSRWXVYGXMSR
JSYRHEXMSR QEX{E GSRXMRYSYW JSSXMRK WYTTSVXMRK ER
EVVE]SJGSPYQRWMRWIZIVEPVS[WMRIEGLHMVIGXMSRLEZMRK
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KMVHIV{E PEVKI FIEQ YWYEPP] LSVM^SRXEP XLEX WIVZIW EW
E QEMR WXVYGXYVEP QIQFIV SJXIR WYTTSVXMRK VIEGXMSRW JVSQ
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KVEHIFIEQ{WII JSYRHEXMSRFIEQ
PSEHW{PSEHWSVSXLIVEGXMSRWXLEXVIWYPXJVSQXLI[IMKLX
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TIVQERIRX GSRXIRXW IRZMVSRQIRXEP IJJIGXW HMJJIVIRXMEP
QSZIQIRXERHVIWXVEMRIHHMQIRWMSREPGLERKIW4IVQERIRX
PSEHWEVIXLSWIPSEHWMR[LMGLZEVMEXMSRWSZIVXMQIEVIVEVI
SVSJWQEPPQEKRMXYHI%PPSXLIVPSEHWEVIZEVMEFPIPSEHW
PSEHIJJIGXW{PSEHWERHHIJSVQEXMSRWTVSHYGIHMRWXVYG
XYVEPQIQFIVWF]XLIETTPMIHPSEHW
KVEHI WPEF WPEFSRKVSYRH
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WSMPSVIRKMRIIVIHWYFKVEHI[LIVIPSEHWEVIPSGEPP]HMWXVMF QIXLSHSJXLMWKYMHI
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KVEZIP{ TPMIHXSHIXIVQMRIEJEGXSVIHPSEHYWIHMRXLIWXVIRKXLHIWMKR
+VERYPEVQEXIVMEPTVIHSQMRERXP]VIXEMRIHSRXLI2S QIXLSH
 QQ
 WMIZI ERH VIWYPXMRK IMXLIV JVSQ REXYVEP HMWMRXI PSEH PMZIlive load specified by general building code
KVEXMSRERHEFVEWMSRSJVSGOSVTVSGIWWMRKSJ[IEOP]FSYRH [MXLSYXPSEHJEGXSV

GSRKPSQIVEXIERH PSEHTIVQERIRX{PSEHMR[LMGLZEVMEXMSRWSZIVXMQIEVI
 8LEX TSVXMSR SJ ER EKKVIKEXI VIXEMRIH SR XLI 2S  VEVISVSJWQEPPQEKRMXYHI7IIEPWSPSEHWIVZMGI
 QQ
 WMIZI VIWYPXMRK IMXLIV JVSQ REXYVEP HMWMRXIKVE PSEHWIVZMGI{EPPPSEHWWXEXMGSVXVERWMXSV]MQTSWIHSRE
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GSRKPSQIVEXI
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F] XLI EGGIPIVEXMSR SJ KVEZMX] EGXMRK SR XLI QEWW SJ XLI
IPIQIRXWERHGSRXIRXXLEXGEYWIXLIHIEHERHPMZIPSEHW
LSSO{EFIRHMRXLIIRHSJEVIMRJSVGMRKFEV
LSST{EGPSWIHXMISVGSRXMRYSYWP][SYRHXMI%GPSWIH
XMIGERFIQEHIYTSJWIZIVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXIPIQIRXWIEGL
LEZMRKWIMWQMGLSSOWEXFSXLIRHW%GSRXMRYSYWP][SYRH
XMIWLEPPLEZIEWIMWQMGLSSOEXFSXLIRHW
MWSPEXMSRNSMRX{EWITEVEXMSRFIX[IIREHNSMRMRKTEVXWSJE
GSRGVIXIWXVYGXYVIYWYEPP]EZIVXMGEPTPERIEXEHIWMKRIHPSGE
XMSRWYGLEWXSMRXIVJIVIPIEWX[MXLTIVJSVQERGISJXLIWXVYG
XYVI]IXWYGLEWXSEPPS[VIPEXMZIQSZIQIRXMRXLVIIHMVIG
XMSRWERHEZSMHJSVQEXMSRSJGVEGOWIPWI[LIVIMRXLIGSRGVIXI
ERHXLVSYKL[LMGLEPPSVTEVXSJXLIFSRHIHVIMRJSVGIQIRXMW
MRXIVVYTXIH
MRXIKVMX] WXVYGXYVEP{XLI HIWMKR GSRGITX XLEX EJXIV ER
SZIVPSEHIZIRXSVEJXIVHEQEKISGGYVWXSEQENSVWYTTSVXMRK
member, the structure has sufficient toughness to confine
the damage to a local area and sufficient overall stability to
TVIZIRXMQQIHMEXIGSPPETWI
NSMWX{E GSQTEVEXMZIP] REVVS[ FIEQ YWIH MR GPSWIP]
spaced parallel arrangements to support floor or roof slabs.
PET WTPMGI{E GSRRIGXMSR SJ VIMRJSVGMRK WXIIP QEHI F]
PETTMRKXLIIRHWSJFEVW
PEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ{TSVXMSR SJ XLI WXVYGXYVI
GSQTSWIHSJ QIQFIVW TVSTSVXMSRIH XS VIWMWX PSEHW VIPEXIH
XSPEXIVEPPSEHW
PMGIRWIH HIWMKR TVSJIWWMSREP{ER MRHMZMHYEP [LS MW
licensed to practice structural design as defined by the statutory
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJXLITVSJIWWMSREPPMGIRWMRKPE[WSJXLIWXEXI
SVNYVMWHMGXMSRMR[LMGLXLITVSNIGXMWXSFIGSRWXVYGXIHERH
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HSGYQIRXWEPWSGEPPIHPMGIRWIHHIWMKRTVSJIWWMSREP
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specified in 'LETXIV  HIEH PMZI WSMP [MRH WRS[ VEMR
flood, and seismic).
PSRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX{VIMRJSVGIQIRX TEVEPPIP XS
XLIPIRKXLSJEGSRGVIXIQIQFIV
QSHYPYW SJ IPEWXMGMX]{VEXMS SJ RSVQEP WXVIWW XS GSVVI
WTSRHMRK WXVEMR JSV XIRWMPI SV GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWWIW FIPS[
TVSTSVXMSREPPMQMXSJQEXIVMEP
QSQIRX RIKEXMZIa condition of flexure in which top
fibers of a horizontally placed member, or external fibers of
EZIVXMGEPP]TPEGIHI\XIVMSVQIQFIVEVIWYFNIGXIHXSXIRWMPI
WXVIWWIW
QSQIRXTSWMXMZIa condition of flexure in which, for a
horizontal simply supported member, the deflected shape is
RSVQEPP] GSRWMHIVIH XS FI GSRGEZI HS[R[EVHERH XLIXST
fibers subjected to compression stresses; for other members
ERH SXLIV GSRHMXMSRW GSRWMHIV TSWMXMZI ERH RIKEXMZI EW
VIPEXMZIXIVQW
RSRWXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRXW{XLI EVGLMXIGXYVEP QIGLERMGEP
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XSXLIFYMPHMRK
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QE] FI XLI FEWMG FYMPHMRK JVEQI WYFWMHMEV] WXVYGXYVEP
QIQFIVWSVSXLIVTSVXMSRWSJXLITEVXMXMSRW]WXIQ
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YRWYTTSVXIH LIMKLX XS EZIVEKI PIEWX PEXIVEP HMQIRWMSR RSX
I\GIIHMRK
TMPI{EWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXXLEXMWHVMZIRNIXXIHSVSXLIV
[MWI IQFIHHIH SR IRH MR XLI KVSYRH XS VIWMWX PSEHW SV
GSQTEGXXLIWSMP
 +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6

TMPI GET{E GSRGVIXI IPIQIRX XLEX XVERWJIVW PSEH JVSQ E
GSPYQR SV TIHIWXEP XS XLI XST SJ SRI SV QSVI WYTTSVXMRK
TMPIW
TPEMR GSRGVIXI{WXVYGXYVEP GSRGVIXI [MXL RS VIMRJSVGI
QIRXSV[MXLPIWWVIMRJSVGIQIRXXLERXLIQMRMQYQEQSYRX
specified for reinforced concrete. Plain concrete is not
GSZIVIHF]XLIKYMHI
TPEMR VIMRJSVGIQIRX{VIMRJSVGIQIRX [MXLSYX WYVJEGI
IPIQIRXW SJ FYMPHMRKW MX MW GLEVEGXIVM^IH F] XLI EFMPMX] XS
confine a fire or, when exposed to fire, to continue to perform
EKMZIRWXVYGXYVEPJYRGXMSRSVFSXL
VIUYMVIHWXVIRKXL{WXVIRKXLSJEQIQFIVSVGVSWWWIGXMSR
VIUYMVIHXSVIWMWXJEGXSVIHPSEHWSVVIPEXIHMRXIVREPQSQIRXW
and loads in specified load combinations.
VIXEMRMRK[EPP{[EPPFYMPXXSLSPHFEGOIEVXL
WERH{
HIJSVQEXMSRWSVLEZMRKHIJSVQEXMSRWXLEXHSRSXGSRJSVQXS  +VERYPEV QEXIVMEP TEWWMRK XLI  MR  QQ
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XLIETTPMGEFPIVIUYMVIQIRXW ERHEPQSWXIRXMVIP]TEWWMRKXLI2SQQ
WMIZIERH
TSWMXMZI VIMRJSVGIQIRX{WXIIP VIMRJSVGIQIRX XS VIWMWX TVIHSQMRERXP]VIXEMRIHSRXLI2S Q
WMIZIERH
TSWMXMZIFIRHMRKQSQIRX VIWYPXMRKIMXLIVJVSQREXYVEPHMWMRXIKVEXMSRERHEFVEWMSRSJ
TVIGEWXGSRGVIXI{WXVYGXYVEPGSRGVIXIIPIQIRXGEWXIPWI VSGOSVTVSGIWWMRKSJGSQTPIXIP]JVMEFPIWERHWXSRIERH
where than its final position in the structure. Precast concrete 8LEXTSVXMSRSJEREKKVIKEXITEWWMRKXLI2SQQ

MWRSXGSZIVIHF]XLIKYMHII\GITXEWHIWGVMFIHMR
WMIZI
TVIWXVIWWIH GSRGVIXI{WXVYGXYVEP GSRGVIXI MR [LMGL
MRXIVREP WXVIWWIW LEZI FIIR MRXVSHYGIH XS VIHYGI TSXIRXMEP
XIRWMPIWXVIWWIWMRGSRGVIXIVIWYPXMRKJVSQPSEHW4VIWXVIWWIH
GSRGVIXIMWRSXGSZIVIHF]XLIKYMHII\GITXEWHIWGVMFIHMR

WMIZIERHTVIHSQMRERXP]VIXEMRIHSRXLI2S Q
ERHVIWYPXMRKIMXLIVJVSQREXYVEPHMWMRXIKVEXMSRERHEFVEWMSR
SJVSGOSVTVSGIWWMRKSJGSQTPIXIP]JVMEFPIWERHWXSRI
WIMWQMGLSSO{ELSSOSREWXMVVYT SVGVSWWXMILEZMRKE
FIRH RSX PIWW XLER  HIKVIIWI\GITX XLEX GMVGYPEV LSSTW
WLEPPLEZIEFIRHRSXPIWWXLERHIKVIIW,SSOWWLEPPLEZI
TVSNIGXHVE[MRKW{HVE[MRKWXLEXEPSRK[MXLXLITVSNIGX
I\XIRWMSRXLEXIRKEKIW
specifications, complete the descriptive information for
GSRWXVYGXMRKXLI[SVOVIUYMVIHMRXLIGSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXW
project specifications{[VMXXIR HSGYQIRXW XLEX WTIGMJ]
VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV E TVSNIGX MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI WIVZMGI
parameters and other specific criteria established by the
S[RIV7IIEPWSspecifications
EHFFYXRSXPIWWXLERMR?QQA
XLIPSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHTVSNIGXWMRXSXLIMRXIVMSV
SJXLIWXMVVYTSVLSST
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XLIQEXIVMEPXLEXGSQTSWIWXLIQIQFIV
WIVZMGIPSEH{EPPPSEHWWXEXMGSVXVERWMXSV]MQTSWIHSRE
WXVYGXYVISVIPIQIRXXLIVISJHYVMRKSTIVEXMSRSJEJEGMPMX]
VIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI{WXVYGXYVEPGSRGVIXIVIMRJSVGIH[MXL

RSPIWWXLERXLIQMRMQYQEQSYRXWSJVIMRJSVGIQIRX
VIMRJSVGIH GSRGVIXI [EPP{WXVYGXYVEP GSRGVIXI [EPP
VIMRJSVGIH [MXL RS PIWW XLER XLI QMRMQYQ EQSYRX SJ
prestressing steel or nonprestressed reinforcement as specified
MR XLI ETTPMGEFPIFYMPHMRKGSHI%WLIEV[EPPMWEVIMRJSVGIH
GSRGVIXI[EPP
VIMRJSVGIQIRX{HIJSVQIHWXIIPFEVW[MVISV[MVIQIWL
IQFIHHIH MR GSRGVIXI MR WYGL E QERRIV XLEX MX ERH XLI
GSRGVIXIEGXXSKIXLIVMRVIWMWXMRKPSEHW
VIMRJSVGIQIRX GSQTVIWWMSR{VIMRJSVGIQIRX HIWMKRIH
XSGEVV]GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWIW
VIMRJSVGIQIRX HIJSVQIH{QIXEP FEVW [MVI SV JEFVMG
[MXLEQERYJEGXYVIHTEXXIVRSJWYVJEGIVMHKIWXLEXTVSZMHIE
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[MXLSYXPSEHJEGXSVW
WIXXPIQIRX{HS[R[EVHQSZIQIRXSJXLIWYTTSVXMRKWSMP
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MXEGXW
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WLIEVSVHMEKSREPXIRWMSRWXVIWWIW
WLIPPGSRGVIXI{GSRGVIXISYXWMHIXLIXVERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGI
ment confining the concrete core.
WLSVIW{ZIVXMGEPSVMRGPMRIHWYTTSVXQIQFIVWHIWMKRIHXS
GEVV]XLI[IMKLXSJXLIJSVQ[SVOGSRGVIXIERHGSRWXVYGXMSR
PSEHWEFSZI
WLVMROEKIERHXIQTIVEXYVIVIMRJSVGIQIRX{VIMRJSVGI
QIRXTVSZMHIHXSVIWMWXWLVMROEKIERHXIQTIVEXYVIWXVIWWIW
MRGSRGVIXI
WMPX{EKVERYPEVQEXIVMEPVIWYPXMRKJVSQXLIHMWMRXIKVEXMSR
WXIIP VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW GSRWMHIVIH HIJSVQIH VIMRJSVGIQIRX SJVSGO[MXLKVEMRWPEVKIP]TEWWMRKE2S Q
WMIZI
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[IPHIHHIJSVQIH[MVIJEFVMGGSRJSVQMRKXSXLIETTVSTVMEXI MRXS Q
MRHMEQIXIV
%781WXERHEVHW WPEFa molded layer of reinforced concrete, flat, hori
VIMRJSVGIQIRXRIKEXMZI{WXIIPVIMRJSVGIQIRXJSVRIKEXMZI
YWYEPP]SJYRMJSVQFYXWSQIXMQIWSJ
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VIMRJSVGIQIRXXIRWMSR{VIMRJSVGIQIRXHIWMKRIHXSGEVV]
XIRWMPIWXVIWWIWWYGLEWXLSWIMRXLIFSXXSQSJEWMQTPIFIEQ
VIWLSVIW{WLSVIWTPEGIHWRYKP]YRHIVEGSRGVIXIWPEFSV
SXLIVWXVYGXYVEPQIQFIVEJXIVXLISVMKMREPJSVQWERHWLSVIW
LEZI FIIR VIQSZIH XS EPPS[ XLI RI[ WPEF SV WXVYGXYVEP
member to deflect and support its own weight.
resistance, fire{XLI TVSTIVX]SJEQEXIVMEP SVEWWIQFP]
to withstand fire or give protection from it; as applied to
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
^SRXEPSVRIEVP]WS
ZEVMEFPI XLMGORIWW IMXLIV SR XLI KVSYRH SV WYTTSVXIH F]
FIEQWGSPYQRW[EPPWSVSXLIVJVEQI[SVO
WSMP{E KIRIVMG XIVQ JSV YRGSRWSPMHEXIH REXYVEP WYVJEGI
QEXIVMEPEFSZIFIHVSGO
WSMPGSEVWIKVEMRIH{WSMPMR[LMGLXLIPEVKIVKVEMRWM^IW
WYGLEWWERHERHKVEZIPTVIHSQMREXI
soil, fine-grained{WSMPMR[LMGLXLIWQEPPIVKVEMRWM^IW
predominate, such as fine sand, silt, and clay.
WSMPFIEVMRK GETEGMX]{XLI QE\MQYQ WXVIWW YRHIV E
JSYRHEXMSRXLEXTVSZMHIWEHIUYEXIWEJIX]EKEMRWXWSMPJEMPYVI
ERHEKEMRWXI\GIWWMZIWSMPWIXXPIQIRX
 +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6

WSPMHWPEF{WPEFSJYRMJSVQXLMGORIWW
WTERPIRKXL{LSVM^SRXEPHMWXERGIFIX[IIR WYTTSVXWSJE
LSVM^SRXEPWXVYGXYVEPQIQFIVWYGLEWEWPEFNSMWXFIEQSV
KMVHIVQIEWYVIHGIRXIVXSGIRXIVSJWYTTSVX
specifications{[VMXXIRHSGYQIRXHIWGVMFMRKMRHIXEMPXLI
WGSTISJ[SVOQEXIVMEPWXSFIYWIHQIXLSHSJMRWXEPPEXMSR
ERHUYEPMX]SJ[SVOQERWLMT7IIEPWSproject specifications
specified lateral seismic loads{PEXIVEP PSEHW GSVVI
WTSRHMRK XS XLI ETTVSTVMEXI HMWXVMFYXMSR SJ XLI FEWI WLIEV
JSVGIJSVWIMWQMGVIWMWXERXHIWMKR
specified wind loads{RSQMREP TVIWWYVI SJ [MRH XS FI
YWIHMRHIWMKR
WTVIEH JSSXMRK{E KIRIVEPP] VIGXERKYPEV TVMWQ SJ
GSRGVIXI PEVKIV MR PEXIVEP HMQIRWMSRW XLER XLI GSPYQR SV
[EPPMXWYTTSVXWXSHMWXVMFYXIXLIPSEHSJEGSPYQRSV[EPPXS
XLIWYFKVEHI7IIEPWSJSSXMRK
WXMVVYT{VIMRJSVGIQIRX YWIH XS VIWMWX WLIEV ERH XSVWMSR
WXVIWWIW MR E WXVYGXYVEP QIQFIV X]TMGEPP] FEVW [MVIW SV
XMIIPIQIRXW{IPIQIRXWXLEXWIVZIXSXVERWQMXMRIVXMEPSEHW
ERH TVIZIRX WITEVEXMSR SJ FYMPHMRK GSQTSRIRXW WYGL EW
JSSXMRKWERH[EPPW
XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX{VIMRJSVGIQIRX PSGEXIH
TIVTIRHMGYPEV XS XLI PSRKMXYHMREP E\MW SJ XLI QIQFIV
GSQTVMWMRKWXMVVYTWXMIWERHWTMVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
[EPP{QIQFIVYWYEPP]ZIVXMGEPYWIHXSIRGPSWISVWITEVEXI
WTEGIW7IIEPWSVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPP
[IF{XLMR ZIVXMGEP TSVXMSR SJ ER -WLETIH WIGXMSR XLEX
connects the flanges. See also flange, compression
[MVI{VIMRJSVGMRKFEVSJWQEPPHMEQIXIV
[MVIQIWL{[IPHIH[MVIVIMRJSVGIQIRX
[SVOthe entire construction or separately identifiable
TEVXW XLIVISJ XLEX EVI VIUYMVIH XS FI JYVRMWLIH YRHIV XLI
GSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXW
[SVOMRK WXVIWW{QE\MQYQ TIVQMWWMFPI HIWMKR WXVIWW
YWMRK[SVOMRKWXVIWWHIWMKRQIXLSHW
]MIPH WXVIRKXL J]specified minimum yield strength or
[IPHIH[MVIJEFVMGTPEMRSVHIJSVQIH
IMXLIVWMRKPIPIKSV ]MIPH TSMRX SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX =MIPH WXVIRKXL SV ]MIPH TSMRX
FIRX MRXS 0 9 SV VIGXERKYPEV WLETIW ERH PSGEXIH TIVTIR
HMGYPEVXSSVEXERERKPIXSPSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRX8LI
XIVQwWXMVVYTWxMWYWYEPP]ETTPMIHXSPEXIVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXMR
FIEQWERHKMVHIVWERHXLIXIVQwXMIWxXSXLSWIMRGSPYQRW
7IIEPWSXMI
WXSV]LIMKLXvertical distance from the floor finish of a
story to the floor finish of the story below.
WXVIRKXL HIWMKR{RSQMREP WXVIRKXL QYPXMTPMIH F] E
WXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSV 
WXVIRKXLRSQMREP{WXVIRKXLSJEQIQFIVSVGVSWWWIGXMSR
GEPGYPEXIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXLTVSZMWMSRWERHEWWYQTXMSRWSJ
XLIWXVIRKXLHIWMKRQIXLSHSJXLMWKYMHIFIJSVIETTPMGEXMSR
SJER]WXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSVW
WXVIRKXL VIHYGXMSR JEGXSV {GETEGMX] VIHYGXMSR JEGXSV
MR WXVYGXYVEP HIWMKR E RYQFIV PIWW XLER  F] [LMGL XLI
RSQMREPWXVIRKXLSJEWXVYGXYVEPQIQFIVSVIPIQIRXMRXIVQW
SJPSEHQSQIRXWLIEVSVWXVIWWMWVIUYMVIHXSFIQYPXMTPMIH
XSHIXIVQMRIHIWMKRWXVIRKXLSVGETEGMX]
WXVIWW{MRXIRWMX]SJJSVGITIVYRMXEVIE
WXVIWW EPPS[EFPI{QE\MQYQ TIVQMWWMFPI WXVIWW YWIH MR
HIWMKRSJQIQFIVWSJEWXVYGXYVIERHFEWIHSREJEGXSVSJ
WEJIX]EKEMRWXJEMPYVI
WXVYGXYVEP GSRGVIXI{EPP GSRGVIXI YWIH JSV WXVYGXYVEP
TYVTSWIWMRGPYHMRKTVIWXVIWWIHERHVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXIERH
YRHIVWTIGMEPGMVGYQWXERGIWTPEMRGSRGVIXI
WXVYGXYVEP HMETLVEKQ{WXVYGXYVEP QIQFIV WYGL EW E
floor or roof slab, that transmits loads acting in the plane of
XLI QIQFIV XS XLI ZIVXMGEP IPIQIRXW SJ XLI WIMWQMGJSVGI
VIWMWXMRKW]WXIQ
XEROcontainer for the storage of water or other fluids.
8LIKYMHISRP]GSZIVWXEROWYWIHJSVWXSVEKISJTSXEFPI[EXIV
MRPSGEXMSRW[LIVIXLI[EXIVWYTTP]W]WXIQMWYRVIPMEFPI
XIQTSVEV]JEGMPMXMIW{FYMPHMRKWSVSXLIVWXVYGXYVIWXSFI
MR WIVZMGI JSV E PMQMXIH XMQI ERH LEZI E PMQMXIH I\TSWYVI
TIVMSHJSVIRZMVSRQIRXEPPSEHMRKW
XMI{PSSTSJVIMRJSVGMRKFEVSV[MVIIRGPSWMRKPSRKMXYHMREP
VIMRJSVGIQIRX % GSRXMRYSYWP] [SYRH FEV SV [MVI MR XLI
JSVQSJEGMVGPIVIGXERKPISVSXLIVTSP]KSRWLETI[MXLSYX
VIIRXVERXGSVRIVWMWEGGITXEFPI7IIEPWSWXMVVYT
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH MR XIRWMSR EGGSVHMRK XS ETTPMGEFPI
%781WXERHEVHW
',%48)6{7869'896%07=78)10%=398
{(IWGVMTXMSRSJWXVYGXYVEPGSQTSRIRXW
8LIFYMPHMRKWXVYGXYVIWLSYPHFIHMZMHIHMRXSGSQTSRIRXW
EWHIWGVMFIHF]XLVSYKL
 *PSSV W]WXIQ{'SRWMWXW SJ WXVYGXYVEP QIQFIVW
that comprise the floor of a story in a building. 'LETXIV
describes different types of floor systems. The floor system
GER MRGPYHI KMVHIVW FIEQW NSMWXW ERH XLI WPEF XLEX WTERW
FIX[IIRXLIQSVXLIWPEFSRP][LIVIMXMWHMVIGXP]WYTTSVXIH
F]GSPYQRWEWMRWPEFGSPYQRW]WXIQW
 :IVXMGEP WYTTSVXMRK QIQFIVWSupport the floor
W]WXIQ EX IEGL WXSV] ERH GEVV] EGGYQYPEXIH KVEZMX] PSEHW
HS[RXSXLIJSYRHEXMSRSJXLIWXVYGXYVI:IVXMGEPWYTTSVXMRK
QIQFIVW WLSYPH FI IMXLIV GSPYQRW SV VIMRJSVGIH GSRGVIXI
[EPPW
 *SYRHEXMSR{'SQTVMWIWWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXWXLVSYKL
[LMGLXLIPSEHSJEWXVYGXYVIMWXVERWQMXXIHXSXLIIEVXL-X
MRGPYHIWQIQFIVWWYGLEWWTVIEHJSSXMRKWGSQFMRIHJSSXMRKW
JSYRHEXMSR QEXW FEWIQIRX ERH VIXEMRMRK [EPPW ERH KVEHI
FIEQW *SYRHEXMSR QIQFIVW EVI HIWGVMFIH MR 'LETXIV 
(IITJSYRHEXMSRWWYGLEWTMPIWGEMWWSRWTMPIJSSXMRKWERH
GETWEVIFI]SRHXLIWGSTISJXLIKYMHI
 0EXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ{'SQTVMWIW XLI
WXVYGXYVEP QIQFIVW XLEX EGXMRK NSMRXP] VIWMWX ERH XVERWQMX
XSXLIKVSYRHXLIPEXIVEPPSEHWEVMWMRKJVSQWIMWQMGQSXMSRW
wind, and lateral earth pressure. The floor system acts as
EHMETLVEKQXLEXGEVVMIWMR MXW TPERIXLIPEXIVEP JSVGIJVSQ
XLIETTPMGEXMSRTSMRXXSXLIZIVXMGEPQIQFIVWSJXLIPEXIVEP
JSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ :IVXMGEP QIQFIVW SJ XLI PEXIVEP
JSVGIVIWMWXMRKW]WXIQMRXYVRGSPPIGXXLIPSEHWEVMWMRKJVSQ
all floors and transmit them down to the foundation and
XLVSYKLXLIJSYRHEXMSRXSXLIYRHIVP]MRKWSMP*SVEVIEW[MXL
QSHIVEXI SV LMKL WIMWQMG VMWO XLI QEMR ZIVXMGEP QIQFIVW
SJ XLI PEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ WLSYPH FI VIMRJSVGIH
GSRGVIXI[EPPW
 +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6

 3XLIV WXVYGXYVEP QIQFIVW{3XLIV TEVXW SJ XLI

FYMPHMRKWXVYGXYVIXLEXEVIGSZIVIHMRXLMWKYMHIEVIWXEMV[E]W
VEQTWWQEPPTSXEFPI[EXIVXEROWERHWPEFWSRKVSYRH

{+IRIVEP
 %VGLMXIGXYVEP TVSKVEQ{% KIRIVEP EVGLMXIGXYVEP
TVSKVEQ SJ XLI FYMPHMRK WLSYPH FI GSSVHMREXIH [MXL XLI
PMGIRWIH HIWMKR TVSJIWWMSREP FIJSVI XLI WXVYGXYVEP HIWMKR
FIKMRW8LIKIRIVEPEVGLMXIGXYVEPTVSKVEQWLSYPHMRGPYHIXLI
JSPPS[MRKMXIQWEWEQMRMQYQ
(1) Plan geometry and dimensions of all building floors;
 &YMPHMRKIPIZEXMSRERHXLIXIVVEMRMRGPYHMRKXLIFEWI
QIRXMJER]
 8]TISJVSSJMXWWLETIERHWPSTIWXLIX]TISJ[EXIV
proofing, the means to facilitate the runoff of water from
VEMRERHQIPXMRKWRS[SVLEMPERHXLIPSGEXMSRSJHVEMREKI
KYXXIVW *MK{+IRIVEPWXVYGXYVEPPE]SYXMRTPER
 9WISJMRXIVREPWTEGIWSJXLIFYMPHMRKMXWWYFHMZMWMSR
ERHQIERWSJWITEVEXMSRMREPPWXSVMIW
(5) Minimum architectural clear height in all floors;
  0SGEXMSR ERH HMQIRWMSRW SJ WXEMV[E]W VEQTW ERH
IPIZEXSVW
 8]TISJFYMPHMRKIRGPSWYVIMRXIVREPTEVXMXMSRWEVGLM
XIGXYVEPERHRSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXW
  0SGEXMSRW SJ HYGXW ERH WLEJXW JSV YXMPMXMIW WYGL EW
TS[IV WYTTP] PMKLXMRK XLIVQEP GSRXVSP ZIRXMPEXMSR [EXIV
WYTTP] ERH [EWXI[EXIV MRGPYHMRK IRSYKL MRJSVQEXMSR XS
HIXIGXMRXIVJIVIRGI[MXLXLIWXVYGXYVEPQIQFIVWERH
  %VGLMXIGXYVEP JIEXYVIW XLEX QE] VIHYGI IJJIGXMZI
GSRGVIXIGSZIVSJVIMRJSVGIQIRX
 7XVYGXYVEPTVSKVEQ{&EWIHSRXLIKIRIVEPEVGLMXIG
XYVEPTVSKVEQMRJSVQEXMSRXLIPMGIRWIHHIWMKRTVSJIWWMSREP
should define the general structural program for the building
FIMRKHIWMKRIH8LIKIRIVEPWXVYGXYVEPTVSKVEQMRGPYHIWXLI
JSPPS[MRKMXIQWEWEQMRMQYQ
Fig. 3.3.2Typical floor structural layout.
 -RXIRHIHYWISJXLIFYMPHMRK
 2SQMREPPSEHWVIPEXIHXSXLIYWISJXLIFYMPHMRK
(3) Special loads defined by the owner;  +IRIVEPERHPSGEPWYWXEMREFPIGSRWXVYGXMSRTVEGXMGIW
  (IWMKR WIMWQMG PSEHW MJ XLI FYMPHMRK MW PSGEXIH MR E
WIMWQMG^SRI {7XVYGXYVEPPE]SYX
 ;MRHPSEHWETTVSTVMEXIJSVXLIWMXI  +IRIVEP WXVYGXYVEP PE]SYX{8LI PMGIRWIH HIWMKR
 0SEHWJVSQWRS[LEMPSVVEMR professional should define a general structural layout in plan,
 *MVIVEXMRK MRGPYHMRKEPPMRJSVQEXMSRGSQQSRXSEPPWXVYGXYVIPIZIPWSJ
  8]TI SJ VSSJ ERH EWWSGMEXIHPSEHW [LIR RSX FYMPX SJ XLI WXVYGXYVI *MK   8LI KIRIVEP WXVYGXYVEP PE]SYX MR
VIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI TPERWLSYPHMRGPYHI
 7MXIMRJSVQEXMSRVIPEXIHXSWPSTIWERHWMXIHVEMREKI   % HMQIRWMSRIH E\MW KVMH SV GIRXIVPMRIW MR FSXL
  %PPS[EFPI WSMPFIEVMRK GETEGMX] ERH VIGSQQIRHIH TVMRGMTEP HMVIGXMSRW MR TPER PSGEXIH EX XLI MRXIVWIGXMSR SJ
JSYRHEXMSRW]WXIQHIVMZIHJVSQXLIKISXIGLRMGEPMRZIWXMKE XLI ZIVXMGEP WYTTSVXMRK QIQFIVW GSPYQRW ERH VIMRJSVGIH
XMSRERHEHHMXMSREPVIWXVMGXMSRWVIPEXIHXSI\TIGXIHWIXXPIQIRX GSRGVIXI[EPPW 
 )RZMVSRQIRXEPGSRHMXMSRWHIVMZIHJVSQPSGEPWIEWSREP   0SGEXMSR MRTPER SJEPP ZIVXMGEP WYTTSVXMRK QIQFIVW
ERH HEMP] XIQTIVEXYVI ZEVMEXMSRW LYQMHMX] TVIWIRGI SJ GSPYQRW ERH VIMRJSVGIH GSRGVIXI [EPPW 8LIWI ZIVXMGEP
HIPIXIVMSYWGLIQMGEPWERHWEPXW WYTTSVXMRK QIQFIVW WLSYPH FI EPMKRIH ZIVXMGEPP] ERH FI
  %ZEMPEFMPMX] X]TI ERH UYEPMX] SJ QEXIVMEPW WYGL EW GSRXMRYSYWXSXLIJSYRHEXMSR6IMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPWEVI
VIMRJSVGMRKFEVWGIQIRXERHEKKVIKEXIW TIVQMXXIHMJXLI]EVIGSRXMRYSYWXSXLIJSYRHEXMSRERHLEZI
 %ZEMPEFMPMX]SJJSVQ[SVOQEXIVMEPW RSSTIRMRKWJSV[MRHS[WSVHSSVW*YXYVIVIZMWMSRWSJ%'-
  %ZEMPEFMPMX] SJ E XIWXMRK PEF JSV GSRGVIXI QM\XYVI 6QE]TVSZMHITEVEQIXIVWXLEX[SYPHEPPS[PMQMXIH
TVSTSVXMSRMRKERHUYEPMX]GSRXVSPHYVMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR STIRMRKW
(15) Availability of qualified work force; and

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
 +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6 

*MK{+IRIVEPWXVYGXYVEPPE]SYXMRIPIZEXMSR

 0SGEXMSRSJEPPHYGXWWLEJXWIPIZEXSVWERHWXEMV[E]W -R NYVMWHMGXMSRW [LIVI XLI PSGEP KSZIVRMRK EYXLSVMX] LEW

that are continuous from floor to floor; EHSTXIHSXLIVWXERHEVHWXLI]WLSYPHFIYWIHVEXLIVXLERXLI

 ,SVM^SRXEP HMWXERGI FIX[IIR GIRXIVPMRIW W [LMGL PSEHMRJSVQEXMSRMRXLMWGLETXIV
correspond to the center-to-center span lengths of the floor
W]WXIQERH {0SEHJEGXSVWERHPSEHGSQFMREXMSRW

 0SGEXMSR ERH HMWXVMFYXMSR SJ EPP VIMRJSVGIH GSRGVIXI
[EPPW
 *PSSVPE]SYX{*SVIEGLJPSSVXLIPMGIRWIHHIWMKR
TVSJIWWMSREP WLSYPH HIZIPST E WXVYGXYVEP JPSSV PE]SYX
8LI PEVKIWX VIUYMVIH JEGXSVIH WXVIRKXL 9, as defined in
 JSV XLI WXVYGXYVEP QIQFIV WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH F]
YWMRKPSEHJEGXSVWERHPSEHGSQFMREXMSRWSJXLMWWIGXMSR8LI
JSPPS[MRKETTP]
*MK
8LIWXVYGXYVEPJPSSVPE]SYXMRGPYHIW E
 )EGL VIPIZERX WXVIRKXL PMQMX WXEXI WLSYPH FI MRZIW
(1) Location of the floor perimeter on the general axis grid; XMKEXIH MRGPYHMRK IJJIGXW SJ SRI SV QSVI PSEHW RSX EGXMRK

 +MVHIV ERH FIEQ PSGEXMSRW SV GSPYQR ERH QMHHPI WMQYPXERISYWP]
WXVMTWJSVWPEFGSPYQRW]WXIQW F
 -R PSEH GSQFMREXMSRW[LIVIXLIW]QFSP MWYWIHMR
(3) All substantial architectural openings in the floor; and JEGXSVMRK EPXIVREXMRK PSEHW XLEX EGX MR SRI HMVIGXMSR SV XLI
(4) An approximate load path from all floor areas to the STTSWMXIMXWLSYPHFIMRXIVTVIXIHEWXLIWMKRXLEXPIEHWXSXLI
WYTTSVXMRKFIEQWERHKMVHIVW QE\MQYQTSWMXMZI
SVQMRMQYQRIKEXMZI
ZEPYISJ9ERH
 :IVXMGEP PE]SYX{8LI PMGIRWIH HIWMKR TVSJIWWMSREP G
 8LI QSWX YRJEZSVEFPI IJJIGXW JVSQ FSXL [MRH ERH
should define a general structural layout in elevation (Fig. 3.3.3). WIMWQMGPSEHWWLSYPHFIMRZIWXMKEXIHFYXXLI]RIIHRSXFI
8LIKIRIVEPWXVYGXYVEPPE]SYXMRIPIZEXMSRMRGPYHIW GSRWMHIVIHXSEGXWMQYPXERISYWP]

2YQFIVSJWXSVMIW  (IEHERHPMZIPSEH{6IUYMVIHJEGXSVIHWXVIRKXL 9
(2) Story height for each floor, defined as the vertical XSVIWMWXHIEHPSEH(ERHPMZIPSEH0WLSYPHFIXLIKVIEXIVSJ
distance from floor finish to floor finish;

7PSTIERHWLETISJXLIVSSJ 9!( E

(4) Architectural clearance from floor finish to ceiling for
each floor; 9!(0 F


7TEGIRIGIWWEV]XSEGGSQQSHEXITS[IVHMWXVMFYXMSR
[EXIVWYTTP]ERHHVEMREKIERHLIEXMRKZIRXMPEXMSRERHEMV  6EMRPSEHWRS[PSEHERHWPSTMRKVSSJPMZIPSEH{
GSRHMXMSRMRK 6IUYMVIHJEGXSVIHWXVIRKXL9XSVIWMWXVEMRPSEH6WRS[PSEH

7PSTISJXLIXIVVEMRERHMXWVIPEXMSRWLMTXSXLIKVSYRH 7SVWPSTMRKVSSJPMZIPSEH0VWLSYPHFIIZEPYEXIHFEWIHSR
floor or basement; and XLIJSPPS[MRKPSEHGSQFMREXMSRW

7YTTSVXMRKWSMPWXVEXYQHITXLERH[EXIVXEFPIHITXL
9 !(0 6SV7SV0V
E

{*IEWMFMPMX]SJKYMHIYWEKI
-JER]SJXLIGSRHMXMSRWWXEXIHMR'LETXIVEVIRSXQIXXLI 9 !(0 6SV7SV0V
F

WXVYGXYVEPHIWMKRWLSYPHFITIVJSVQIHYWMRKXLIGSHIWERH
WXERHEVHWKMZIRMR  ;MRHPSEHW{6IUYMVIHJEGXSVIHWXVIRKXL9XSVIWMWX
[MRHPSEHW ;WLSYPH FIIZEPYEXIH FEWIH SRXLI JSPPS[MRK
',%48)6{03%(7 PSEHGSQFMREXMSRW
{+IRIVEP
8LI PSEH MRJSVQEXMSR MR XLMW GLETXIV MW FEWIH SR XLI 9 !(0 ;6SV7SV0V
E

VIUYMVIQIRXWSJXLIQSHIPGSHI-&'
ERHXLIVIJIV
IRGIWXERHEVH%7')
 9 !( ;6SV7SV0V
F

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
 +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6

9 !( ; G
IPIGXVMGEP JIIHIVW ERH LIEXMRK ZIRXMPEXMRK ERH EMV GSRHM
XMSRMRKW]WXIQWWLSYPHFIMRGPYHIH[MXLXLIHIEHPSEHW
Note: In ASCE 7-10, wind forces are defined at strength  7IPJ[IMKLX SJ GSRGVIXI{8LI YRMX [IMKLX SJ VIMR
PIZIP -R TVIZMSYW ZIVWMSRW SJ %7')  [MRH JSVGIW [IVI

defined at working stress level. In jurisdictions where the
PSGEP KSZIVRMRK EYXLSVMX] LEW EHSTXIH E WXERHEVH XLEX MW
different from ASCE 7-10, where wind forces are defined
JSVGIHGSRGVIXIWLSYPHFIXEOIREWPFJXOKQ
 (IEH PSEHW JVSQ RSRWXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRXW{(IEH
PSEHW JVSQ RSRWXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRXW WLSYPH FI HMZMHIH MRXS
ZIVXMGEPERHLSVM^SRXEPRSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXW
EX[SVOMRKWXVIWWPIZIPXLIJEGXSVJSV;MR)UE
ERH  *PEXRSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXW{8LI]WLSYPHMRGPYHI
G
 WLSYPH FI  MRWXIEH SJ  ERH MR )U F
 GSRWXVYGXMSR QEXIVMEP [MXL E ZIVXMGEP HMQIRWMSR XLEX MW
WLSYPHFIMRWXIEHSJ WYFWXERXMEPP] PIWW XLER XLI LSVM^SRXEP HMQIRWMSRW ERH EVI
 7IMWQMG PSEHW{6IUYMVIH JEGXSVIH WXVIRKXL 9 XS either applied, supported, attached, fixed, or suspended from
VIWMWX WIMWQMG PSEHW ) WLSYPH FI IZEPYEXIH FEWIH SR XLI XLI WPEFW SV VSSJ SJ XLI FYMPHMRK 8LIWI IPIQIRXW WLSYPH
JSPPS[MRKPSEHGSQFMREXMSRW MRGPYHIFYXEVIRSXPMQMXIHXSTIVQERIRXWPEFSVNSMWXJSVQW
floor topping, floor fills, floor finishes, roof slope fills, roof
9 !(07 ) E
coverings, tiles, waterproofing membranes, thermal insula
XMSRWO]PMKLXWGIMPMRKWJYVVMRKERHHYGXWJSVWIVZMGIW
9 !( ) F
For purposes of design, the dead loads due to flat nonstruc
XYVEP IPIQIRXW QE] FI GSRWMHIVIH YRMJSVQ ZIVXMGEP PSEHW
 )EVXLTVIWWYVI{*SVQIQFIVWVIWMWXMRKPEXIVEPIEVXL TIVYRMXEVIESJLSVM^SRXEPWYVJEGISVLSVM^SRXEPTVSNIGXMSR
TVIWWYVI , XLI VIUYMVIH JEGXSVIH WXVIRKXL 9 WLSYPH FI EX applied to the corresponding zones or areas where the flat
PIEWXIUYEPXS RSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXWEVIPSGEXIH-RHIXIVQMRMRKXLIHIEH
loads of flat nonstructural elements, the actual weight of
9 !(0, 
QEXIVMEPW ERH GSRWXVYGXMSRW ERH VIEPMWXMG XLMGORIWW WLSYPH
FIYWIH%WEKYMHI8EFPIKMZIWQMRMQYQYRMX[IMKLX
;LIR XLI FYMPHMRK WXVYGXYVI EW E [LSPI VIWMWXW TIVQERIRX 1YPXMTP] XLI ZEPYIW TVSZMHIH F] XLI GSVVIWTSRHMRK XLMGO
YRGSQTIRWEXIHLSVM^SRXEPPSEHWHYIXSPEXIVEPWSMPTVIWWYVI RIWWMRJX?QAXSSFXEMRHIEHPSEHWMRPFJX?2QA
-R8EFPIW
,WLSYPHFIEHHIHXSXLIVMKLXWMHISJ)UG
ERH EXSHZEPYIWEVIKMZIRJSVHIEHPSEHWSJX]TMGEP
)UF
 flat nonstructural element construction materials. The values
 Weight and pressure of fluids{*SVQIQFIVWWYFNIGXIH TVSZMHIHMR8EFPIWEXS HGSVVIWTSRHXSEZIVEKI
to weight and pressure of fluids with well-defined densities QMRMQYQ ZEPYIW 8LI PMGIRWIH HIWMKR TVSJIWWMSREP WLSYPH
ERHGSRXVSPPEFPIQE\MQYQLIMKLXW*MR)UE
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*MR)UF
WLSYPHFIEHHIHXSXLIVMKLXWMHI HMJJIVIRXPSGEPQEXIVMEPWERHPSGEPGSRWXVYGXMSRTVEGXMGIW
 3XLIVIJJIGXW{;LIVIWXVYGXYVEPIJJIGXW8SJHMJJIV
IRXMEP WIXXPIQIRX WLVMROEKI SV XIQTIVEXYVI GLERKI EVI
significant in design, the design should not be performed
YWMRK XLI KYMHI ERH XLI GSHIW ERH WXERHEVHW PMWXIH MR 
WLSYPHFIYWIH
{1EWWERH[IMKLX
% GPIEV HMWXMRGXMSR FIX[IIR QEWW ERH [IMKLX WLSYPH FI
QEHIF]XLIPMGIRWIHHIWMKRTVSJIWWMSREPMREPPGEPGYPEXMSRW
{;IMKLXSJQEXIVMEPW
-RHIXIVQMRMRKHIEHPSEHWXLIEGXYEP[IMKLXSJQEXIVMEPW
ERHGSRWXVYGXMSRWWLSYPHFIYWIH
 7XERHMRKRSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXW{7XERHMRKRSRWXVYG
XYVEP IPIQIRXW WLSYPH MRGPYHI GSRWXVYGXMSR QEXIVMEP [LSWI
ZIVXMGEP HMQIRWMSR MW WYFWXERXMEPP] KVIEXIV XLER XLI PIEWX
LSVM^SRXEPHMQIRWMSRERHEVIIMXLIVJVIIWXERHMRKWYTTSVXIH
F]ZIVXMGEP WXVYGXYVEP QIQFIVW SVEXXEGLIHXSXLIQSVWTER
vertically from floor to floor. These elements include, but
EVI RSX PMQMXIH XS JEEHIW RSRWXVYGXYVEP [EPPW TEVXMXMSRW
[EPP GSZIVMRKW ZIRIIV EVGLMXIGXYVEP SVREQIRXW [MRHS[W
doors, and vertical ducts for services. In office buildings or
SXLIVFYMPHMRKW[LIVITEVXMXMSRWGERFIIVIGXIHSVVIEVVERKIH
TVSZMWMSRW JSV TEVXMXMSR [IMKLX WLSYPH FI QEHI [LIXLIV SV
RSXTEVXMXMSRWEVIWLS[RSRXLIEVGLMXIGXYVEPHVE[MRKW(IEH
PSEHWLSYPHFIMRGPYHIHEWYRMJSVQZIVXMGEPPSEHWTIVYRMXEVIE
In the absence of definite information, the approximated

ZEPYIWPMWXIHMR8EFPIQE]FIYWIH
{(IEHPSEHW
 Definition of dead loads{(IEH PSEHW GSRWMWX SJ
SJLSVM^SRXEPWYVJEGIMRPFJXO2Q
(IEHPSEHWJVSQWXERHMRKRSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXWQE]FI
GSRWMHIVIHEWGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHWSVEWYRMJSVQPMRIPSEHW
TIV YRMX SJ PIRKXL SJ RSRWXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRX %W E KYMHI
MR 8EFPI  QMRMQYQ YRMX [IMKLXW EVI KMZIR 1YPXMTP]
XLI [IMKLX SJ GSRWXVYGXMSR QEXIVMEP MRGSVTSVEXIH MRXS XLI ZEPYIWF]XLIGSVVIWTSRHMRKXLMGORIWWMRJXQ
ERHF]XLI
building, including, but not limited to: structure, walls, floors, IPIQIRXLIMKLXMRJXQ
XSSFXEMRYRMJSVQPMRIHIEHPSEHWMR
roofs, ceilings, stairways, ramps, finishes, cladding, other PFJX2Q
-R8EFPIWEXSIZEPYIWEVIKMZIR
incorporated architectural and structural systems, and fixed JSV HIEH PSEHW SJ X]TMGEP WXERHMRK RSRWXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRXW
WIVZMGIIUYMTQIRX;LIRHIXIVQMRMRKHIEHPSEHWJSVHIWMKR GSRWXVYGXMSR QEXIVMEPW MR PF O2
 TIV YRMX ZIVXMGEP EVIE MR
TYVTSWIWXLIEGXYEP[IMKLXWSJQEXIVMEPWERHGSRWXVYGXMSRW JXQ
8SSFXEMRYRMJSVQPMRIHIEHPSEHWMRPFJXO2Q

should be used. For design purposes, the weight of fixed QYPXMTP]ZEPYIWWYKKIWXIHMR8EFPIWEXSIF]
WIVZMGI IUYMTQIRX WYGL EW TPYQFMRK WXEGOW ERH VMWIVW XLI LIMKLX SJ XLI WXERHMRK RSRWXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRX MRJX Q


%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
 +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6 

8EFPI {1MRMQYQYRMX[IMKLX JSVIZEPYEXMSRSJHIEHERHPMZIPSEHWJVSQQEXIVMEPW

9RMX[IMKLX 1EWWHIRWMX] 9RMX[IMKLX 1EWWHIRWMX]
1EXIVMEP PFJX OKQ 1EXIVMEP PFJX QOKQ
%PYQMRYQ   -VSR
&MXYQMRSYWTVSHYGXW 'EWX  
%WTLEPXERHXEV   ;VSYKLX  
+EWSPMRI   0IEH  
+VETLMXI   0MQI
Paraffin   ,]HVEXIHPSSWI  
4IXVSPIYQ   ,]HVEXIHGSQTEGXIH  
&VEWW   1EWSRV]FVMGOWSPMHTSVXMSR  
&VSR^I   1EWSRV]GSRGVIXIWSPMHTSVXMSR  
'IQIRXTSVXPERHPSSWI   1EWSRV]KVSYX  
'IVEQMGXMPI   1EWSRV]WXSRI  
'LEVGSEP   1SVXEVGIQIRXSVPMQI  
Cinder fill   4EVXMGPIFSEVH  
'SEPTMPIH   4P][SSH  
'SRGVIXITPEMR   7ERH
'SRGVIXIVIMRJSVGIH   'PIERERHHV]  
'STTIV   6MZIVHV]  
'SVOGSQTVIWWIH   7XIIP  
)EVXL 7XSRI
'PE]HV]   &EWEPXKVERMXIKRIMWW  
'PE]HEQT   0MQIWXSRIQEVFPIUYEVX^  
'PE]ERHKVEZIPHV]   7ERHWXSRI  
7MPXQSMWXTEGOIH   7LEPI  
7MPXQSMWXPSSWI   8IVVEGSXXE
7ERHERHKVEZIPHV]PSSWI   Voids filled  
7ERHERHKVEZIPHV]TEGOIH   Voids unfilled  
7ERHERHKVEZIP[IX   8MR  
+PEWW   ;EXIV
+VEZIPHV]   *VIWL  
+]TWYQPSSWI   7IE  
+]TWYQ[EPPFSEVH   ;SSHWIEWSRIH XS XS
-GI   >MRGVSPPIHWLIIX  

8LIZEPYIWTVSZMHIHMR8EFPIWERHEXSI  *M\IH IUYMTQIRX{*M\IH IUYMTQIRX HIEH PSEH

GSVVIWTSRHXSX]TMGEPEZIVEKIQMRMQYQZEPYIWXLIPMGIRWIH
HIWMKR TVSJIWWMSREP WLSYPH GSRWMHIV XLI ZEVMEXMSR SJ XLIWI
ZEPYIWHYIXSPSGEPQEXIVMEPWERHPSGEPGSRWXVYGXMSRTVEGXMGIW
(IEHPSEHSJMRXIVREPWXERHMRKRSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXWWYGL
EWMRXIVREP[EPPWERHTEVXMXMSRWQE]FIGSRWMHIVIHYRMJSVQ
ZIVXMGEPHIEHPSEHWTIVYRMXEVIE[LIRWIGSRHEV]WXVYGXYVEP
members of the floor system are capable of supporting the
VIWYPXMRKGSRGIRXVEXIHSVYRMJSVQPMRIPSEHW[MXLSYXMQTEMV
ment to strength and serviceability of the floor system or the
RSRWXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRX -J WXERHMRK RSRWXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRXW
EVI QSVI XLER SRI WXSV] XEPP XLIMV HIEH PSEHW WLSYPH FI
GSRWMHIVIHGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHWSVPMRIPSEHW8LIHIEHPSEH
SJJEEHIWERHIPIQIRXWSJXLIFYMPHMRKIRGPSWYVIWLSYPHFI
GSRWMHIVIHPMRIPSEHWSRXLIWPEFIHKI
  %PXIVREXMZI QMRMQYQ ZEPYIW JSV HIEH PSEHW SJ
RSRWXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRXW{*SV FYMPHMRKW [MXL WXSV] LIMKLXW
WLSYPHFITVSZMHIHF]XLIIUYMTQIRXQERYJEGXYVIV
{0MZIPSEHW
0MZIPSEHWEVITVSHYGIHF]XLIYWIERHSGGYTERG]SJXLI
FYMPHMRKERHHSRSXMRGPYHIGSRWXVYGXMSRSVIRZMVSRQIRXEP
PSEHWWYGLEW[MRHPSEHWRS[PSEHVEMRPSEHWIMWQMGPSEH
SV HIEH PSEH 0MZI PSEHW WLSYPH FI XLI QE\MQYQ PSEHW
I\TIGXIHJSVXLIMRXIRHIHYWISVSGGYTERG]FYXWLSYPHRSX
FIPIWWXLERXLIQMRMQYQYRMJSVQP]HMWXVMFYXIHYRMXPSEHW
KMZIRMR8EFPIJSVXLISGGYTERGMIWPMWXIH
{6SSJPMZIPSEHW
6SSJPMZIPSEHWWLSYPHRSXFIPIWWXLERXLIQE\MQYQPMZI
PSEHYWIH JSV XLI VIWX SJ XLI FYMPHMRK ERH [LIRSJ QM\IH
SGGYTERG] XLI QE\MQYQ SJ XLI HMJJIVIRX SGGYTERGMIW
;LMPI XLMW VSSJ PMZI PSEH MW RSX VIUYMVIH F] XLI WXERHEVHW
RSXI\GIIHMRK JX  Q
 XLI QMRMQYQ ZEPYIW MRPFJX MR FYMPHMRKWMRWSQIGSYRXVMIWGSQQSRP]EHHEREHHM
O2Q) of horizontal floor area given in 8EFPIJSV tional floor level during the life of the structure. This live
XLI SGGYTERGMIW PMWXIH QE] FI YWIH MRWXIEH SJ E HIXEMPIH PSEHZEPYIEHHVIWWIWXLMWTSWWMFMPMX];LIRXLIVSSJMWERSR
EREP]WMWSJHIEHPSEHWGEYWIHF]RSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXW GSRGVIXIVSSJ[MXLEWPSTIKVIEXIVXLERHIKVIIWWYTTSVXIH

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
 +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6

8EFPI E{*PEXRSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXWQMRMQYQHIEHPSEHWGIMPMRKW
'SQTSRIRX 0SEHPFJX TIVJX of floor area 0SEHO2Q TIVQ of floor area
'IMPMRKW
Acoustical fiberboard  
+]TWYQFSEVH TIVMRXLMGORIWW TIVQQXLMGORIWW
1IGLERMGEPHYGXEPPS[ERGI  
7TVMROPIVW]WXIQEPPS[ERGI  
0YQMREVMIWERHIPIGXVMGEPW]WXIQEPPS[ERGI  
4PEWXIVSRXMPISVGSRGVIXI  
4PEWXIVSR[SSHPEXL  
7YWTIRHIHWXIIPGLERRIPW]WXIQ  
7YWTIRHIHQIXEPPEXLERHGIQIRXTPEWXIV  
7YWTIRHIHQIXEPPEXLERHK]TWYQTPEWXIV  
;SSHJYVVMRKWYWTIRWMSRW]WXIQ  

8EFPI 4.5.3.1bFlat nonstructural elements minimum dead loads: floor fill

'SQTSRIRX 0SEHPFJX TIVJX of floor area 0SEHO2Q TIVQ of floor area
Floor fill TIVMRXLMGORIWW TIVQQXLMGORIWW
'MRHIVGSRGVIXI  
0MKLX[IMKLXGSRGVIXI  
7ERH  
7XSRIGSRGVIXI  

8EFPI 4.5.3.1cFlat nonstructural elements minimum dead loads: floors

'SQTSRIRX 0SEHPFJX TIVJX of floor area 0SEHO2Q TIVQ of floor area
Floors and floor finishes
%WTLEPXFPSGOMR?QQA MRQQ QSVXEV  
Cement finish (1 in. [25 mm]) on stone-concrete fill  
'IVEQMGSVUYEVV]XMPIMR?QQA SRMRQQ QSVXEVFIH  
'IVEQMGSVUYEVV]XMPIMR?QQA SRMRQQ QSVXEVFIH  
Concrete fill finish TIVMRXLMGORIWW TIVQQXLMGORIWW
Hardwood flooring, 7/7 in. (25 mm)  
0MRSPIYQSVEWTLEPXXMPIMRQQ  
Marble and mortar on stone-concrete fill  
7PEXI TIVMRXLMGORIWW TIVQQXLMGORIWW
Solid flat tile on 1 in. (25 mm) mortar base  
Sub flooring, 3/4 in. (20 mm)  
8IVVE^^SMRQQ HMVIGXP]SRWPEF  
Terrazzo 1 in. (25 mm) on stone-concrete fill  
8IVVE^^SMRQQ MRQQ WXSRIGSRGVIXI  
Wood block 3 in. (75 mm) on mastic, no fill  
;SSHFPSGOMRQQ SRMRQQ QSVXEVFEWI  

SREWXIIPSV[SSHWXVYGXYVIMXMWTIVQMXXIHXSYWIEVSSJPMZI 8LIPSEHWWLSYPHFIGEPGYPEXIHYWMRKXLIPSGEPGSHITVSZM
PSEHSJPFJXO2Q  WMSRW-RXLIEFWIRGISJEKSZIVRMRKPSGEPGSHIXLIQMRMQYQ
WRS[PSEHEXPEXMXYHIWKVIEXIVXLERHIKVIIWMRPFJXO2Q
{6EMRPSEH MWKMZIR MR *MK ;LIVI VIGSVHW SVI\TIVMIRGIRIEVXLI
)EGL TSVXMSR SJ XLI VSSJ WLSYPH FI HIWMKRIH XS WYWXEMR WMXI MRHMGEXI XLEX XLI ZEPYI [MXL E  TIVGIRXERRYEP TVSFE
XLI EGGYQYPEXIH VEMR[EXIV MJ XLI HVEMREKI W]WXIQ JSV XLEX FMPMX]SJFIMRKI\GIIHIH]IEVQIERVIGYVVIRGIMRXIVZEP 
TSVXMSRMWFPSGOIH I\GIIHW XLI ZEPYI JVSQ *MK  SV XLI FYMPHMRK MW WYFNIGX
to significant ice loads, the design should not be performed
{7RS[PSEH YWMRK XLI KYMHI ERH XLI GSHIW ERH WXERHEVHW PMWXIH MR 
;LIVIWRS[MWI\TIGXIHXLIPSEHWGEYWIHF]MXWEGGYQY WLSYPHFIYWIH
PEXMSRWLSYPHFIXEOIRMRXSEGGSYRX[LIRHIWMKRMRKXLIVSSJ

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
 +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6 

8EFPI H{*PEXRSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXWQMRMQYQHIEHPSEHWVSSJGSZIVMRKW
'SQTSRIRX 0SEHPFJX TIVJX of floor area 0SEHO2Q TIVQ of floor area
6SSJGSZIVMRK
%WFIWXSWGIQIRXWLMRKPIW  
%WTLEPXWLMRKPIW  
'IQIRXXMPI  
'PE]XMPIMRGPYHMRKQSVXEV  
'STTIVSVXMR  
Corrugated asbestos-cement roofing  
(IGOQIXEPKEYKIQQRSQMREPXLMGORIWW  
(IGOQIXEPKEYKIQQRSQMREPXLMGORIWW  
(IGOMRKMRQQ [SSH  
(IGOMRKMRQQ [SSH  
*MFIVFSEVHMRQQ  
+]TWYQWLIEXLMRKMRQQ  
-RWYPEXMSRVSSJFSEVHW
*MFVSYWSVGIPPYPEVKPEWW TIVMRXLMGORIWW TIVQQXLMGORIWW
*MFIVFSEVH TIVMRXLMGORIWW TIVQQXLMGORIWW
4IVPMXI TIVMRXLMGORIWW TIVQQXLMGORIWW
4SP]WX]VIRIJSEQ TIVMRXLMGORIWW TIVQQXLMGORIWW
9VIXLERIJSEQ[MXLWOMR TIVMRXLMGORIWW TIVQQXLMGORIWW
4P][SSHTIVMR?QQAXLMGORIWW TIVMRXLMGORIWW TIVQQXLMGORIWW
7O]PMKLXQIXEPJVEQIMRQQ [MVIKPEWW  
Waterproofing membranes:
&MXYQMRSYWKVEZIPGSZIVIH  
&MXYQMRSYWWQSSXLWYVJEGI  
0MUYMHETTPMIH  
7MRKPITP]WLIIX  
;SSHWLIEXLMRK TIVMRXLMGORIWW TIVQQXLMGORIWW
;SSHWLMRKPIW  

8EFPI E{7XERHMRKRSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXWQMRMQYQHIEHPSEHWGSZIVMRKWJSV[EPPW
0SEHPFJX TIVJXSJZIVXMGEPWYVJEGIQYPXMTP] 0SEHO2Q TIVQSJZIVXMGEPWYVJEGI
F]XLILIMKLXSJIPIQIRXMRJXXSSFXEMRPMRIPSEHW QYPXMTP]F]XLILIMKLXSJIPIQIRXMRQXS
'SQTSRIRX MRPFJX SFXEMRPMRIPSEHWMRO2Q
'SZIVMRKJSV[EPPW
'IQIRXXMPI  
*MFIVFSEVHMRQQ  
+]TWYQWLIEXLMRKMRQQ  
-RWYPEXMSR[EPPFSEVHW
*MFVSYWSVGIPPYPEVKPEWW TIVMRXLMGORIWW TIVQQXLMGORIWW
*MFIVFSEVH TIVMRXLMGORIWW TIVQQXLMGORIWW
4IVPMXI TIVMRXLMGORIWW TIVQQXLMGORIWW
4SP]WX]VIRIJSEQ TIVMRXLMGORIWW TIVQQXLMGORIWW
9VIXLERIJSEQ[MXLWOMR TIVMRXLMGORIWW TIVQQXLMGORIWW
4P][SSHTIVMRQQ XLMGORIWW TIVMRXLMGORIWW TIVQQXLMGORIWW
;SSHWLIEXLMRK TIVMRXLMGORIWW TIVQQXLMGORIWW

{;MRHPSEHW GSQTP][MXLXLIWIJIEXYVIWWLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIHSYXWMHIXLI
 +IRIVEP{7IGXMSR  TVSZMHIW E QIXLSH XS

GEPGYPEXI[MRHPSEHWSREFYMPHMRKERHSRMRHMZMHYEPWXVYGXYVEP
QIQFIVWERHGPEHHMRK8LITVSGIHYVIWERHZEPYIWTVSZMHIH
F]EPSGEPFYMPHMRKGSHIWLSYPHFIYWIHXSSFXEMR[MRHPSEHW
-RXLIEFWIRGISJEPSGEPFYMPHMRKGSHIJSVFYMPHMRKW[MXL
VIKYPEVKISQIXVMGWLETIWVIWTSRWIGLEVEGXIVMWXMGWERHWMXI
PSGEXMSRWXLIJSPPS[MRKWLSYPHETTP]&YMPHMRKWXLEXHSRSX
WGSTISJXLIKYMHI
 4VSGIHYVI{;MRH TVIWWYVIW ERH [MRH PSEHW
EX WXVIRKXL PIZIP WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL
7XITWXLVSYKLOIITMRKMRQMRHXLEXFYMPHMRK[MRHPSEHW
EVIFEWIHSRXLIKVSWWI\TSWIHEVIEWMRXLIHMVIGXMSRSJXLI
[MRH[LIVIEWGSQTSRIRXERHGPEHHMRK[MRHPSEHWEVIFEWIH
SRXLIIPIQIRXEVIEYRHIVWXYH]

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
 +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6

8EFPI F{7XERHMRKRSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXWQMRMQYQHIEHPSEHWPMKLXTEVXMXMSRW
0SEHPFJX TIVJXSJZIVXMGEPWYVJEGI 0SEHO2Q TIVQSJZIVXMGEPWYVJEGI
QYPXMTP]F]XLILIMKLXSJIPIQIRXMR QYPXMTP]F]XLILIMKLXSJIPIQIRXMRQ
'SQTSRIRX JXXSSFXEMRPMRIPSEHWMRPFJX XSSFXEMRPMRIPSEHWMRO2Q
0MKLXTEVXMXMSRW
1SZEFPIWXIIPTEVXMXMSRWRSRJYPPLIMKLX  
1SZEFPIWXIIPTEVXMXMSRWJYPPLIMKLX  
;SSHSVWXIIPWXYHWMRQQ K]TWYQFSEVHIEGLWMHI  
;SSHWXYHW\MR\QQ YRTPEWXIVIH  
;SSHWXYHW\MR\QQ TPEWXIVIHSRIWMHI  
;SSHWXYHW\MR\QQ TPEWXIVIHX[SWMHIW  

8EFPI G{7XERHMRKRSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXWQMRMQYQHIEHPSEHWZIRIIV
0SEHPFJX TIVJXSJZIVXMGEPWYVJEGI 0SEHO2Q TIVQSJZIVXMGEPWYVJEGI
QYPXMTP]F]XLILIMKLXSJIPIQIRXMRJXXSSFXEMR QYPXMTP]F]XLILIMKLXSJIPIQIRXMRQXSSFXEMR
'SQTSRIRX PMRIPSEHWMRPFJX PMRIPSEHWMRO2Q
:IRIIV
+VERMXI TIVMRXLMGORIWW TIVQQXLMGORIWW
0MQIWXSRI TIVMRXLMGORIWW TIVQQXLMGORIWW
7ERHWXSRI TIVMRXLMGORIWW TIVQQXLMGORIWW
'IVEQMG TIVMRXLMGORIWW TIVQQXLMGORIWW

8EFPI H{7XERHMRKRSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXWQMRMQYQHIEHPSEHW[EPPW
0SEHPFJX 0SEHO2Q
TIVJXSJZIVXMGEPWYVJEGI TIVQSJZIVXMGEPWYVJEGI
QYPXMTP]F]XLILIMKLXSJIPIQIRXMRJXXS QYPXMTP]F]XLILIMKLXSJIPIQIRXMRQXS
'SQTSRIRX SFXEMRPMRIPSEHWMRPFJX SFXEMRPMRIPSEHWMRO2Q
;EPPW
)\XIVMSVWXYH[EPPWWXIIPSV[SSHWXYHW 
\MR\QQ EXMRQQ MR
 
QQ K]TWYQMRWYPEXIHMRQQ WMHMRK
\MR\QQ EXMRQQ MR
 
QQ K]TWYQMRWYPEXIHMRQQ WMHMRK
)\XIVMSVWXYH[EPPW[MXLFVMGOZIRIIV  
'PE]WSPMHQEWSRV]YRMX[EPPW ;EPPXLMGORIWW ;EPPXLMGORIWWQQ
MRMRMRMR 
9RTPEWXIVIH  
'PE]XMPIQEWSRV]YRMX[EPPW ;EPPXLMGORIWW ;EPPXLMGORIWWQQ
MRMRMRMRMR 
4PEWXIVMRFSXLJEGIW  
9RTPEWXIVIH  
,SPPS[GSRGVIXIQEWSRV]YRMX[EPPW ;EPPXLMGORIWW ;EPPXLMGORIWWQQ
MRMRMRMRMR 
2SKVSYX  
MRSGQ KVSYXWTEGMRK  
MRSGQ KVSYXWTEGMRK  
MRSGQ KVSYXWTEGMRK  
MRSGQ KVSYXWTEGMRK  
MRSGQ KVSYXWTEGMRK  
*YPPKVSYX  
7SPMHGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]YRMX[EPPW ;EPPXLMGORIWW ;EPPXLMGORIWWQQ
MRMRMRMRMR 
9RTPEWXIVIH  

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
 +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6 

8EFPI I{7XERHMRKRSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXWQMRMQYQHIEHPSEHW[MRHS[W
0SEHPFJX TIVJXSJZIVXMGEPWYVJEGI 0SEHO2Q TIVQSJZIVXMGEPWYVJEGI
QYPXMTP]F]XLILIMKLXSJIPIQIRXMRJX QYPXMTP]F]XLILIMKLXSJIPIQIRXMRQ
'SQTSRIRX XSSFXEMRPMRIPSEHWMRPFJX XSSFXEMRPMRIPSEHWMRO2Q
;MRHS[W
+PEWWGYVXEMR[EPPWKPEWWJVEQIERHWEWL  
;MRHS[WKPEWWJVEQIERHWEWL  

8EFPI {%PXIVREXMZIQMRMQYQZEPYIWJSVHIEHPSEHSJRSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXW[LIRRSHIXEMPIH
EREP]WMWMWTIVJSVQIH
*EEHIERH Floor finish and
TEVXMXMSRW GIMPMRK
PFJXO2Q PFJXO2Q
TIVJXQ SJ TIVJXQ SJ
3GGYTERG] floor area floor area
% &YMPHMRKLEZMRKEREWWIQFP]VSSQ[MXLGETEGMX]SJPIWWXLER
+VSYT%{%WWIQFP]  
% TIVWSRWERHRSXLEZMRKEWXEKI
1SZEFPIJYPPLIMKLXTEVXMXMSRW  
+VSYT&{&YWMRIWW &
*M\IHQEWSRV]TEVXMXMSRW  
+VSYT){)HYGEXMSREP ) 'PEWWVSSQW  
+VSYT*{*EGXSV] * 0MKLXMRHYWXVMIW  
- 6IWMHIRXMEPFSEVHERHGEVIJEGMPMXMIW  
+VSYT-{-RWXMXYXMSREP - 4VMWSRWNEMPWVIJSVQEXSVMIWHIXIRXMSRGIRXIVW  
- (E]GEVIJEGMPMXMIW  
+VSYT1{1IVGERXMPI 1 (MWTPE]ERHWEPISJQIVGLERHMWI  
1EWSRV]JEEHIERHTEVXMXMSRW  
+VSYT6{6IWMHIRXMEP 6
0MKLXJEEHIERHTEVXMXMSRW  
+VSYT7{7XSVEKI 7 7XSVEKISJPMKLXQEXIVMEPW  
+VSYT9{9XMPMX]ERH
9 +EVEKIWJSVZILMGPIW[MXLGEVV]MRKGETEGMX]YTXSPFOK  
1MWGIPPERISYW

8EFPI {1MRMQYQYRMJSVQP]HMWXVMFYXIHPMZIPSEHW
9RMJSVQPSEHPFJX TIVJXSJ 9RMJSVQPSEHO2Q TIVQ
3GGYTERG]SVYWI floor area of floor area
&EPGSRMIW  
'SVVMHSVWERHWXEMV[E]W  
+]QREWMYQW  
+VSYT%{%WWIQFP] 0SFFMIW  
1SZEFPIWIEXW  
6IGVIEXMSREPEVIEW  
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'SVVMHSVWERHWXEMV[E]W  
+VSYT&{&YWMRIWW Offices  
6IWXEYVERXW  
'PEWWVSSQW  
'SVVMHSVWERHWXEMV[E]W  
+VSYT){
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7XEGOVSSQW  
+VSYT*{*EGXSV] 0MKLXMRHYWXVMIW  
3TIVEXMRKVSSQWPEFSVEXSVMIW  
+VSYT-{
;EVHWERHTVMZEXIVSSQW  
-RWXMXYXMSREP
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+VSYT1{ 6IXEMP  
1IVGERXMPI ;LSPIWEPI  
&EPGSRMIW  
+VSYT6{ 4VMZEXIVSSQWERHGSVVMHSVWWIVZMRKXLIQ  
6IWMHIRXMEP 4YFPMGVSSQWERHGSVVMHSVWWIVZMRKXLIQ  
7XEMV[E]W  
+VSYT7{7XSVEKI 0MKLX  
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ERH1MWGIPPERISYW

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 +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6

8EFPI {8]TMGEPZEPYIWSJWXVIRKXLPIZIP
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6IKMSR :QTL :QW
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OQ JVSQXLIGSEWX 

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 7IPIGXMSRSJFEWMG[MRHWTIIH{&EWMG[MRHWTIIH
EX WXVIRKXL PIZIP : GSVVIWTSRHW XS E WIGSRH KYWX WTIIH
7XIT  :IPSGMX] TVIWWYVI UL WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH MR EXJXQ
EFSZIKVSYRHQIEWYVIHEXSTIRXIVVEMR[MXL
EGGSVHERGI[MXLERH

7XIT  %TTVSTVMEXI 'WY pressure coefficients should
FI WIPIGXIH JVSQ  HITIRHMRK SR I\TSWIH FYMPHMRK
WYVJEGIW EWWYQMRK XLEX XLI [MRH EGXW MR XLI TSWMXMZI ERH
RIKEXMZI WIRWI MR FSXL TVMRGMTEP HMVIGXMSRW MR TPER SJ XLI
FYMPHMRK
7XIT:IPSGMX]TVIWWYVIUL affected by the force coefficients
ERHQYPXMTPMIHF]XLII\TSWIHEVIESJXLIWYVJEGI%WYWLSYPH
FIYWIHXSHIXIVQMRIXLIIUYMZEPIRXWXEXMG[MRHHIWMKRJSVGI
*WY XLEXEGXWMR EHMVIGXMSRRSVQEP XSXLI I\TSWIHFYMPHMRK
WYVJEGIW
WGEXXIVIHSFWXVYGXMSRWLEZMRKLIMKLXWPIWWXLERJXQ
WYGLEWSTIRGSYRXV][MXLE]IEVQIERVIXYVRTIVMSH
8LITIVGIRXI\GIIHERGITVSFEFMPMX]MRE]IEVTIVMSH
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I\GIIHIHMW
8EFPI  KMZIW X]TMGEP ZEPYIW SJ FEWMG [MRH WTIIH
EX WXVIRKXL PIZIP KMZIR EW E KYMHI JSV VIKMSRW SYXWMHI SJ
XLI9RMXIH7XEXIWERHGSYRXVMIW[LIVI[MRHWTIIHZIPSGMX]
MRJSVQEXMSRMWRSXEZEMPEFPI8LIYWIVWLSYPHVIJIVXSLMWXSV
MGEPVIGSVHWSVPSGEPVIKYPEXMSRWJSVEGXYEPHIWMKRWTIIH%
HMWXMRGXMSRWLSYPHFIQEHIFIX[IIRXLIX]TISJFEWMG[MRH
7XIT  'SQTSRIRXW MR XLI HMVIGXMSR SJ XLI [MRH SJ XLI
XLIQIERVIXYVRTIVMSH
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FVEMGEPP] EHHIH XS SFXEMR XLI [MRH FEWI WLIEV :[ JSV XLI
FYMPHMRKMRIEGLTVMRGMTEPHMVIGXMSRMRTPERMRFSXLWIRWIW
7XIT  7XEXMG [MRH PSEHW XLEX EGX SR XLI WXVYGXYVEP
QIQFIVW ERH GPEHHMRK WLSYPH FI YWIH XS HIWMKR XLI MRHM
ZMHYEPIPIQIRXWERHXLIMVEXXEGLQIRXWXSXLIWXVYGXYVI
WTIIHWIGSRHKYWXSVJEWXIWXQMPI
and the type of exposure where the wind velocity is defined.
+MZIR XLI PEXIVEPPSEHFYMPHMRK WXMJJRIWW SFXEMRIH JVSQ XLI
KYMHIEKYWXIJJIGXJEGXSVMWRSXMRGPYHIHMRXLITVSGIHYVI
 ;MRHPSEHWSREFYMPHMRK{8LIIUYMZEPIRXWXEXMG
WXVIRKXL PIZIP [MRH JSVGI XLEX EGXW MR XLI HMVIGXMSR RSVQEP
XS XLI [MRHI\TSWIH WYVJEGI WLSYPH FI GEPGYPEXIH YWMRK
7XIT7XEXMG[MRHPSEHWXLEXEGXSRXLIFYMPHMRKWLSYPH )UE
6IKEVHPIWWSJXLISTIRRIWWSJXLII\TSWIH
FIYWIHXSHIWMKRXLIQIQFIVWSJXLIPEXIVEPPSEHVIWMWXMRK WYVJEGIXLIKVSWWEVIEWLSYPHFIYWIH
W]WXIQERHXLISZIVEPPWXEFMPMX]SJXLIWXVYGXYVI
 %TTPMGEXMSR SJ TVIWWYVIW ERH PSEHW{7XEXMG *WY!UL%WY'WY E

[MRHHIWMKRPSEHW*WYWLSYPHFIEWWYQIHXSEGXMREHMVIG
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MXW EVIE *WY YWIH MR GEPGYPEXMRK FYMPHMRK PSEHW WLSYPH FI KMZIRMR
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FYMPHMRK)UF

 XS[EVHXLIWYVJEGIERHERIKEXMZIZEPYIMRHMGEXIW XLEXXLI
 'EPGYPEXMSRSJXLI[MRHPSEHW JSVGI MW EGXMRKE[E] JVSQ XLI WYVJEGI WYGXMSR
 8LI [MRH
 :IPSGMX]TVIWWYVIGEPGYPEXMSR{:IPSGMX]TVIWWYVI design force at floor level \ *\HYIXS[MRHMRETVMRGMTEP
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2 n
1 2 hr 7 Fx Fsu( w ) cos w cos w F
qh V ULMRPFJX  LVMRQERH:MRQTL E
 w 1
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WYVJEGIERH XLITVMRGMTEPHMVIGXMSRMR TPER YRHIV GSRWMHIV
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WYVJEGIERHELSVM^SRXEPPMRI
F

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 +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6 

8EFPI 4.10.3.1Pressure coefficients for the building as a whole

'WY 'WY 'WY
8]TISJWYVJEGI 8SXEPFYMPHMRK ;MRH[EVH 0II[EVH
:IVXMGEPWYVJEGIW
4VMWQEXMGVIGXERKYPEVFYMPHMRKW   z
4EVXMEPP]STIRWYVJEGIW'WYETTPMIWSZIVKVSWWEVIE
TIVGIRXXSTIVGIRXSTIR   z
"TIVGIRXSTIR   z
,SVM^SRXEPVSSJWYVJEGIW
)RGPSWIHFYMPHMRKW z z
&YMPHMRKW[MXLSRISVX[SSTIRWMHIW z z
'WYETTPMIWSZIVSJXLIVSSJEVIEJSV[MRH[EVH
'WYETTPMIWSZIVSJXLIVSSJEVIEJSVPII[EVH
7PSTMRKVSSJWYVJEGIW
6SSJERKPIQIEWYVIH[MXLVIWTIGXXSELSVM^SRXEPPMRI
 z z
 z z
 z z
 z z
 z z
 z z
  z
5" 5 z

-R )UF
, care should be used in defining the sign 8EFPI 4.10.3.2Pressure coefficients for
XSFIYWIHJSV*WY[MXLVIWTIGXXSXLIHMVIGXMSRMR[LMGLXLI GSQTSRIRXWERHGPEHHMRK
JSVGIMWEGXMRK 8]TISJWYVJEGI 'T
8LI [MRH FEWI WLIEV :[ MR E TVMRGMTEP HMVIGXMSR MR TPER :IVXMGEPWYVJEGIW
GSVVIWTSRHWXSXLIWYQSJEPPWXSV][MRHPSEHW*\MRXLITVMR )\XIVMSV[EPPWSJIRGPSWIHFYMPHMRKW 
GMTEPHMVIGXMSRMRTPERYRHIVWXYH] (SSVWERH[MRHS[W 
 ;MRH PSEHW SR GSQTSRIRXW ERH GPEHHMRK{ )\XIVMSV[EPPWSJFYMPHMRKW[MXLSRISVQSVIWMHIWSTIR 
'EPGYPEXMSRSJXLIWXVIRKXLPIZIP[MRHJSVGISRGSQTSRIRXW ,SVM^SRXEPWYVJEGIW
ERHGPEHHMRKWLSYPHFITIVJSVQIHYWMRK)U
 %[E]JVSQIHKIWERHGSVRIVW 
)HKIWSJFYMPHMRKERHE[E]JVSQGSVRIVW 
*T[!UL%T'T 
'SVRIVWSJFYMPHMRK
[LIVI %TMWXLIGSQTSRIRXI\TSWIHWYVJEGIEVIEERH'TMW
XLIGSQTSRIRXWYVJEGITVIWWYVI
 Pressure coefficients
 Pressure coefficients for a building{4VIWWYVI
coefficients in Table 4.10.3.1 should be used for the calcula
tion of the wind loads on a building. Note that coefficients
reflect the direction of the force relative to the direction of
XLIQIQFIVW-RXIVQWSJXLIFYMPHMRKXSXEPPSEHIJJIGXJSV
ZIVXMGEPWYVJEGIWXLIEFWSPYXIZEPYIWWLSYPHFIEHHIH
 Pressure coefficients for components and clad
HMRKPressure coefficients in Table 4.10.3.2 should be used


)HKIHMWXERGIMWTIVGIRXSJPIRKXLSJWYVJEGIMRGSRWMHIVEXMSR
TVSHYGIWXMJJWXVYGXYVIW[MXLEWLSVXJYRHEQIRXEPTIVMSHSJ
vibration, and the seismic loads given in the guide reflect
XLMW X]TISJWXVYGXYVI 8LIGEPGYPEXMSRSJWIMWQMG PSEHW JSV
more flexible structures is beyond the scope of the guide.
%HHMXMSREPWIMWQMGMRJSVQEXMSRMWTVIWIRXIHMR'LETXIV
 7IMWQMGKVSYRHQSXMSRW
 7IMWQMGPSEHWERHWIMWQMGHIWMKR{-XMWMRXIRHIHXLEX
[LIVIXLIKSZIVRMRKEYXLSVMX]LEWEHSTXIHF]PSGEPSVHMRERGI
JSV XLI GEPGYPEXMSR SJ XLI WXVIRKXL PIZIP [MRH PSEHW SRXLI XLIQSHIPGSHI-&'
ERHVIJIVIRGIWXERHEVH%7')

GSQTSRIRXWERHGPEHHMRKTSWMXMZIJSVTVIWWYVIERHRIKEXMZI WIMWQMGHIWMKRPSEHWERHWIMWQMGHIWMKRTVIWGVMFIHYRHIVXLI
JSVWYGXMSR QSHIPGSHI-&'
ERHVIJIVIRGIWXERHEVH%7')

{7IMWQMGPSEHW
 +IRIVEP{6IWMWXERGI XS WIMWQMG PSEHW WLSYPH FI
provided by using a sufficient number of reinforced concrete
[EPPW GSRXMRYSYW JVSQ XLI VSSJ XS XLI JSYRHEXMSR MR FSXL
TVMRGMTEP HMVIGXMSRW MR TPER 6IMRJSVGIH GSRGVIXI [EPPW
WLSYPH FI YWIH QIIXMRK  ERH  ;LIVI XLIWI
WXERHEVHWLEZIRSXFIIREHSTXIHF]XLIKSZIVRMRKEYXLSVMX]
XLVSYKLWLSYPHFIYWIH
 (IWMKR WTIGXVEP EGGIPIVEXMSR TEVEQIXIVW{8LI
HIWMKR IEVXLUYEOI WTIGXVEP EGGIPIVEXMSR TEVEQIXIV EX WLSVX
TIVMSH 7(7 WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH JVSQ XLI TVSGIHYVI IWXEF

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 +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6

8EFPI 4.11.2.4.2Values of the site coefficient *E ZW "QWA SV[LIVIMRXLIYTTIVJXQ XLI748

7SMP Site coefficient *EJSVWLSVXTIVMSHWSJZMFVEXMSR VIWMWXERGILEWEREZIVEKIZEPYIMRXLIVERKI 2 c

profile %E  %E! %E! %E! %E  SVEWLIEVWXVIRKXLJSVGPE]WMRXLIVERKIPFJX c WY 
7%      PFJX?O4Ec WY O4EA

7&      (e) Soil Profile 7) a soil profile where the measured shear
7'      [EZIZIPSGMX]ZW JXWQW
SVXLI748VIWMWXERGI
7(      LEWEREZIVEKIZEPYI2 MRXLIYTTIVJXQ
SV
7)      LEWQSVIXLERJXQ
SJTPEWXMG4-"
LMKLQSMWXYVI
GSRXIRX["TIVGIRX
ERHPS[WLIEVWXVIRKXLWY PF
PMWLIHMRVIJIVIRGIWXERHEVH%7')8LIHIWMKRWTIGXVEP
GPE]WERH
SVHMREXIWJSVHIXIVQMRMRKWIMWQMGPSEHW7ESJXLIKYMHIEVI
IUYEPXS7(7
JX?WY O4EA
(f) Seismically vulnerable soils: sites where the soil profile
GSRXEMRWWSMPLEZMRKSRISVQSVISJXLIJSPPS[MRKGLEVEGXIV
 7IMWQMG (IWMKR 'EXIKSVMIW{-R XLI KYMHI XLI MWXMGWEVIFI]SRHXLIWGSTISJXLIKYMHIM
WSMPWZYPRIVEFPI
JSPPS[MRKHMWXMRGXMSRSJ7IMWQMG(IWMKR'EXIKSVMIWEWEWWS XSTSXIRXMEPJEMPYVISVGSPPETWIYRHIVWIMWQMGQSXMSRWWYGL
GMEXIH[MXLWIMWQMGVMWOWLSYPHFIYWIHMRXLSWIGEWIW[LIVI as liquefiable soils, quick and highly sensitive clays, collaps
VIJIVIRGIWXERHEVH%7')LEWRSXFIIREHSTXIHF]PSGEP MFPI[IEOP]GIQIRXIHWSMPMM
TIEXWLMKLP]SVKERMGGPE]W
EYXLSVMXMIW SVFSXL[MXLQSVIXLERJXQ
SJXLMGORIWWMM
ZIV]
E
 0S[SVRSWIMWQMGVMWO^SRIWEVI[LIVIXLI7IMWQMG LMKLTPEWXMGMX]GPE]W4-"
[MXLQSVIXLERJXQ
SJ
(IWMKR 'EXIKSV] EWWMKRIH XS XLI WXVYGXYVI MR XLI TVSGI XLMGORIWWERHMZ
WSJXXSQIHMYQWXMJJGPE]W[MXLQSVIXLER
HYVIMRXLIVIJIVIRGIHWXERHEVHWJSV7LSVX4IVMSH6IWTSRWI JXQ
SJXLMGORIWW
%GGIPIVEXMSRMWIMXLIV%SV& When the soil profile and properties are not known well
F
 1SHIVEXI SV LMKL WIMWQMG VMWO ^SRIW EVI [LIVI XLI enough in detail to determine the soil profile type, a soil
7IMWQMG (IWMKR 'EXIKSV] EWWMKRIH XS XLI WXVYGXYVI MR XLI profile 7(WLSYPHFIYWIH
TVSGIHYVI MR XLI VIJIVIRGIW WXERHEVHW JSV 7LSVX4IVMSH  7MXI IJJIGXW{7MXI IJJIGXW WLSYPH FI HIWGVMFIH
6IWTSRWI%GGIPIVEXMSRMW'()SV* through the site coefficient for short periods of vibration, *E
 7IMWQMG PSEHW ERH WIMWQMG HIWMKR [LIR XLI Values of the site coefficient for short periods of vibration,
VIJIVIRGIH WXERHEVHW LEZI RSX FIIR EHSTXIH{;LIVI XLI *EWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ8EFPIEWEJYRG
KSZIVRMRKEYXLSVMX]LEWRSXEHSTXIHXLIQSHIPGSHI-&'
 XMSRSJXLIIJJIGXMZITIEOKVSYRHLSVM^SRXEPEGGIPIVEXMSRMR
ERHVIJIVIRGIWXERHEVH%7')
XLIKVSYRHQSXMSRWLSYPH VSGOJSV WLSVX TIVMSHWSJZMFVEXMSR %E, and the soil profile
FI HIWGVMFIH XLVSYKL ER IJJIGXMZI TIEO KVSYRH LSVM^SRXEP X]TIJVSQ0MRIEVMRXIVTSPEXMSRGERFIYWIHFIX[IIR
EGGIPIVEXMSR MR VSGO JSV WLSVX TIVMSHW SJ ZMFVEXMSR %E ZEPYIWSJ%EMR8EFPI
I\TVIWWIHEWEJVEGXMSRSJKVEZMX]K8LIZEPYIWKMZIRMRXLI 7MXI IJJIGX SJ WIMWQMGEPP] ZYPRIVEFPI WSMPW EW HIWGVMFIH
KIRIVEPFYMPHMRKGSHILEZMRKNYVMWHMGXMSRWLEPPFIYWIHJSV MR  MW FI]SRH XLI WGSTI SJ XLI KYMHI ERH HIWMKRW
SFXEMRMRKXLIGSVVIWTSRHMRKZEPYIW
 WLSYPHRSXFIQEHIYRHIVXLIKYMHIJSVFYMPHMRKWPSGEXIHSR
Where the building code having jurisdiction defines a WYGLWSMP
QE\MQYQGSRWMHIVIHWIMWQMGKVSYRHQSXMSRFEWIHSRWTIG  7IMWQMG VMWO ^SRIW [LIR VIJIVIRGIH WXERHEVHW
XVEPVIWTSRWIEGGIPIVEXMSRWEXTIVGIRXSJGVMXMGEPHEQTMRK LEZIRSXFIIREHSTXIH{8LIJSPPS[MRKHMWXMRGXMSRSJWIMWQMG
XLIWLSVXTIVMSHWIGSRH
ZEPYIW7WWLSYPHFIIQTPS]IH VMWOWLSYPHFIYWIH
ERHXLIZEPYISJ%EQE]FISFXEMRIHEW%E!7W;LIVI E
0S[ERHRSWIMWQMGVMWO^SRIW^SRIW[LIVI%EMWPIWW
the building code having jurisdiction defines a seismic zone XLERSVIUYEPXSERH
JEGXSV >XLIZEPYISJ%EWLSYPHFIXEOIRIUYEPXS> F
1SHIVEXISVLMKLWIMWQMGVMWO^SRIW^SRIW[LIVI%E
 Soil profile types&EWIH SR XLI WSMP X]TI I\GIIHW
present at the building site, the soil profile should be classified  (IWMKRVIWTSRWIWTIGXVEPSVHMREXIW[LIRVIJIV
EWSRISJXLIJSPPS[MRK IRGIH WXERHEVHW LEZI RSX FIIR EHSTXIH{3VHMREXIW SJ XLI
(a) Soil Profile 7%LEVHVSGO[MXLEQIEWYVIHWLIEV[EZI IPEWXMGHIWMKRVIWTSRWIWTIGXVYQ7EJSVEHEQTMRKVEXMSSJ
ZIPSGMX] ZW "JXWQW
 TIVGIRXSJGVMXMGEPI\TVIWWIHEWEJVEGXMSRSJXLIEGGIPIVEXMSR
(b) Soil Profile 7& VSGO [MXL QSHIVEXI JVEGXYVMRK ERH SJKVEZMX]WLSYPHFIGEPGYPEXIHEW
[IEXLIVMRK[MXLEQIEWYVIHWLIEV[EZIZIPSGMX]MRXLIVERKI
JXW ZW "JXW?QW ZW "QWA
 7E!%E*E 

(c) Soil Profile 7' WSJX [IEXLIVIH SV JVEGXYVIH VSGO SV
HIRWISVWXMJJWSMP[LIVIXLIQIEWYVIHWLIEV[EZIZIPSGMX]  7IMWQMGHIWMKRFEWIWLIEV
MWMRXLIVERKIJXW ZW "JXW?QW ZW "  7IMWQMGVIWMWXERXWXVYGXYVEPW]WXIQ{8LIWIMWQMG
QWA
SVMRXLIYTTIVJXQ
XLI748VIWMWXERGILEW resistant structural system used in this guide is classified as
EREZIVEKIZEPYISJ2 "SVEWLIEVWXVIRKXLJSVGPE]WWY EHYEPFYMPHMRKJVEQIW]WXIQ[LIVIERIWWIRXMEPP]GSQTPIXI
PFJXWY O4E
 QSQIRXVIWMWXERX WTEGI JVEQI WYTTSVXW KVEZMX] PSEHW ERH
(d) Soil Profile 7(TVIHSQMREXIP]QIHMYQHIRWIXSHIRWI VIWMWXERGIXSPEXIVEPPSEHWMWTVSZMHIHF]VIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI
SVQIHMYQWXMJJXSWXMJJWSMP[LIVIXLIQIEWYVIHWLIEV[EZI [EPPW [MXL XLI QSQIRXVIWMWXMRK WTEGI JVEQI TVSZMHMRK
ZIPSGMX]MWMRXLIVERKIJXW ZW "JXW?QW E QMRMQYQ GSPPEXIVEP PEXIVEP PSEH VIWMWXERGI 6IMRJSVGIH

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
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GSRGVIXI [EPPW VIWMWXMRK PEXIVEP PSEHW EVI RSX TIVQMXXIH XS QMRIHF]%[MRHFEWIWLIEV:SERHMXWHMWXVMFYXMSR
GEVV]ZIVXMGEPE\MEPPSEHWKVIEXIVXLEXXLIFEPERGIHTSMRXE\MEP SZIVXLIFYMPHMRKLIMKLXWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHJSVFSXLQEMR
WXVIRKXL)U
 HMVIGXMSRWMRTPEREWHIXIVQMRIHF]8LISZIVXYVRMRK
 )RIVK]HMWWMTEXMSRGETEGMX]SJXLIWIMWQMGVIWMW
XERXWXVYGXYVEPW]WXIQ{8LIIRIVK]HMWWMTEXMSRGETEGMX]MR
XLIMRIPEWXMGVERKISJXLIWIMWQMGVIWMWXERXWXVYGXYVEPW]WXIQ
described by the response modification factor, should have
EZEPYISJ6W !
 'EPGYPEXMSR SJ XLI WIMWQMG HIWMKR FEWIWLIEV{
8LI WIMWQMG HIWMKR FEWI WLIEV :FW IUYMZEPIRX XS XLI XSXEP
LSVM^SRXEPMRIVXMEPIJJIGXWGEYWIHF]WIMWQMGKVSYRHQSXMSRW
QSQIRX 1SXGEYWIHF]XLI[MRHPSEHWMRFSXLQEMRHMVIG
XMSRWMRTPERWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHEWHIXIVQMRIHF]
The application of the resultant wind loads on each floor and
TVMRGMTEP HMVIGXMSR WLSYPH FI GEPGYPEXIH ERH XLI XSVWMSREP
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 7IMWQMG PSEHW{7IMWQMG PSEHW WLSYPH FI HIXIV
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WLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHYWMRK)U
 ERHMRIEGLQEMRHMVIGXMSRMRTPERWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHF]
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bs 

s
JSV FSXL QEMRHMVIGXMSRW MR TPER 8LI SZIVXYVRMRK QSQIRX
1SXHYIXSXLIWIMWQMGPSEHWMRFSXLQEMRHMVIGXMSRWMRTPER
[LIVI 7EWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ)U
 6WMWXLI WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH F]  %TTPMGEXMSR TSMRX SJ XLI
response modification factor determined from 4.11.3.2; and seismic force at each floor should be the center of mass of the
;WGSVVIWTSRHWXSXLIXSXEP[IMKLXSJXLIFYMPHMRK;WWLSYPH floor diaphragm. The effect of an eccentricity between the
MRGPYHIXLIXSXEP[IMKLXSJXLIWXVYGXYVITPYWXLI[IMKLXSJEPP center of mass of the floor diaphragm and the center of stiff
RSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXWWYGLEW[EPPWERHTEVXMXMSRWTIVQE RIWW GSVVIWTSRHMRK XS XLI PEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK WXVYGXYVEP
RIRXIUYMTQIRXXEROWERHXLIGSRXEMRIHPMUYMHMRWXSVEKIERH QIQFIVW WLSYPH FI GEPGYPEXIH ERH XLI XSVWMSREP QSQIRXW
SGGYTERGMIW ;W WLSYPH EPWS MRGPYHI  TIVGIRX SJ XLI PMZI SRXLIWXVYGXYVI8MEFSYXEZIVXMGEPE\MWWLSYPHFIIZEPYEXIH
PSEHERHXLIWRS[PSEH[LIRXLIWRS[PSEHI\GIIHWPF F] JSVIEGLWXSV]
JXO4E
  7SMPPEXIVEPPSEHW{0EXIVEPPSEHWHYIXSWSMPTVIW
 :IVXMGEP HMWXVMFYXMSR SJ HIWMKR WIMWQMG PSEHW{ WYVIWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHF]'LETXIV(YIXSXLIVIWXVMG
8SXEPWIMWQMGHIWMKRFEWIWLIEVWLSYPHFIHMWXVMFYXIHSZIV XMSRWSJERHVIXEMRMRK[EPPWPEXIVEPP]WYTTSVXIH
XLIFYMPHMRKLIMKLXYWMRK)UE
ERH)UF
%X F]XLIFYMPHMRKWLSYPHFISRP]SRIWXSV]MRLIMKLX8LIVIEG
each floor level designated as \ *\WLSYPHFIETTPMIHSZIV tion from the lateral soil pressure on the first story per unit
XLIFYMPHMRKEVIEMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIQEWWHMWXVMFYXMSRW LSVM^SRXEPPIRKXLSJVIXEMRMRK[EPPWLSYPHFIGSQTYXIHF]
EXIEGLPIZIP )U


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WSMPJSPPS[MRK
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SGGYVVIRGISJPEXIVEPPSEHW[MXLSXLIVPSEHWWLSYPHFIIZEPY
EXIHYWMRKXLIPSEHGSQFMREXMSRSJ%GSRXMRYSYWPSEH
TEXLJVSQ XLI PEXIVEP JSVGI ETTPMGEXMSR TSMRX XSXLI PEXIVEP
force-resisting structural elements should be identified
ERHEPPIPIQIRXWEPSRKXLIPSEHTEXLWLSYPHLEZIEHIUYEXI
WXVIRKXL
 %TTPMGEXMSRSJPEXIVEPPSEHW
 ;MRHPSEHW{;MRHPSEHW WLSYPHFI HIXIVQMRIH
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ERH LT is the first-story height (*MK
8[SHMJJIVIRXGEWIWWLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIH[LIRHIWMKRMRK
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1. Case 1A building located in flat or nearly flat terrain
HSIW RSX RIIH E PEXIVEP EREP]WMW SJ XLI SZIVEPP WXVYGXYVI
HYI XS WSMP TVIWWYVI FIGEYWI PEXIVEP VIEGXMSRW HYI XS WSMP
TVIWWYVI SR FEWIQIRX [EPPW MR STTSWMXI WMHIW EVI ETTVS\M
QEXIP]IUYEPGSQTIRWEXIIEGLSXLIVERHMRXVSHYGIERIEVP]
uniform in-plane compression on the first-floor slab. In this
GEWI PEXIVEP WSMPTVIWWYVI WLSYPHFI GSRWMHIVIHSRP][LIR
HIWMKRMRKXLIWSMPVIXEMRMRKJSYRHEXMSRQIQFIVWEWRSXIHMR
'LETXIVERHXLIQIQFIVWJVEQMRKMRXSMX
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YRGSQTIRWEXIH PEXIVEP PSEHW [LIVI PEXIVEP VIEGXMSR HYI
XS WSMP TVIWWYVIW SR FEWIQIRX [EPPW MR STTSWMXI WMHIW EVI
HMJJIVIRX-RXLMWGEWIEPEXIVEPFEWIWLIEV:SWLSYPHFIHIXIV
QMRIHF]JSVFSXLQEMRHMVIGXMSRWMRTPERJVSQXLI
first-floor reaction. The overturning moment 1SXHYIXSWSMP
PEXIVEP TVIWWYVI MR FSXL QEMR HMVIGXMSRW MR TPER WLSYPH FI
HIXIVQMRIHF]8LIPSGEXMSRMRTPERSJXLIVIWYPXERX
 +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6

*MK{3ZIVXYVRMRKQSQIRXGEPGYPEXMSR

*MK{0EXIVEPVIHYGXMSRHYIXSWSMPTVIWWYVI
 *EGXSVIH SZIVXYVRMRK QSQIRX{8LI SZIVXYVRMRK
QSQIRX HYIXS[MRH WIMWQMGJSVGI ERHPEXIVEPWSMPTVIWWYVI
WLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHMRHITIRHIRXP]JSVXLIX[SQEMRHMVIG
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IEGL PEXIVEP JSVGI [MRH WIMWQMG ERH WSMP  GSVVIWTSRHWXS
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&EWISZIVXYVRMRKQSQIRX1SXJSVIEGLPEXIVEPJSVGI[MRH
*MK{7XSV]WLIEVERHFEWIWLIEVGEPGYPEXMSR WIMWQMG ERH WSMP
 GSVVIWTSRHW XS XLI WYQ SJ XLI TVSHYGX
of the floor level lateral loads by the height to floor level
lateral soil loads on the first floor should be calculated and QIEWYVIH JVSQ XLI FEWI SJ XLI WXVYGXYVI *MK 
 EW
XLIXSVWMSREPQSQIRXWSRXLIWXVYGXYVI8MEFSYXEZIVXMGEP defined by Eq. (4.13.4b).
E\MWWLSYPHFIIZEPYEXIHF]8LISGGYVVIRGISJ[MRH
n
SVWIMWQMGPSEHWWMQYPXERISYWP][MXLXLMWWSMPTVIWWYVITIVQE
RIRXPEXIVEPJSVGIWLSYPHFIIZEPYEXIHYWMRKPSEHGSQFMRE
XMSRWTVIWGVMFIHJSVXLMWGEWIMR
 *PYMHTVIWWYVI{%Y\MPMEV]WXVYGXYVIWWYFNIGXIHXS
fluid pressure, such as water tanks, should be self-contained
and fluid pressure should be compensated within the auxiliary
WXVYGXYVI8LIQEMRFYMPHMRKWXVYGXYVIWLSYPHRSXFIYWIHXS
VIWMWX PEXIVEP PSEHW HIVMZIH JVSQ GSRXEMRIH PMUYMHW ;IMKLX
JVSQEY\MPMEV]XEROERHPMUYMHGSRXIRXWLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIH
MRXLIGEPGYPEXMSRSJ[IMKLXMRXLIVSSJPIZIP
 *EGXSVIHWXSV]WLIEVERHFEWIWLIEV{&EWIWLIEV
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*EGXSVIH WXSV] SZIVXYVRMRK QSQIRX 1\Y ERH JEGXSVIH FEWI
SZIVXYVRMRK QSQIRX 1SXY WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH F] QYPXM
TP]MRK 1\ERH1SXF]XLIETTVSTVMEXIPSEHJEGXSVJVSQ
 8SVWMSREP QSQIRXW{*SV IEGL WXSV] ERH MR IEGL
TVMRGMTEP HMVIGXMSR XLI YRJEGXSVIH XSVWMSR 8M WLSYPH FI
GSQTYXIHEWXLITVSHYGXSJXLIWXSV]PEXIVEPJSVGI*MXMQIW
ERIGGIRXVMGMX]IUYEPXSXLIXVERWZIVWIHMWXERGIFIX[IIRXLIPMRI
SJEGXMSRSJXLIPEXIVEPJSVGIERHXLIWXSV]PEXIVEPWXMJJRIWWGIRXIV
HYIXS[MRHWIMWQMGJSVGIERHPEXIVEPWSMPTVIWWYVIWLSYPH *MK
8LIWXSV]WXMJJRIWWGIRXIVWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIH
FIHIXIVQMRIHMRHITIRHIRXP]JSVXLIX[SQEMRHMVIGXMSRWMR F] *SV[MRHERHWIMWQMGPSEHW8MWLSYPHFIXEOIREW
TPER8LIWXSV]WLIEVEXPIZIP\JSVIEGLPEXIVEPJSVGI[MRH XLIKVIEXIVZEPYIHIXIVQMRIHJSVFSXLTVMRGMTEPHMVIGXMSRW*SV
WIMWQMGERHWSMP
GSVVIWTSRHWXSXLIWYQSJXLIPEXIVEPPSEHW PEXIVEPWSMPTVIWWYVI8MWLSYPHFIXEOIREWXLIEPKIFVEMGWYQSJ
ETTPMIHXSXLIWXVYGXYVIMRXLIQEMRHMVIGXMSRYRHIVGSRWMHIV XLIZEPYIWHIXIVQMRIHJSVFSXLTVMRGMTEPHMVIGXMSRW
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 8LIWXSV]XSXEPYRJEGXSVIHXSVWMSREXPIZIP\JSVIEGLPEXIVEP
*MK
 JSVGI [MRH WIMWQMG ERH WSMP
 GSVVIWTSRHW XS WYQ SJ XLI
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n
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Vx Fi 

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WSMP
GSVVIWTSRHWXSXLIWYQSJXLIPEXIVEPPSEHWETTPMIHXS
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 &EWI XSXEP YRJEGXSVIH XSVWMSR 8S JSV IEGL PEXIVEP JSVGI
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 GSVVIWTSRHW XS WYQ SJ XLI WXSV]
FIHIXIVQMRIHF]QYPXMTP]MRK:\ERH:SF]XLIETTVSTVMEXI YRJEGXSVIHXSVWMSRETTPMIHXSXLIWXVYGXYVI
PSEHJEGXSVJVSQ

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
 +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6 

*MK{7XSV]XSVWMSR

*EGXSVIH WXSV] XSVWMSREP QSQIRX 8MY ERH JEGXSVIH FEWI

XSVWMSREPQSQIRX8SYWLSYPHFIGSQTYXIHF]QYPXMTP]MRK8M
ERH 8SF]XLIETTVSTVMEXIPSEHJEGXSVJVSQ

{0EXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRKW]WXIQ
 +IRIVEP{8LI PEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ MW
GSQTSWIH SJ WXVYGXYVEP QIQFIVW EGXMRK NSMRXP] XLEX VIWMWX
ERH XVERWQMX PEXIVEP PSEHW VIWYPXMRK JVSQ WIMWQMG QSXMSRW
[MRHERHPEXIVEPIEVXLTVIWWYVIXSXLIKVSYRH*MK

The floor system should act as a diaphragm that carries
MR MXW TPERI XLI PEXIVEP JSVGI JVSQ XLI ETTPMGEXMSR TSMRX XS
XLI ZIVXMGEP QIQFIVW SJ XLI PEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ
:IVXMGEP QIQFIVW SJ XLI PEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ
in turn, collect loads arising from all floors affected and
XVERWQMXXLIQHS[RXSXLIJSYRHEXMSRERHXSXLIYRHIVP]MRK *MK{0EXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRKWXVYGXYVEPW]WXIQ
WSMP8LIQEMRZIVXMGEPQIQFIVWSJXLIPEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK
W]WXIQWLSYPHFIERYQFIVSJVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPWMR [EPPWERHQSQIRXVIWMWXMRKJVEQIW
EWMRTPERIPSEHWMRXLI
FSXLTVMRGMTEPHMVIGXMSRWMRTPER8LIWIVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI HMETLVEKQ
[EPPWWLSYPHLEZIRSSTIRMRKWJSV[MRHS[WSVHSSVW  (METLVEKQ{8LI HMETLVEKQ WLSYPH GSQTP]
 6IWXVMGXMSRW SR WXVYGXYVEP W]WXIQ JSV WIMWQMG [MXLE
XLVSYKLI

VIWMWXERGI (a) The shape in plan of the floor slab diaphragm should be
 +IRIVEP{8LI JSPPS[MRK VIWXVMGXMSRW ETTP] XS EWVIKYPEVERHW]QQIXVMGEPEWTVEGXMGEFPI4VIJIVVIHJSVQW
structural systems used for the seismic risk zones as defined WLSYPH FI WUYEVI SV VIGXERKYPEV 6IGXERKYPEV HMETLVEKQW
MR  WLSYPHLEZIEQE\MQYQVEXMSSJWLSVXIVXSPSRKIVWMHISJ
 >SRIWSJPS[ERHRSWIMWQMGVMWO{8LIVIEVIRS F
*PSSVWPEFWXVYGXYVEPQIQFIVWWLSYPHGSQTP][MXLXLI
VIWXVMGXMSRWSR[LMGLWXVYGXYVEPW]WXIQWGERFIYWIHMR^SRIW QMRMQYQXLMGORIWWSJ'LETXIV
of low or no seismic risk, as defined in  -R XLIWI G
2SSTIRMRKMRXLIWPEFWLSYPHFIKVIEXIVXLERTIVGIRX
^SRIWWXVYGXYVEP[EPPWJSVVIWMWXERGIXSIEVXLUYEOIWIMWQMG of the floor area, and the sum of all openings in the slab
PSEHWQE]RSXFIRIIHIHFYXXLIMVRIIHXSVIWMWX[MRHERH should not exceed 50 percent of the floor area;
soil pressure lateral loads should be verified.
(METLVEKQGSPPIGXSVIPIQIRXWWLSYPHFITVSZMHIHEW
 1SHIVEXI SV LMKL WIMWQMG VMWO ^SRI{0EXIVEP
JSVGIVIWMWXERGIWLSYPHFITVSZMHIHF]VIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI
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H
MRHMGEXIH MR  ERH FI GETEFPI SJ XVERWQMXXMRK PEXIVEP
loads from the floor slab system to the lateral-force-resisting
WXVYGXYVEP[EPPWERH
TVMRGMTEP HMVIGXMSRW MR TPER 8LI WTIGMEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX
 (METLVEKQ QIQFIVW GER FI EX E WPSTI FYX WLSYPH
HIXEMPWSJ'LETXIVWLSYPHFIYWIH
 (METLVEKQIJJIGX
 +IRIVEP{8S SFXEMR TVSTIV PEXIVEP JSVGI VIWMW
XERGI XLI FYMPHMRK WXVYGXYVI WLSYPH EGX EW E WMRKPI YRMX
through the diaphragm effect of the floor slabs. The lateral
I
GSQTP][MXL
 *PSSV QEWW GIRXVSMHThe floor mass centroid
should correspond to the centroid of the area of the floor
slab. The area for computing each floor mass centroid should
FIFSYRHIHF]WPEFFSVHIVWQMRYWXLIEVIESJEPPSTIRMRKW
PSEHW WLSYPH FI XVERWJIVVIH JVSQ XLI ETTPMGEXMSR TSMRX XS LEZMRKEWMHIKVIEXIVXLERJXQ
8LIPEXIVEPWIMWQMG
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%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
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\M MW XLI HMWXERGI JVSQ SVMKMR  XS XLI [EPP GVSWWWIGXMSREP
GIRXVSMHQIEWYVIHMREHMVIGXMSRTEVEPPIPXS]ERH
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2 2 2 2
r y i x i y \ G

{1MRMQYQEQSYRXSJVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI
WXVYGXYVEP[EPPW
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[MXLE
XLVSYKLK

*MK{'EPGYPEXMSRSJXLIWXSV]PEXIVEPWXMJJRIWWGIRXIV E
7XVYGXYVEP[EPPWWLSYPHLEZIVIGXERKYPEVGVSWWWIGXMSRW
3XLIVGVSWWWIGXMSRWEVIFI]SRHXLIWGSTISJXLMWKYMHI
7XVYGXYVEP[EPPWWLSYPHFIZIVXMGEPP]GSRXMRYSYWJVSQ
loads should be applied at the floor mass centroid for each
WXSV]
 7XSV]PEXIVEPWXMJJRIWWGIRXIV{7XSV]PEXIVEPWXMJJRIWW
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JSYRHEXMSRXSVSSJI\GITX[LIVI[EPPWEVIRIIHIHSRP]JSV
VIWMWXERGIJSVYRFEPERGIHPEXIVEPWSMPTVIWWYVIMREFEWIQIRX
In this case, the wall may be stopped at the first story level;
center corresponds to the point where the floor diaphragm
 7XVYGXYVEP [EPPW WLSYPH FI EPMKRIH ZIVXMGEPP] ;LIVI
[MPP XIRH XS VSXEXI EFSYX EZIVXMGEP E\MW [LIR WYFNIGXIH XS
E WXSV] XSVWMSREPQSQIRX 8LI PSGEXMSR SJXLIWXSV]PEXIVEP
WXMJJRIWWGIRXIVMRTPERWLSYPHFIGEPGYPEXIHYWMRKXLIPEXIVEP
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WIGXMSRVIHYGXMSRWSGGYVXLI[EPPGVSWWWIGXMSRYRHIVRIEXL
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-RFSXLTVMRGMTEPHMVIGXMSRWMRTPERXLIVIWLSYPHFIEX
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GIRXIVSJQEWW;LIVIXLI[EPPWEVIRSXW]QQIXVMGTVSGI WLSYPH FI EW JEV ETEVX EW TVEGXMGEFPI 8LI [EPPW WLSYPH FI
HYVIWE
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0EXIVEPWXMJJRIWWIWO\ERHO]SJWXVYGXYVEP[EPPWWLSYPH floor; and
FI GSQTYXIH YWMRK )U EE

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MWYWIHLS[IZIVXV]MRKXSVIHYGIMXGEYWIWQSVIQIQFIVW
XS FI YWIH ERH XLI JSVQ[SVO FIGSQIW QSVI IPEFSVEXI %
Pn 0.85 fc Acb 
suspended ceiling may be needed for apartment and office
SGGYTERGMIW
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 (IWGVMTXMSR ERH VIWXVMGXMSRW{8LI NSMWX W]WXIQ
',%48)6{*03367=78)17 GSRWMWXW SJ E WIVMIW SJ TEVEPPIP VMFW SV NSMWXW WYTTSVXIH F]
6.1Types of floor systems KMVHIVW 8LI KMVHIVW EVI PSGEXIH SR XLI GSPYQR PMRIW ERH
 +IRIVEPThe floor system used by a building WTERFIX[IIRGSPYQRW.SMWXWEVIYWYEPP]XLIWEQIHITXLEW
HIWMKRIH YRHIV XLI KYMHI WLSYPH FI SRI SJ XLI W]WXIQW XLIKMVHIVWFYXGERFIWLEPPS[IV%WSPMHWPEFWTERWFIX[IIR
GSZIVIHMRSVXLIMVTIVQMXXIHZEVMEXMSRW NSMWXW *MK E  8LMW W]WXIQ WLSYPH GSQTP] [MXL XLI
WXVYGXYVEPMRXIKVMX]SJ8LIXSTWPEFWLSYPHRSXGERXMPIZIV

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
 +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6 

Fig. 6.1.3.1aJoist floor system.

*MKE{9WISJSRIHMVIGXMSRMRXIVQIHMEXIFIEQWMR
the slab-on-girder floor system.

*MKF{.SMWXHMQIRWMSREPPMQMXW

*MKF{9WISJX[SHMVIGXMSRMRXIVQIHMEXIFIEQWMR
the slab-on-girder floor system.

SYXSZIVXLIIHKINSMWX8LIGPIEVWITEVEXMSRFIX[IIRTEVEPPIP
NSMWXW QIEWYVIH EX XLI YRHIVWMHI SJ XLI WPEF WLSYPH RSX
I\GIIHMRQQ
.SMWX[IF[MHXLWLSYPHRSXFIPIWW *MK{(MWXVMFYXMSRVMFW
XLERMRQQ
QIEWYVIHEXXLIYRHIVWMHISJXLIWPEFRSV
MRQQ
QIEWYVIHEXMXWXLMRRIWXWIGXMSR'PIEVHITXLSJ
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*MKF
8LIXSTWPEFWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL
 8]TISJJSVQ[SVO{;LIRNSMWXWLEZIXLIWEQI
depth as the girders, a flat formwork decking supported on
WLSVIW GER FI YWIH .SMWXW WLEPPS[IV XLER XLI KMVHIVW QE]
VIWYPXMRQSVIGSQTPI\JSVQ[SVO8SGVIEXIZSMHWTIVQERIRX
ERHVIQSZEFPITERWSVHSQIWSJHMJJIVIRXWLETIERHQEXIVMEP
EVIYWIH%QSRKXLSWIGSQQSRP]YWIHEVITIVQERIRXERH
removable wood pans; removable metal, fiberglass, plastic,
PMKLXTSP]WX]VIRITPEWXMGTERWSVTIVQERIRXGIQIRXGMRHIV
or clay filler blocks.
 (MWXVMFYXMSR VMFW{8S MQTVSZI PSEH HMWXVMFYXMSR
ERH EZSMH GVIEXMRK E GSRGIRXVEXIH PSEH SR E WSPMXEV] NSMWX
MRSRI[E]NSMWXW]WXIQWXVERWZIVWIVMFWTEGMRKWLSYPHRSX
I\GIIHXLIWQEPPIVSJXMQIWXLIXSXEPNSMWXHITXLLERHJX Fig. 6.1.3.3Two-way joist system or waffle-slab-on-beams
Q
*MK
 W]WXIQ
 8[S[E] NSMWX W]WXIQW{*SV WTERW ETTVS\M
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to use two-way joists. For the system to be classified as a
NSMWXW]WXIQNSMWXWWLSYPHFIWYTTSVXIHSRKMVHIVW8LMWMW
called a waffle-slab-on-beams system (Fig. 6.1.3.3). When
the beams are omitted, the system is called the waffle-slab
W]WXIQHIWGVMFIHMR
 %HZERXEKIW SJ NSMWX W]WXIQW{8LI NSMWX W]WXIQ
GEREGGSQQSHEXIQIHMYQXSPEVKIWTERW[MXLVIPEXMZIP]PS[
WIPJ[IMKLX-XMWIEW]XSPSGEXIWQEPPTIVJSVEXMSRWHYGXWERH

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
 +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MK{4YRGLMRKWLIEVJEMPYVI
*MK{*PEXTPEXIW]WXIQ
WLEJXW *SV LIEZ] PMZI PSEHW SV PEVKI TIVQERIRX PSEHW XLI
serviceability deflection limits can be readily met because
SJ XLI VIPEXMZIP] PEVKI HITXL SJ XLI W]WXIQ 'PIEV WTEGMRK
FIX[IIRNSMWXWMWEXVEHISJJFIX[IIREXLMRRIVXSTWPEFERH
E PEVKIVRYQFIVSJ NSMWXW XLYW EPPS[MRK XLIHIWMKRIVKVIEX
JVIIHSQMRGLSSWMRKETTVSTVMEXIHMQIRWMSRW
 (MWEHZERXEKIW SJ NSMWX W]WXIQW{8LI NSMWX
W]WXIQHIQERHWQSVI[SVOQERWLMTXLERSXLIVW]WXIQW*SV
WOI[TPERPE]SYXWFSXLHIWMKRERHGSRWXVYGXMSRTVSGIHYVIW
EVIQSVIGSQTPI\XLERJSVSXLIVW]WXIQW*SVETEVXQIRXERH
office occupancies, the system may need a false ceiling or an
underneath concrete soffit, which in turn requires permanent
TERWSVHSQIW0EVKITIVJSVEXMSRWHYGXWSVWLEJXWMRXIVVYTX
WIZIVEPNSMWXW[LSWIXVMFYXEV]PSEHWLSYPHFIXVERWJIVVIHXS
SXLIVNSMWXWXLYWQEOMRKHIWMKRERHGSRWXVYGXMSRQSVIMRXVM
GEXI-JXLINSMWXHITXLMWHMJJIVIRXXLERXLIKMVHIVHITXLXLI
advantage of a flat formwork decking is lost.
 7PEFGSPYQRW]WXIQW
 (IWGVMTXMSR{-RXLIWPEFGSPYQRW]WXIQXLIWPEF
MW WYTTSVXIH HMVIGXP] F] XLI GSPYQRW [MXLSYX FIEQW SV
KMVHIVW8LI W]WXIQ LEWWIZIVEPZEVMEXMSRWPMWXIHMR 
XS  %TVSFPIQ EWWSGMEXIH [MXL XLMWX]TISJ W]WXIQ
ORS[RWMRGIIEVP]HIZIPSTQIRXSJVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXIMWXLI
TYRGLMRKWLIEVJEMPYVISJXLIWPEFHIWGVMFIHMR*MK
 %HZERXEKIW SJ WPEFGSPYQR W]WXIQW{7PEF
GSPYQR W]WXIQW KIRIVEPP] TVSZMHI E WLEPPS[IV HITXL 8LI
system provides flexibility in column location, because
WSQIHIZMEXMSRJVSQXLILSVM^SRXEPE\MWSVPMRISJGSPYQRW
MW EPPS[IH -R KIRIVEP XLIWI W]WXIQW HS RSX RIIH E JEPWI
ceiling. Having a flat formwork decking simplifies construc
XMSR6IMRJSVGIQIRXTPEGIQIRXMWIEWMIVFIGEYWIMXHSIWRSX
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
*MKE{(VSTTERIPW
*MKF{'SPYQRGETMXEP
require stirrups (except in waffle-slabs), thus allowing more
efficient construction. Perforations, ducts, and shafts can be
PSGEXIHMRXLIGIRXVEPTEVXSJXLIWPEFTERIP
 (MWEHZERXEKIW SJ WPEFGSPYQR W]WXIQW{8LI
QEMR HMWEHZERXEKI SJ XLIWI W]WXIQW MW ZYPRIVEFMPMX] XS
TYRGLMRK WLIEV JEMPYVI 8S EGGSYRX JSV XLMW JEMPYVI QSHI
WPEF HITXL QE] LEZI XS FI MRGVIEWIH XLYW QEOMRK XLI
WPEF LIEZMIV 9WMRK HVST TERIPW ERH GSPYQR GETMXEPW LIPT
MRGVIEWI TYRGLMRKWLIEV VIWMWXERGI FYX GSQTPMGEXI HIWMKR
ERHGSRWXVYGXMSR7TERWEVIWLSVXIVXLERJSVSXLIVW]WXIQW
HYI XS KVIEXIV WIPJ[IMKLX ERH PIWW HITXL %W XLI WTER MW
increased, significant long-term deflections caused by the
large permanent load are possible. These deflections can
EHZIVWIP]EJJIGX[EPPWERHTEVXMXMSRWIWTIGMEPP]MJXLI]EVI
QEWSRV][EPPW4IVJSVEXMSRWHYGXWERHWLEJXWWLSYPHRSXFI
PSGEXIH RIEV GSPYQRW FIGEYWI XLIWI STIRMRKW VIHYGI WPEF
TYRGLMRKWLIEVWXVIRKXL8LIWIMWQMGTIVJSVQERGISJWPEF
GSPYQRW]WXIQW[LIRRSXPEXIVEPP]WXMJJIRIHF]VIMRJSVGIH
GSRGVIXI[EPPWLEZIEXXMQIWRSXTIVJSVQIHEW[IPPEWSXLIV
WXVYGXYVEPW]WXIQWHYVMRKWIMWQMGIZIRXW
 *PEXTPEXI{%WPEFSJYRMJSVQXLMGORIWWWYTTSVXIH
by columns is called a flat plate (Fig. 6.1.4.2).
 *PEX WPEFW{8S MRGVIEWI VIWMWXERGI XS TYRGLMRK
shear (Fig. 6.1.4.1) and to increase the overall flexural
WXVIRKXLXLIWPEFGERFIXLMGOIRIHEVSYRHXLIGSPYQRW8LMW
system is called a flat-slab system.
8LIXLMGOIVVIGXERKYPEVWPEFEVSYRHXLIGSPYQRMWGEPPIH
EHVSTTERIPEWWLS[RMR*MKE;LIREHVSTTERIP
MWYWIHXLITYRGLMRKWLIEVWXVIRKXLEXXLIGSPYQRERHEXXLI
IHKISJXLIHVSTTERIPRIIHWXSFIGLIGOIH
%RSXLIVSTXMSRMWXSMRGVIEWIXLIGSRXEGXEVIEFIX[IIRXLI
GSPYQRERHXLIWPEFF]JSVQMRKEGSPYQRGETMXEPEWWLS[R
MR*MKF
-R WSQI MRWXERGIW FSXL E GETMXEP ERH E HVST TERIP EVI
GSQFMRIH EW WLS[R MR *MK G ,IVI X[S TSXIRXMEP
 +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6


*MKG{'SPYQRGETMXEPERHHVSTTERIP

Fig. 6.1.4.4Waffle-slab.

G
4VIWIRGISJGERXMPIZIVWERHXLIMVQE\MQYQWTERERH
HMVIGXMSR
H
3GGYTERG]X]TI
I
 %ZEMPEFPI GSRGVIXI ERH VIMRJSVGMRK WXIIP QEXIVMEP
WXVIRKXLW
*MKH{1MRMQYQHMQIRWMSRWJSVHVSTTERIPW J
)\TIGXIHFILEZMSVSJXLIWPEFW]WXIQERHXLIEFMPMX]XS
comply with the serviceability and deflection criteria;
K
%QSYRXSJQEXIVMEPWJSVGSRGVIXIWXIIPERHJSVQ[SVO
^SRIW SJ TYRGLMRK WLIEV JEMPYVI I\MWX ERH FSXL WLSYPH FI that are required to build the floor system, which contains
GLIGOIHMRHIWMKR QSWXSJXLIQEXIVMEPWRIIHIHXSGSRWXVYGXXLIFYMPHMRK
(VST TERIPW WLSYPH TVSNIGX FIPS[ XLI WPEF EX PIEWX SRI L
 0SGEP TVIJIVIRGIW XS WMQTPMJ] GSRWXVYGXMSR
JSYVXLSJXLIWPEFHITXLFI]SRHXLIHVSTERHWLSYPHI\XIRH GSSVHMREXMSR
MRIEGLHMVIGXMSRJVSQXLIGSPYQRGIRXIVPMRIEHMWXERGIRSX (i) Worker training and proficiency, as some systems
PIWWXLERSRIWM\XLXLIWTERPIRKXLQIEWYVIHJVSQGIRXIVXS require more training and proficiency than what local
GIRXIVSJWYTTSVXWMRXLEXHMVIGXMSR*MKH
 [SVOIVWGERGSQTP][MXLERH
 Waffle-slabs{*SVPSRKIVWTERWZSMHWEVIJSVQIH
6IPEXMZIGSWXSJEPXIVREXMZIW[MXLIGSRSQMGEHZERXEKIW
in the bottom of a flat-plate, away from the columns. This
system is called a waffle-slab, as shown in Fig. 6.1.4.4. The
rib dimensions (joists) in waffle-slabs should comply with
XLIQMRMQYQHMQIRWMSRWJSVNSMWXWKMZIRMR
8LMWW]WXIQMWZIV]WMQMPEVXSX[S[E]NSMWXW8LIQEMR
HMJJIVIRGI MW XLEX JSV X[S[E] NSMWXW FIEQW EVI PSGEXIH MR
the column lines, whereas for waffle slabs, all members are
joists and the voids surrounding the column are filled, thus
JSVQMRKEGSPYQRGETMXEP8LIWSPMHGETMXEPWLSYPHIRKEKI
EX PIEWX XLVII NSMWXW MR IEGL HMVIGXMSR JSV MRXIVMSV GSPYQRW
ERHEXPIEWXX[SNSMWXWTEVEPPIPXSXLIIHKIMRIHKIERHGSVRIV
columns. Domes or pans for waffle-slabs can be permanent,
QEHISJGSRGVIXIFPSGOSVVIQSZEFPI[LIRQEHISJ[SSH
fiberglass, or plastic, as described for the joist system in

6.2Selection of floor system
The licensed design professional should select a floor
W]WXIQJVSQXLIW]WXIQWGSZIVIHF]XLIKYMHIEWTVIWIRXIH
MR. Several alternatives should be studied, and the final
WIPIGXMSRWLSYPHGSRWMHIV QMRMQYQEVIESJGSRXMRYSYWFSXXSQPSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGI
N
IZEPYEXIHSRP]EJXIVTVSZMHMRK EHIUYEXII\TIGXIHFILEZMSV
ERHWEJIX]SJXLIW]WXIQ
{7XVYGXYVEPMRXIKVMX]
 +IRIVEP{7IGXMSRWXLVSYKLGSRWXMXYXIXLI
HIXEMPMRKGSRGITXWJSVWXVYGXYVEPMRXIKVMX]
7XVYGXYVEP MRXIKVMX] WLSYPH MQTVSZI VIHYRHERG] ERH
HYGXMPMX]SJXLIWXVYGXYVIEWE[LSPIJSVMXXSJYRGXMSRMRXLI
IZIRXSJHEQEKIXSEQENSVWYTTSVXMRKQIQFIVSVEREFRSVQEP
loading event by confining the damage to a relatively small
EVIEERHQEMRXEMRMRKSZIVEPPWXEFMPMX]
 4IVMQIXIV FIEQW MR WPEFERHKMVHIV ERH NSMWX
W]WXIQW{&IEQW WLSYPH PMRO EPP TIVMQIXIV GSPYQRW ERH
VIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPWSJXLIWXVYGXYVI8LIWITIVMQIXIV
FIEQWSVKMVHIVWWLSYPHLEZIEQMRMQYQEVIESJGSRXMRYSYW
XSTERHFSXXSQPSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHGPSWIHWXMVVYTW
EW MRHMGEXIH MR  8LMW VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH FI PET
WTPMGIHYWMRKXLIPETWTPMGIPIRKXLSJ
 2SRTIVMQIXIV FIEQW ERH KMVHIVW{%PP FIEQW ERH
KMVHIVWRSXGSZIVIHMRWLSYPHLEZIGPSWIHWXMVVYTWERHE
E
1EKRMXYHISJHIEHERHPMZIPSEHWMRGPYHMRKWIPJ[IMKLX QIRXEWMRHMGEXIHMRERH8LMWPSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGI
F
+ISQIXV]SJXLIWXVYGXYVEPTPERPE]SYXMRGPYHMRKWTER QIRXWLSYPHFIPETWTPMGIHEXSVGPSWIXSXLIWYTTSVXWYWMRK
PIRKXLWMRFSXLTPERHMVIGXMSRWERHXLIVEXMSFIX[IIRXLIQ XLIPETWTPMGIPIRKXLSJ

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
 +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6

8EFPI {1MRMQYQHITXLLJSVSRI[E] 8EFPI {1MRMQYQHITXLLJSVSRI[E]

solid slabs supporting deflection-insensitive solid slabs supporting deflection-sensitive
RSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXW RSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXW
'SRXMRYMX]EGVSWWXLIWYTTSVXW 1MRMQYQHITXLL 'SRXMRYMX]EGVSWWXLIWYTTSVXW 1MRMQYQHITXLL
7MQTP]WYTTSVXIH W 7MQTP]WYTTSVXIH W

3RIIRHGSRXMRYSYW W 3RIIRHGSRXMRYSYW W

&SXLIRHWGSRXMRYSYW W &SXLIRHWGSRXMRYSYW W

'ERXMPIZIV W 'ERXMPIZIV W

8EFPI {1MRMQYQHITXLLJSVKMVHIVW
 .SMWXW{-RNSMWXWEXPIEWXSRIFSXXSQFEVWLSYPHFI FIEQWERHSRI[E]NSMWXWWYTTSVXMRK
GSRXMRYSYWSVWTPMGIHSZIVXLIWYTTSVXYWMRKXLIPETWTPMGI deflection-insensitive nonstructural elements
PIRKXL SJ  %X RSRGSRXMRYSYW WYTTSVXW EX PIEWX SRI 'SRXMRYMX]EGVSWWXLIWYTTSVXW 1MRMQYQHITXLL
FSXXSQFEVWLSYPHFIXIVQMREXIH[MXLEWXERHEVHLSSO  7MQTP]WYTTSVXIH W
 7PEFGSPYQR W]WXIQW{-R WPEFGSPYQR W]WXIQW 3RIIRHGSRXMRYSYW W
QMRMQYQ GSRXMRYSYW WXVYGXYVEP MRXIKVMX] VIMRJSVGIQIRX &SXLIRHWGSRXMRYSYW W
WLSYPHFITVSZMHIHEWMRHMGEXIHF]'LETXIV 'ERXMPIZIV W

{3RI[E]ERHX[S[E]PSEHTEXLW
 +IRIVEPLoad path of the floor system should be when permanent concrete or clay filler blocks are used as
classified either as one-way or two-way. The actual load JSVQWRSVPIWWXLERMRQQ
MREPPSXLIVGEWIW
TEXLJVSQXLIETTPMGEXMSRTSMRXXSXLIWYTTSVXWHITIRHWSR  Deflection-insensitive nonstructural elements{
TPERHMQIRWMSRWERHWXMJJRIWWSJXLIWYTTSVXMRKQIQFIVW ;LIVI XLI WPEF WYTTSVXW RSRWXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRXW FYMPX SJ
 3RI[E]{% WPEF WLSYPH FI GSRWMHIVIH SRI[E] materials that will not be damaged by large deflections, slab
[LIRMXLEW HITXL LWLSYPHRSXFIPIWWXLERXLIZEPYIWMR8EFPI
E
8[SSTTSWMRKJVIIIHKIW[MXLSYXZIVXMGEPWYTTSVXERH [LIVIXLIWTERPIRKXL WMWXLIHMWXERGIGIRXIVXSGIRXIVSJ
LEWZIVXMGEPWYTTSVXWYGLEWFIEQWSV[EPPWMRXLISXLIVX[S WYTTSVXW;LIVIXLIGPIEVWTERMWPIWWXLERJXQ
 WMW
STTSWMRKIHKIW XLIGPIEVWTER
F
 % VIGXERKYPEV TPER WLETI LEW ZIVXMGEP WYTTSVX EX EPP  Deflection-sensitive nonstructural elements{
IHKIW ERH XLI PSRKIV WPEF WTER MW KVIEXIV XLER X[MGI XLI ;LIVI XLI WPEF WYTTSVXW RSRWXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRXW FYMPX SJ
WLSVXIVWPEFWTERSV materials that will be damaged by large deflections, slab
G
.SMWXWI\GITXXLIHMWXVMFYXMSRVMFWMRSRP]SRIHMVIGXMSR HITXL LWLSYPHRSXFIPIWWXLERXLIZEPYIWMR8EFPI
 8[S[E]{% WPEF WLSYPH FI GSRWMHIVIH X[S[E] [LIVI WWLSYPHFIXEOIREWXLIHMWXERGIGIRXIVXSGIRXIVSJ
[LIR WYTTSVXW;LIVIXLIGPIEVWTERMWPIWWXLERJXQ
 WMW
E
 8LI WPEF TERIP LEW E VIGXERKYPEV TPER WLETIERHLEW XLIGPIEVWTER
ZIVXMGEP WYTTSVX WYGL EW FIEQW SV [EPPW EX EPP IHKIW ERH  +MVHIVWFIEQWERHSRI[E]NSMWXW
XLIPSRKIVWPEFWTERMWPIWWXLERSVIUYEPXSX[MGIXLIWLSVXIV  Deflection-insensitive nonstructural elements{
WPEFWTERSV ;LIVIEKMVHIVFIEQSVSRI[E]NSMWXWYTTSVXWRSRWXVYG
F
 -R WPEFGSPYQR W]WXIQW XLI TERIP LEW E VIGXERKYPEV XYVEP IPIQIRXW FYMPX SJ QEXIVMEPW XLEX [MPP RSX FI HEQEKIH
TPERWLETI ERH XLI PSRK WPEF WTER MW PIWW XLER SV IUYEPXS by large deflections, L WLSYPH RSX FI PIWW XLER XLI ZEPYIW
X[MGIXLIWLSVXWPEFWTER MR 8EFPI  [LIVI W WLSYPH FI XEOIR EW XLI HMWXERGI
 *PSSVW]WXIQPSEHTEXL{%RETTVS\MQEXIPSEHTEXL GIRXIVXSGIRXIVSJWYTTSVXW*SVNSMWXW[LIVIXLIGPIEVWTER
(one-way or two-way) should be identified and used to
 WMWXLIGPIEVWTER
EWWMKRXVMFYXEV]PSEHXSEPPWPEFWYTTSVXMRKQIQFIVWERHHIXIV
QMRITVIPMQMREV]HMQIRWMSRWSJXLIWPEFERHXLIWYTTSVXMRK
QIQFIVW 8LI PSEH TEXL ERH XLI XVMFYXEV] PSEH WLSYPH FI
verified as members are dimensioned and designed, and
GSVVIGXIHEWRIIHIH
MWPIWWXLERJXQ
 Deflection-sensitive nonstructural elements{
;LIVIXLIKMVHIVFIEQSVSRI[E]NSMWXWYTTSVXWRSRWXVYG
XYVEP IPIQIRXW FYMPX SJ QEXIVMEPW XLEX [MPP FI HEQEKIH
by large deflections, L WLSYPH RSX FI PIWW XLER XLI ZEPYIW
MR 8EFPI  [LIVI W WLSYPH FI XEOIR EW XLI HMWXERGI
GIRXIVXSGIRXIVSJWYTTSVXW*SVNSMWXW[LIVIXLIGPIEVWTER
6.5Minimum depth for floor system members
 WMWXLIGPIEVWTER
 +IRIVEPMinimum depth for floor system members
KMZIR MR  XS  WLSYPH FI GSRWMHIVIH XS QIIX XLI
serviceability limit state, providing sufficient stiffness to
avoid excessive member deflections caused by dead and live
MWPIWWXLERJXQ
 8[S[E] WPEFW WYTTSVXIH EX EPP IHKIW{8LI
QMRMQYQHITXLSJX[S[E]WPEFWMRGPYHMRKX[S[E]NSMWX
and waffle-on-beams systems, supported by girders, beams,
SVVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPWSREPPTERIPIHKIWMWKMZIRMR
PSEHW )U
8LIWYTTSVXMRKKMVHIVWSVFIEQWWLSYPHLEZIE
 7SPMHSRI[E]WPEFW HITXLRSXPIWWXLERXLVIIXMQIWXLIWPEFHITXL
(ITXL
 7PEFFIX[IIRNSMWXW{7PEFWWLSYPHLEZIEQMRMQYQ SJWSPMHWPEFWWLSYPHFIRSXPIWWXLERMRQQ
JSV R
HITXLSJ WFYXWLSYPHRSXFIPIWWXLERMRQQ


%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
 +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6 

8EFPI {1MRMQYQHITXLLJSVKMVHIVW 8EFPI E{1MRMQYQHITXLSJWPEFGSPYQR

FIEQWERHSRI[E]NSMWXWWYTTSVXMRK systems supporting deflection-insensitive
deflection-sensitive nonstructural elements RSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXW
'SRXMRYMX]EGVSWWXLIWYTTSVXW 1MRMQYQHITXLL 8]TISJWPEFGSPYQR 0SGEXMSRSJ 1MRMQYQHITXLSJ
7MQTP]WYTTSVXIH W W]WXIQ TERIP WPEF L
3RIIRHGSRXMRYSYW W )\XIVMSV R
;MXLSYXHVSTTERIPW
&SXLIRHWGSRXMRYSYW W -RXIVMSV R

'ERXMPIZIV W )\XIVMSV R

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systems supporting deflection-sensitive
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materials that will not be damaged by large deflections, XSXEPEVIESJVIMRJSVGIQIRXJSVXLIWPEF[MXLSYXERSTIRMRK
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A floor finish should not be included as part of a structural
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flat and standing nonstructural elements as defined in 
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temperature effects normal to flexural reinforcement of the
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cracking and thus reduce possible water infiltration.
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Fig. 7.3.4.1Maximum spacing between flexural reinforce

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 Minimum area of tension flexural reinforcement{ VEXMS QE\JSVWSPMHWPEFW
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 Obtaining flexural reinforcement ratio{*PI\YVEP QIRX FIGEYWI XLI TSWMXMZI QSQIRX MR XLI WLSVXIV WTER MW
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flexural strength.
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 8ST GSVRIV VIMRJSVGIQIRX{'SVRIV VIMRJSVGI
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at the slab top, directly below the flexural reinforcement.
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at the slab bottom, directly above the flexural reinforcement.
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flexural strength.
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extreme tension fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement,
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 forcement as specified in WLSYPHFITVSZMHIH
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8EFPI 8.4.5Minimum flexural reinforcement ratio

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8EFPI 8.4.6Maximum flexural reinforcement ratio

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Fig. 8.4.5bT-shaped section with flange in tension.
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 1MRMQYQRYQFIV SJ FEVW MR E PE]IV{8SQMRMQM^I
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 1MRMQYQ HIWMKR QSQIRX WXVIRKXL{8LI WIGXMSR

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 *PI\YVEPXIRWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRXEVIEThe flexural

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Fig. 8.4.10.1Effective flange width for T-beams with slab

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Fig. 8.4.10.3Effective flange width for isolated T-beams. As f y

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 Effective flange width for beams with slab on
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Fig. 8.4.11.1Reinforcement in T-beam flanges.

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 Transverse flange reinforcement{-R XLI WPEF
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Fig. 9.8.1.1aDefinition of design strips.

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Fig. 10.2.1bFactored column loads and moments from multiple floors.

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I %VIESJTSWMXMZIERHRIKEXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXEX EXNSMRXJEGIWHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ)U ERHYWMRKXLI
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and the confinement zones defined in 11.1.2.3(a). Full length G 8LIPEVKIWXZEPYISJ :IHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ)UE 
of the lap splice should be confined with closed stirrups as SV)UF WLSYPHFIEHHIHXS:YEXXLIWYTTSVXJEGI
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 'SPYQRW 'SPYQR QSQIRX WXVIRKXL WLSYPH GSVVIWTSRH XS XLI

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 0SRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX{7IGXMSR  XLIZIVXMGEPTPERISJXLIJVEQIGSRWMHIVIH*MK

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6 PIRKXLSJXLIGSPYQRSVMRQQ

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(e) In confinement zones, maximum hoop spacing
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 +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6

Fig. 11.1.3.4aConfinement hoop spacing in columns.

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(c) Outside confinement zones, the maximum center-to-

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Fig. 11.1.3.4bArrangement of hoop legs (confinement XLIPSRKMXYHMREPGSPYQRFEVHMEQIXIVHFERHMRQQ 
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the central zone of the column with hoop confinement provided
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 7TMVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX{;LIRWTMVEPWEVIYWIHEW EX XLI NSMRX JEGIW HIXIVQMRIH YWMRK J]TV MRWXIEH SJ J] J]TV
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with 11.1.3.5 over the confinement zone length SRSX PIWW XMSRSJ)UH ERHI JSVXLIVERKISJJEGXSVIH
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 +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6 

Fig. 11.1.3.4cConfinement hoop spacing in columns for splices.

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 ERH WLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIHIJJIGXMZIEWWLIEV
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 'SPYQRHMQIRWMSRWEXENSMRX{'SPYQRHMQIR
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(a) Horizontal transverse hoops (confinement ties) with
XLIWEQIEVIEERHWTEGMRKMRHMGEXIHF]WLSYPHFI
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confine it. [LIVIKMVHIVWJVEQIMRXSSRIWMHISRP]

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For joints confined on all four faces

Fig. 11.1.4.4cDefinition of %N JSV KMVHIV REVVS[IV XLER
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provide confinement to the joint if at least three-fourths the
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2 w e 12 in.
 +MVHIV VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERGLSVEKI{0SRKMXYHMREP
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90-degree standard hook located within the column confined G
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 ;EPPW JEGXSVIHGSQTVIWWMSRE\MEPPSEH4GYYWMRK)U ERH
 +IRIVEP{6IMRJSVGIH GSRGVIXI [EPPW PSGEXIH MR E  -R )U   %K WLSYPH FI VITPEGIH F] XLI
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 &SYRHEV] IPIQIRXW{&SYRHEV] IPIQIRXW MR I\GIIHXLIPMQMXWSJ;LIRPSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
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(a) Where the maximum compressive extreme fiber stress XLIWIPMQMXWFSYRHEV]IPIQIRXWM^IWLSYPHFIMRGVIEWIH;LIR
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Confinement transverse reinforcement complying with ZEPYIKVIEXIVXLER^IVSMR)UG QIERWRSXIRWMPI
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 7LIEV WXVIRKXL{7XVYGXYVEP [EPP WLIEV WXVIRKXL
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 1E\MQYQYRJEGXSVIHZIVXMGEPPSEH{8SSFXEMR
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and walls, floor loads, and mat foundation self-weight should
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of floor slabs, should be placed as bottom reinforcement
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the bottom part of floor members, should be placed as top
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 Verification of allowable bearing capacity{  *SYRHEXMSR WPEF{8LI JSYRHEXMSR WPEF
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 +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6

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8EFPI {8]TMGEPZEPYIWSJ WJSVHV]WERHW ;LIRETSVXMSRSVXLI[LSPISJXLIEHNEGIRXWSMPMWFIPS[

GSQTSWIHTVMQEVMP]SJUYEVX^ XLI[EXIVXEFPIGEPGYPEXMSRWLSYPHFIFEWIHSRXLI[IMKLXSJ
(IRWMX] &PS[GSYRX748
%RKPISJMRXIVREPJVMGXMSR XLIWSMPHMQMRMWLIHF]FYS]ERG]TPYWJYPPL]HVSWXEXMGTVIW
:IV]PSSWI 2 c W c WYVI;LIRHIWMKRMRKFEWIQIRX[EPPWERHWMQMPEVETTVS\M
0SSWI  2 c   W c QEXIP]ZIVXMGEPWXVYGXYVIWFIPS[KVEHITVSZMWMSRWWLSYPHFI
1IHMYQ  2 c   W c QEHIJSVPEXIVEPTVIWWYVISJEHNEGIRXWSMP%PPS[ERGIWLSYPH
(IRWI  2 c   W c be made for possible surcharge from fixed or moving loads.
:IV]HIRWI  2   W c )EVXLTVIWWYVIMWWXEXIHKIRIVEPP]MRWMQTPIPMRIEVIUYEXMSRW
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 *PSSVWPEF[LIRMRHITIRHIRXJVSQJSYRHEXMSR from the more flexible to the stiffer portions of the system.
WPEFWhen the floor slab is independent from the founda Construction stages and procedures have a great influence in
XMSRWPEF*MKE), the floor slab should be designed
as a slab on girders using the floor load of 'LETXIV  -R
XLMWGEWIXLIWIPJ[IMKLXWLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIHERHXLIVIMR
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 :EPYIW HG ERH H MR JSYRHEXMSR QEXW{8LI
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s 28.5 

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 8]TIW SJ VIXEMRMRK[EPPW{*MKYVIWLS[W 8EFPIERH
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 EVI JVII I
 *SV GPE]W W HITIRHW SR XLI HVEMREKI GSRHMXMSR ERH
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8]TII
MWVIWXVEMRIHEXXSTERHFSXXSQXLIVIJSVIMXWLSYPH HIKVIIW*SVPS[HVEMREKIWMXYEXMSRWZEPYIWVERKIJVSQ
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should be used where backfill has appropriate drainage and TS!/S ^ E

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backfill is not possible. In remote areas, where a geotech [LIVI
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8EFPI {1MRMQYQHIWMKRPEXIVEPEGXMZITVIWWYVI /E
Unified soil (IWMKREGXMZIWSMPTVIWWYVI (IWMKREGXMZIWSMPTVIWWYVI
Description of backfill material classification PFJXTIVJXSJHITXL O2QTIVQSJHITXL
7ERHERHKVEZIPWSMPX]TI
;IPPKVEHIHGPIERKVEZIPW{KVEZIPWERHQM\XYVIW +;  
4SSVP]KVEHIHGPIERKVEZIPW{KVEZIPWERHQM\XYVIW +4  
7MPX]KVEZIPW{TSSVP]KVEHIHKVEZIPWERHQM\XYVIW +1  
'PE]I]KVEZIPW{TSSVP]KVEHIHKVEZIPERHGPE]QM\XYVIW +'  
;IPPKVEHIHGPIERWERHW{KVEZIPP]WERHQM\XYVIW 7;  
4SSVP]KVEHIHGPIERWERHW{WERHKVEZIPQM\XYVIW 74  
7MPX]WERHW{TSSVP]KVEHIHWERHWMPXQM\XYVIW 71  
7MPXERHGPE]WSMPX]TI
Sand-silt clay mix with plastic fines 717'  
'PE]I]WERHW{TSSVP]KVEHIHWERHGPE]QM\XYVIW 7'  
-RSVKERMGWMPXWERHGPE]I]WMPXW 10  
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3XLIVWSMPX]TIW
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3VKERMGWMPXWERHWMPXGPE]WPS[TPEWXMGMX] 30
-RSVKERMGGPE]I]WMPXWTPEWXMGWMPXW 1,
Unsuitable as backfill Unsuitable as backfill
-RSVKERMGGPE]WSJLMKLTPEWXMGMX] ',
3VKERMGGPE]WERHWMPX]GPE]W 3,

 %GXMZI IEVXL TVIWWYVI{%GXMZI IEVXL TVIWWYVI  +VERYPEVWSMPW

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TE!/E ^ E  'SLIWMZIWSMPW

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specified otherwise in a soil investigation report. This pressure
[LIVI /T is the passive earth pressure coefficient and should GSVVIWTSRHWXSXLIEGXMZITVIWWYVI /E0EXIVEPTVIWWYVIJVSQ
FIGEPGYPEXIHYWMRK)UF
 WYVGLEVKIPSEHWWLSYPHFIEHHIHXSXLIPEXIVEPIEVXLTVIWWYVI
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1 sin s
 &VEGIH I\GEZEXMSRW{1SWX VIXEMRMRK [EPPW JSV
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PIZIPW -R XLMW WMXYEXMSR TVIWWYVI HMWXVMFYXMSR VIWIQFPIW
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moist conditions for the specified soils at optimum densi
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 +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6

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/S H
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 0EXIVEP TVIWWYVI SR VIXEMRMRK [EPP{0EXIVEP PEXIVEPPSEHW
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 %R] EHHMXMSREP PEXIVEP SYXSJTPERI TVIWWYVI I\IVXIH
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by the soil caused by the compaction of the backfill of the
wall. In many cases, the backfill compaction is more effi
GMIRXP] TIVJSVQIH [LIVI XLI [SVOIVGSQJSVX MW LMKLIWX EX
the upper part of the fill; which is why this guide proposes
FYMPHMRKWPEFWXLIPEXIVEPTVIWWYVIEXER]HITXL^WLSYPHFI 
EGSRWIVZEXMZIYRMJSVQSYXSJTPERIWSMPTVIWWYVI
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 HMWXVMFYXMSRSRXLI[EPPYRPIWWXLIKISXIGLRMGEPMRZIWXMKEXMSR
VITSVXMRHMGEXIWEHMJJIVIRXHMWXVMFYXMSRSJTVIWWYVIW
T^! /E^ E
 7IMWQMG IJJIGXW{7IMWQMG IJJIGXW MRGPYHMRK
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SJTPERIQSQIRXWERHSYXSJTPERIWLIEVWLSYPHFIHMWVI
EXEHITXL^MRJXQ
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 TY[ ERH TYX[ SR XLI [EPP WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH F] QYPXM
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Fac = K h2 F

2 a s  +IRIVEPGSRHMXMSRWJSVFEWIQIRX[EPPW
 7YTTSVXXSTERHFSXXSQ{&EWIQIRXVIXEMRMRK
[EPPW YRHIV XLI WGSTI SJ XLMW KYMHI WLSYPH LEZI PEXIVEP
[LIVI *EG MW XLI XSXEP PEXIVEP JSVGI ERH LW MW WSMP LIMKLX restraint provided at the top of the wall by the first aerial
EKEMRWXXLI[EPPQIEWYVIHJVSQXLIFEWISJXLI[EPPJSSXMRK floor slab and at the bottom of the wall by either (a) the grade
XSWSMPWYVJEGI*EGWLSYPHFIEWWYQIHXSEGXEXELIMKLXLW

QIEWYVIHJVSQXLIFEWISJXLI[EPPJSSXMRK
 6IXEMRMRK[EPPWPEXIVEPP]VIWXVEMRIHEXXLIXST{
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F]XLI[EPPJSSXMRKMRPS[ERHRSWIMWQMGVMWO^SRIW-RFSXL
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 ER]ZIVXMGEPPSEHWXVERWQMXXIHF]JVMGXMSRXLEXEVITVSHYGIHF]
the compaction of the backfill and the portion of the backfill
T^! /S^ E
XLEXMWWYTTSVXIHHMVIGXP]F]XLI[EPPJSSXMRK;MRHS[STIR
MRKWJSVPMKLXMRKERHZIRXMPEXMSRTYVTSWIWGERGEYWIEGETXMZI
[LIVI T^GSVVIWTSRHWXSPEXIVEPTVIWWYVIMRPFJX O2QQ
GSPYQR TVSFPIQ MR WIMWQMG ^SRIW 
 -R XLSWI GEWIW
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QIEWYVIHJVSQXLIWYVJEGIERH /S EPXIVREXMZIPMKLXMRKERHZIRXMPEXMSRWLSYPHFIYWIH
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QMRMQYQZEPYIWKMZIRMR QE]FIYWIH8SXEPPEXIVEP RSXMRGPYHIL]HVSWXEXMGTVIWWYVIXLIVIJSVIHVEMREKIWYGLEW
JSVGIETTPMIHF]XLIWSMPXSXLI[EPP WLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIH through-filters and weep-holes for dissipation of hydrostatic
YWMRK)UF
 TVIWWYVIWLSYPHFIYWIH
 Backfill material{1EXIVMEPWQEVOIHEWYRWYMX
 able for backfill material in 8EFPIWLSYPHRSX FI
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 7YVGLEVKI{%R] I\TIGXIH WYVGLEVKI HYVMRK
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 0SEHWJSVFEWIQIRX[EPPW  6IMRJSVGIQIRX HIXEMPW{&EWIQIRX VIXEMRMRK
 0SEHWXSFIMRGPYHIH{&EWIQIRXVIXEMRMRK[EPP [EPPWWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL
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8EFPI {&EWIQIRXVIXEMRMRK[EPPVIUYMVIHQSQIRXWXVIRKXLTIVLSVM^SRXEPYRMXPIRKXLSJ[EPP
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 7IZIVEP QIXLSHW GER TVSHYGI XVERWTEVIRGMIW 6ITVS
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concrete fireproofing of structural steel roof trusses, beams,
ERHGSPYQRW
9RHIVXLIGSRGVIXIHMZMWMSREVIERYQFIVSJWIGXMSRW%'-
301-10, Specifications for Structural Concrete is a refer
ence specification for concrete building construction. Some
X]TMGEPWIGXMSRWEVIPMWXIHERHI\TPEMRIHFIPS[
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 4PEGMRK HVE[MRKW SV WGLIHYPIW WLSYPH FI GPIEV XIWXMRKSJGSRGVIXI
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key construction phase. Unclear drawings cause field delays, G
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 +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6 

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(h) Concrete finishes.
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fundamental, such as the specified strength of concrete, even
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Most concrete material consists of fine and coarse aggregate.
'IQIRXERH[EXIVMRXIVEGXGLIQMGEPP]XSFMRHEKKVIKEXITEVXMGPIW
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the workability that enables it to fill forms and surround the
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easily fit into the forms and between the reinforcing bars
 'IQIRX{% GIQIRXMRK QEXIVMEP LEW XLI EHLIWMZI
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LEZIFIIRHIZIPSTIHTSVXPERHGIQIRXMWXLIQSWXGSQQSR
Portland cement is a finely powdered, grayish material that
GSRWMWXW QEMRP] SJ GEPGMYQ ERH EPYQMRYQ WMPMGEXIW 8LIWI
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ground to the required fineness. The material is shipped in
GSRGVIXIWXVIRKXL-RKIRIVEPXLIQSVIHIRWIP]XLIEKKVIKEXI
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FYPOSVMRFEKWGSRXEMRMRKPFOK
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9RMXIH 7XEXIW ERH  PF OK
 SJGIQIRX MRQSWXSXLIV SVKERMGQEXXIV[LMGLQE][IEOIRXLIFSRH[MXLXLIGIQIRX
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to have set when it has gained sufficient rigidity to support
an arbitrarily defined pressure, after which it continues for
E PSRK XMQI XS LEVHIR ERH KEMR JYVXLIV WXVIRKXL ;EXIV MR
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gates are generally classified as fine and coarse. Fine aggre
KEXISVWERHMWER]QEXIVMEPXLEXTEWWIWEWMIZI[MXLMR
(6 mm) openings. Material coarser than this is classified
EW GSEVWI EKKVIKEXI SV KVEZIP ;LIR JEZSVEFPI KVEHEXMSR
MWHIWMVIHEKKVIKEXIWEVI WITEVEXIHF]WMIZMRK MRXSX[SSV
XLVIIWM^IKVSYTWSJWERHERHWIZIVEPWM^IKVSYTWSJGSEVWI

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
 +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
EKKVIKEXI8LIWIGERXLIRFIGSQFMRIHEGGSVHMRKXSKVEHMRK
GLEVXWXSVIWYPXMREHIRWIP]TEGOIHEKKVIKEXI
 %HQM\XYVIW{-REHHMXMSRXSXLIQEMRGSQTSRIRXW
of concrete, admixtures are often used for specific purposes.
8LIVIEVIEHQM\XYVIWXSMQTVSZI[SVOEFMPMX]EGGIPIVEXISV
VIXEVH WIXXMRK ERH LEVHIRMRK EMH MR GYVMRK MQTVSZI HYVE
FMPMX]EHH GSPSVERH MQTEVXSXLIVTVSTIVXMIW;LIVIEW XLI
beneficial effects of some admixtures are well established,
XLIGPEMQWSJSXLIVWWLSYPHFIZMI[IH[MXLGEYXMSR
XLIGSRGVIXIWXVIRKXL*SVEKMZIR[GXLIQMRMQYQEQSYRX
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WLSYPHFIWIPIGXIH
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 6IMRJSVGIQIRX{8LIVIMRJSVGIQIRXX]TIWGSZIVIH E
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MRXLMWKYMHIEVIHIJSVQIHVIMRJSVGMRKFEVWTPEMRFEVWERH [SVOIHVIEHMP]MRXSJSVQWERHEVSYRHVIMRJSVGIQIRXYRHIV
[IPHIH[MVIVIMRJSVGIQIRX
 XLITPEGIQIRXGSRHMXMSRW[MXLSYXWIKVIKEXMSRSVI\GIWWMZI
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that sufficient bond exists between the two materials so that F
6IWMWXERGIXSERXMGMTEXIHI\TSWYVIWERH
VIPEXMZIQSZIQIRXFIX[IIRXLIWXIIPFEVERHXLIWYVVSYRHMRK
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 *SVQ[SVOForms should result in a final structure
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members indicated by the design drawings and specifications.
Forms should be substantial and sufficiently tight to
TVIZIRXQSVXEVPIEOEKI8LI]WLSYPHFITVSTIVP]FVEGIHSV
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lished based on field experience, trial mixtures, or both, with
XLIQEXIVMEPWXSFIYWIH
 (YVEFMPMX]
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HYVEFMPMX]EQMRMQYQEQSYRXSJGIQIRXWLSYPHFITVSZMHIH
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QMRMQYQGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLJSVXLIGSRGVIXI8LMWKYMHI
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fied in 16.2.2 should be calculated using water weight in
WYTTSVXWLSYPHFIHIWMKRIHWSEWRSXXSHEQEKIETVIZMSYWP] GSRGVIXI PF]H OK TIV Q
HMZMHIH F]XLIGIQIRX MR XLI
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materials (SCM) including fly ash. It is recognized that in
many countries, like the United States, that fly ash and other
7'1 EVI YWIHMR SZIV  TIVGIRX SJ EPP GSRGVIXI QM\XYVIW
ERH EVI VSYXMRIP] HIPMZIVIH F] GSRGVIXI WYTTPMIVW EW GSRWXMXY
IRXW SJ X]TMGEP QM\XYVIW 8LMW KYMHI SRP] QEOIW VIJIVIRGI XS
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[MXLPMQMXIHI\TSWYVIXSQEXIVMEPWXIGLRSPSK]ERHXVEMRMRK*SVE
complete definition of proportions, the weight of cement, water,
WERHERHGSEVWIEKKVIKEXIWLSYPHFITVSZMHIH
GSRGVIXIQM\XYVIMRPF]HOKTIVQ). The use of fly ash,
TS^^SPERWWPEKERHWMPMGEJYQIMWFI]SRHXLIWGSTISJXLMW
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specified hard trowel finish.
 7TIGMEP I\TSWYVI GSRHMXMSRW{*SV I\TSWYVIW
KMZIR MR 8EFPI  GSRGVIXI WLSYPH GSRJSVQ XS XLI
GSVVIWTSRHMRK QE\MQYQ [G and minimum specified
GSRGVIXIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL
 7YPJEXI I\TSWYVIW{;LIR [EXIVWSPYFPI WYPJEXI
:EVMSYW QM\XYVI GSQTSRIRXW EVI TVSTSVXMSRIH WS XLEX XLI 73
MWTVIWIRXMRWSMPERHLEWEGSRGIRXVEXMSRKVIEXIVXLER
VIWYPXMRKGSRGVIXILEWEHIUYEXIWXVIRKXLTVSTIV[SVOEFMPMX]JSV TIVGIRXF][IMKLXSVMWTVIWIRXMR[EXIV[MXLQSVIXLER
TPEGMRKERHPS[GSWX8LIPEXXIVGEPPWJSVYWMRKXLIQMRMQYQ TEVXWTIVQMPPMSRTTQ
GSRGVIXII\TSWIHXSXLIWI
EQSYRXSJGIQIRX{XLIQSWXGSWXP]GSQTSRIRX{XSEGLMIZI WYPJEXIGSRXEMRMRKWSPYXMSRWSVWSMPWWLSYPHLEZIE[GPIWW
adequate properties. Concrete attributes are generally influenced XLERSVIUYEPXSF][IMKLXERHEQMRMQYQGSQTVIWWMZI
EWMRHMGEXIHMR8EFPI8LIFIXXIVXLIEKKVIKEXIKVEHEXMSR
8LIYWISJWYPJEXIVIWMW
XLIWQEPPIVXLIZSPYQISJZSMHWERHXLIPIWWGIQIRXTEWXIMW
needed to fill these voids. Water is required for hydration and
RIIHIHJSV[IXXMRKXLIEKKVIKEXIWYVJEGI%W[EXIVMWEHHIH
TPEWXMGMX]ERHJPYMHMX]SJXLIQM\XYVIMRGVIEWIWERH[SVO
EFMPMX]MQTVSZIWFYXWXVIRKXLHIGVIEWIWFIGEYWIJVII[EXIV
GVIEXIWEPEVKIVZSPYQISJZSMHW8SVIHYGIJVII[EXIV[LMPI
VIXEMRMRK [SVOEFMPMX] GIQIRX WLSYPH FI EHHIH 8LIVIJSVI
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%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
WXVIRKXL JG SJTWM14E
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WYPJEXIW
 'LPSVMHIMSRI\TSWYVI{*SVGSVVSWMSRTVSXIGXMSR
SJVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRGSRGVIXIQE\MQYQ[EXIVWSPYFPIGLPS
VMHI MSR GSRGIRXVEXMSRW MR LEVHIRIH GSRGVIXI EX EKIW JVSQ
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 +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6


8EFPI {)JJIGXWSRGSRGVIXIEXXVMFYXIWHYIXSERMRGVIEWISJER]WMRKPIQM\XYVIGSQTSRIRX
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7PYQT z z    
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7IKVIKEXMSR z z   z z
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4IVQIEFMPMX] z  z  z z z
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(V]WLVMROEKI  z z   z 
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Form finish   z z  

8EFPI {'SRGVIXITVSTIVXMIWJSVI\TSWYVIGSRHMXMSRW
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 4PEMRJSSXMRKWERHGEMWWSRW
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 %ZIVEKIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL{%ZIVEKIGSQTVIW MRQQ
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 EXPIEWXXLVIIG]PMRHIVWWLSYPHFIQEHIERHGYVIHMREGGSV
greater than specified concrete compressive strength JG 8LMW HERGI [MXL %781 ''1 ERH XIWXIHEX  HE]W
I\GIIHWXLI%'-VIUYMVIQIRXSJTWM14E
 MREGGSVHERGI[MXL%781''1*VSQXLIVIWYPXW
FIGEYWISJEREWWYQIHPS[IVUYEPMX]GSRXVSPMRVIQSXIEVIEW
 4VSTSVXMSRMRK XLI GSRGVIXI QM\XYVI{8LI GSRGVIXI
mixture proportions should be established from field experience
TVSHYGIVSVXVMEPQM\XYVIWYWMRKGSQFMREXMSRW SJQEXIVMEPW
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A field-experienced concrete producer should have
WXVIRKXL XIWX VIGSVHW RSX QSVI XLER  QSRXLW SPH ERH
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 +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6

8EFPI {8SPIVERGIMRHITXLERHQMRMQYQ {'SRGVIXIQM\MRKERHXVERWTSVXEXMSR

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Tolerance on specified ported to its final destination following 16.4.
8SPIVERGISRHITXLH GSRGVIXIGSZIV 3R EPP FYX XLI WQEPPIWX NSFW FEXGLMRK MW GEVVMIH SYX MR
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MRQQ
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MRQQ
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E
 6ITVIWIRX QEXIVMEPW UYEPMX] GSRXVSP TVSGIHYVIW ERH fine and coarse aggregate, and admixtures of uniform consis
GSRHMXMSRWWMQMPEVXSXLSWII\TIGXIHERHGLERKIWMRQEXIVMEPW XIRG]XLVSYKLSYX IEGL FEXGL8LMW MW EGLMIZIHF] QEGLMRI
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(b) Represent concrete produced to meet a specified TPERXWEVIMRWXEPPIHERHSTIVEXIHEXXLIWMXI-RGSRWXVYGXMSR
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSVWXVIRKXLW[MXLMRTWM14E
 YRHIVGSRKIWXIHGSRHMXMSRWSRWQEPPIVNSFWERHJVIUYIRXP]
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G
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,6;6%
 FEXGL-RLSX[IEXLIVGSRHMXMSRWXLIQE\MQYQXMQIFIJSVI
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 &IRHMRK{%PPVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHFIFIRXGSPH
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field bent.
 7YVJEGI GSRHMXMSR SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX{%X XLI XMQI
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HMEQIXIVMRGPYHMRKLIMKLXSJHIJSVQEXMSRW
ERHQEWWSJE the finer components of the mixture. The danger of segregation
LERH[MVIFVYWLIHXIWXWTIGMQIRMWRSXPIWWXLERETTPMGEFPI
ASTM standard specification.
 4PEGMRK ERH WIGYVMRK{6IMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH FI
EGGYVEXIP]TPEGIHERHEHIUYEXIP]WYTTSVXIHFIJSVIGSRGVIXI
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 6IMRJSVGIQIRXTPEGMRKXSPIVERGIW{6IMRJSVGIQIRX
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4PEGMRKMWXLITVSGIWWSJXVERWJIVVMRKJVIWLGSRGVIXIJVSQ
the conveying device to its final place in the forms. Before
TPEGMRK PSSWI VYWX WLSYPH FI VIQSZIH JVSQ VIMRJSVGI
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compacting are critical in their effect on the final quality
WLSYPHFITPEGIH[MXLMRXLIXSPIVERGIWKMZIRERH

 XMSRJSVQHMWTPEGIQIRXSJJSVQWSVSJVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRXLI
 8SPIVERGIJSVHITXLERHGSZIV{(ITXL HERHWTIGM
fied concrete cover in girders, beams, joists, walls, and columns
WLSYPHFIEWWIXMR8EFPII\GITXXLEXXSPIVERGIJSVXLI
clear distance to formed soffits should be 1/4 in. (6 mm), and
XSPIVERGI JSV GSZIV WLSYPH RSX I\GIIH z XLI QMRMQYQ
GSRGVIXIGSZIVMRHMGEXIHMR
 8SPIVERGI JSV PSGEXMSR SJ FIRHW{8SPIVERGI
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WIKVIKEXMSR'SQTEGXMRKMWEGLMIZIHF]LERHXEQTMRK[MXL
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WLSYPHFIMRQQ
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 X]TI EXXEGLIH XS XLI JSVQW 8LI JSVQIVEVI TVIJIVEFPI FYX

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
 +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6 

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SXLIVSFWXEGPIWQEOIMQQIVWMSRMQTSWWMFPI
 4VITEVEXMSRSJIUYMTQIRXERHTPEGISJHITSWMX{
4VITEVEXMSRFIJSVIGSRGVIXITPEGIQIRXWLSYPHMRGPYHI
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GPIER
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(d) Masonry filler units that will be in contact with concrete
EVI[IPPWEXYVEXIH  6IXIQTIVMRKGSRGVIXI{6IXIQTIVMRKGSRGVIXIMW
I
 6IMRJSVGIQIRXMW XLSVSYKLP]GPIER SJ MGISV SXLIV RSXTIVQMXXIHERHGSRGVIXIXLEXLEWFIIRVIQM\IHEJXIVMRMXMEP
HIPIXIVMSYWGSEXMRK WIXWLSYPHRSXFIYWIH
J
;EXIVMWVIQSZIHJVSQTPEGISJHITSWMXFIJSVIGSRGVIXI  (ITSWMXFSYRHEVMIW{;LIRGSRGVIXMRKFIKMRWMX
MWTPEGIHYRPIWWEXVIQMIMWXSFIYWIHERH WLSYPHFIEGSRXMRYSYWSTIVEXMSRYRXMPTPEGMRKSJETERIPSV
K
 %PP PEMXERGI ERH SXLIV YRWSYRH QEXIVMEP EVI VIQSZIH section, as defined by its boundaries or predetermined joints,
FIJSVIEHHMXMSREPGSRGVIXIMWTPEGIHEKEMRWXLEVHIRIHGSRGVIXI MWGSQTPIXIHI\GITXEWTIVQMXXIHSVTVSLMFMXIHF]
 1M\MRK  8STWYVJEGIW{8STWYVJEGIWSJZIVXMGEPP]JSVQIH
 +IRIVEP{%PP GSRGVIXI WLSYPH FI QM\IH YRXMP PMJXWWLSYPHFIPIZIP
XLIVI MW YRMJSVQ QEXIVMEPW HMWXVMFYXMSR XLEX MW HMWGLEVKIH  'SRWSPMHEXMSR{'SRGVIXI WLSYPH FI XLSVSYKLP]
GSQTPIXIP]FIJSVIXLIQM\IVMWVIGLEVKIH GSRWSPMHEXIH F] WYMXEFPI QIERW HYVMRK TPEGIQIRX ERH
 6IEH] QM\IH GSRGVIXI{6IEH] QM\IH GSRGVIXI XLSVSYKLP] [SVOIH EVSYRH VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH IQFIHHIH
WLSYPH FI QM\IHERH HIPMZIVIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL %781 fixtures, as well as into form corners.
''1  'SRWXVYGXMSRNSMRXW
 .SFQM\IHGSRGVIXI{;LIRGSRGVIXIMWQM\IHSR  +IRIVEP{'SRWXVYGXMSRNSMRXWYVJEGIWWLSYPHFI
WMXIMXWLSYPHFIQM\IHMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRK GPIERIHERHPEMXERGIVIQSZIH-QQIHMEXIP]FIJSVITPEGMRK
E
1M\MRKMWHSRIMREFEXGLQM\IV RI[GSRGVIXIEPPGSRWXVYGXMSRNSMRXWWLSYPHFI[IXXIHERH
F
 1M\IV MW VSXEXIH EX QERYJEGXYVIVvW VIGSQQIRHIH WXERHMRK[EXIVVIQSZIH'SRWXVYGXMSRNSMRXWWLSYPHFIQEHI
WTIIH ERHPSGEXIHWSEWRSXXSMQTEMVXLIWXVIRKXLSJXLIWXVYGXYVI
G
1MRMQYQQM\MRKXMQIMWQMRYXIJSVQM\IVWSJRSX 4VSZMWMSRW WLSYPH FI QEHI JSV XVERWJIV SJ WLIEV ERH SXLIV
QSVI XLER  ]H Q
GETEGMX] [MXL ER EHHMXMSREP  PSEHWXLVSYKLGSRWXVYGXMSRNSMRXW
WIGSRHWJSVIEGLEHHMXMSREP]HQ
1M\MRKGERFI  -RWPEFW{'SRWXVYGXMSRNSMRXWWLSYPHFIPSGEXIH
GSRXMRYIHJSVEGSRWMHIVEFPIXMQI[MXLSYXEHZIVWIIJJIGX [MXLMRXLIQMHHPIXLMVHSJWTERWSJWPEFWFIEQWERHKMVHIVW
H
1M\MRKMWGSRXMRYIHJSVEXPIEWXQMRYXIWEJXIVEPP *MK
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2YQFIVSJFEXGLIWTVSHYGIH GSPYQRW SV [EPPW{'SRGVIXI WLSYPH RSXFI GEWX SVIVIGXIH

4VSTSVXMSRWSJQEXIVMEPWYWIH YRXMPGSRGVIXIMRXLIZIVXMGEPWYTTSVXQIQFIVWMWRSPSRKIV
(3) Approximate location of final deposit in structure; TPEWXMG
ERH  -R FIEQW KMVHIVW LEYRGLIW HVST TERIPW ERH

8MQIERHHEXISJQM\MRKERHTPEGMRK GETMXEPW{'SRGVIXI MR FIEQW KMVHIVW LEYRGLIW HVST
 'SRZI]MRK{'SRGVIXI WLSYPH FI GSRZI]IH JVSQ
QM\IV XSTPEGISJ JMREP HITSWMX F] QIXLSHWXLEX TVIZIRX
WITEVEXMSRSVPSWWSJQEXIVMEP'SRZI]MRKIUYMTQIRXWLSYPH
FIGETEFPISJTVSZMHMRKEWYTTP]SJGSRGVIXIEXXLIWMXISJ
TPEGIQIRX [MXLSYX WITEVEXMSR SJ MRKVIHMIRXW ERH MRXIVVYTXMSRW
XLEXGEYWIPSWWSJTPEWXMGMX]FIX[IIRWYGGIWWMZIMRGVIQIRXW
 (ITSWMXMRK
 4PEGISJHITSWMX{'SRGVIXIWLSYPHFIHITSWMXIH
as nearly as practical in its final position to avoid segregation
from rehandling or flowing.
 (ITSWMX VEXI{'SRGVIXMRK WLSYPH FI GEVVMIH SR
TERIPW ERH GETMXEPW WLSYPH FI TPEGIH QSRSPMXLMGEPP] [MXL
XLIWPEFW]WXIQ
{'SRGVIXIWXVIRKXLIZEPYEXMSR
 +IRIVEP{'SRGVIXIWLSYPHFIXIWXIHMREGGSVHERGI
[MXL
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W]WXIQEXMG UYEPMX] GSRXVSP WLSYPH FI MRWXMXYXIH EX XLI
GSRWXVYGXMSRWMXI'SQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLMWXLIQEMRQIEWYVI
SJXLIWXVYGXYVEPUYEPMX]SJGSRGVIXI8IWXWJSVXLMWTVSTIVX]EVI
QEHISRG]PMRHVMGEPWTIGMQIRWSJLIMKLXIUYEPXSX[MGIXLI
at a rate that concrete is plastic during discharge and flows HMEQIXIV\MRF]QQ
SV\MR\
VIEHMP]MRXSWTEGIWFIX[IIRVIMRJSVGIQIRX mm). Impervious molds of this shape are filled with concrete
 4EVXMEPP] LEVHIRIH GSRGVIXI{'SRGVIXI XLEX during the placement operation as specified by ASTM C172/
LEWTEVXMEPP] LEVHIRIH SV FIIR GSRXEQMREXIH F] JSVIMKR '1']PMRHIVWEVIQSMWXGYVIHEX*'

QEXIVMEPWWLSYPHRSXFIHITSWMXIHMRXLIWXVYGXYVI JSV  HE]W EGGSVHMRK XS %781 ''1 ERH XLIR
tested in the laboratory at a specified loading rate as required

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
 +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6

8EFPI {'YVMRKXMQI F 2SMRHMZMHYEPWXVIRKXLXIWXEZIVEKISJX[SG]PMRHIVW

1MRMQYQHYVEXMSRGSRGVIXIOITX JSV\MR?\QQASVXLVIIG]PMRHIVWJSV\MR
[IXEJXIVWIXXMRKMRHE]W ?\QQA JEPPWFIPS[JG F]QSVIXLERTWM14E 
-XIQ 'SPH[IEXLIV ;EVQ[IEXLIV  0S[ WXVIRKXL VIWYPXW{;LIR XLI PMOIPMLSSH SJ
Self-supporting floors and PS[WXVIRKXL GSRGVIXI I\MWXW ERH GEPGYPEXMSRW MRHMGEXI XLEX
 
FIEQW load-carrying capacity is significantly reduced, the affected
;EPPWMRQQ XLMGO TSVXMSR SJ XLI WXVYGXYVI WLSYPH FI HIQSPMWLIH SV VITEMVIH
 
SVPIWW %WXEXMWXMGEPTVSGIHYVIJSVIZEPYEXMRKXLIVIWYPXWSJGSRGVIXI
8LMGO[EPPWGSPYQRWERHTMIVW   WXVIRKXLXIWXWMWKMZIRMR%'-6-JGSVIWEVIXEOIRXS
*PSSVWERHTEZIQIRXWSRWSMP   ZIVMJ]GSRGVIXIWXVIRKXLW%'-6WYQQEVM^IWTVEGXMGIW
JSVSFXEMRMRKGSVIWERHMRXIVTVIXMRKGSVIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL
XIWXVIWYPXW

F]%781''1'SQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLHIXIVQMRIH
JVSQWYGLXIWXWEWXLIEZIVEKISJX[SG]PMRHIVWGEWXXLIWEQI
HE]JVSQXLIWEQIGSRGVIXIMWXLIG]PMRHIVWXVIRKXLJG 8LI
GSRGVIXIEWJYVRMWLIHWLSYPHFIMRWEXMWJEGXSV]EKVIIQIRX[MXL
the specified strength value.
 *VIUYIRG]SJXIWXMRK
 2YQFIVSJWEQTPIW{7EQTPIW JSVWXVIRKXLXIWXW
SJIEGLGPEWWSJGSRGVIXITPEGIHIEGLHE]WLSYPHFIEXPIEWX
{'SRGVIXIGYVMRK
 +IRIVEP{'SRGVIXIWLSYPHFIGYVIHF]QEMRXEMRMRK
it above the temperatures specified and in a moist condition
JSVXLITIVMSHMRHMGEXIHMR8EFPI
Fresh concrete gains strength rapidly during the first
JI[ HE]W ERH [IIOW 7XVYGXYVEP HIWMKR MW KIRIVEPP] FEWIH
SR HE] WXVIRKXL EFSYX  TIVGIRX SJ [LMGL MW VIEGLIH
at the end of the first week after placing. Final concrete
X[SG]PMRHIVWJSV\MR\QQ
SVXLVIIG]PMR WXVIRKXLHITIRHWKVIEXP]SRXLIGSRHMXMSRWSJQSMWXYVIERH
HIVWJSV\MR\QQ
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SV PIWW XLER SRGI JSV IEGL  ]H  Q
 SJ GSRGVIXI SV SJ TVSTIV GSRHMXMSRW HYVMRK XLMW XMQI MW ORS[R EW GYVMRK
PIWWXLERSRGIJSVIEGLJXQ
SJWYVJEGIEVIESJ 8LMVX]TIVGIRXSVQSVISJXLITSXIRXMEPWXVIRKXLGERFIPSWX
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\QQ
SVXLVIIG]PMRHIVWJSV\MR\QQ
 FI PSWX [LIR GSRGVIXI XIQTIVEXYVI HVSTW XS * '

WLSYPHEXPIEWXFIXEOIRSJXLIGSRGVIXISJXLIGSPYQRWSJ or lower during the first few days, unless the concrete is
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made from at least five randomly selected batches or from RSQSVIXLER*'
HMJJIVIRXMRXIQTIVEXYVIXLERXLI
each batch if fewer than five batches are used. GSRGVIXIWYVJEGIFIMRKGYVIHXSTVIZIRXXLIVQEPWXVIWWIWERH
 Definition of strength test{%WXVIRKXLXIWXWLSYPHFI GVEGOMRK 3XLIV QIXLSHW MRGPYHI YWMRK GYVMRK GSQTSYRHW
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should be cast in impervious molds of this shape and filled
with concrete during the placement operation as specified by
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exposed by form removal should have sufficient enough
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quality of the finished structure cannot be overemphasized.
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forms when the concrete strength tested, using field-cured
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correspondence between plans and specifications and the
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approved construction document at significant construction
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  Specifications for Structural Concrete
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such as roof or floor slabs and beams, or undersides of slopping surfaces flatter than 1:1.

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Chapter 2Notation and definitions

  

   
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7IGXMSRMR%'-6F]WIGXMSR %'- -&' %7')

 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
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Chapter 15Drawings and specifications
  
  
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