Cathodicprotection

FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Cathodicprotection(CP)isatechniqueusedto
controlthecorrosionofametalsurfacebymaking
itthecathodeofanelectrochemicalcell.[1]A
simplemethodofprotectionconnectsthemetalto
beprotectedtoamoreeasilycorroded"sacrificial
metal"toactastheanode.Thesacrificialmetal
thencorrodesinsteadoftheprotectedmetal.For
structuressuchaslongpipelines,wherepassive
galvaniccathodicprotectionisnotadequate,an
externalDCelectricalpowersourceisusedto Aluminiumsacrificialanodes(light
providesufficientcurrent. coloredrectangularbars)mountedon
asteeljacketstructure.
Cathodicprotectionsystemsprotectawiderange
ofmetallicstructuresinvariousenvironments.Commonapplicationsare:steelwateror
fuelpipelinesandsteelstoragetankssuchashomewaterheaterssteelpierpilesshipand
boathullsoffshoreoilplatformsandonshoreoilwellcasingsoffshorewindfarm
foundationsandmetalreinforcementbarsin
concretebuildingsandstructures.Another
commonapplicationisingalvanizedsteel,in
whichasacrificialcoatingofzinconsteelparts
protectsthemfromrust.

Cathodicprotectioncan,insomecases,prevent
stresscorrosioncracking.

Zincsacrificialanode(rounded
Contents object)screwedtotheundersideof
thehullofasmallboat.
1 History
2 Types
2.1 Galvanic 0:00 MENU
2.2 Impressedcurrentsystems Pronunciationoftheword"Cathodic"
3 Applications
3.1 Pipelines
3.2 Shipsandboats
3.3 Marine
 3.4 Steelinconcrete
3.5 Internalcathodicprotection
3.6 Galvanizedsteel
3.7 Automobiles
4 Testing
5 Problems
5.1 Productionofhydrogen
5.2 Cathodicdisbonding
5.3 Cathodicshielding
6 Standards
7 Seealso
8 Notes
9 References
10 Externallinks

History
CathodicprotectionwasfirstdescribedbySirHumphryDavyinaseriesofpapers
presentedtotheRoyalSociety[2]inLondonin1824.ThefirstapplicationwastotheHMS
Samarang[3]in1824.Sacrificialanodesmadefromironattachedtothecoppersheathof
thehullbelowthewaterlinedramaticallyreducedthecorrosionrateofthecopper.
However,asideeffectofthecathodicprotectionwastoincreasemarinegrowth.Copper,
whencorroding,releasescopperionswhichhaveanantifoulingeffect.Sinceexcess
marinegrowthaffectedtheperformanceoftheship,theRoyalNavydecidedthatitwas
bettertoallowthecoppertocorrodeandhavethebenefitofreducedmarinegrowth,so
cathodicprotectionwasnotusedfurther.

DavywasassistedinhisexperimentsbyhispupilMichaelFaraday,whocontinuedhis
researchafterDavy'sdeath.In1834,Faradaydiscoveredthequantitativeconnection
betweencorrosionweightlossandelectriccurrentandthuslaidthefoundationforthe
futureapplicationofcathodicprotection.[4]

ThomasEdisonexperimentedwithimpressedcurrentcathodicprotectiononshipsin
1890,butwasunsuccessfulduetothelackofasuitablecurrentsourceandanode
materials.Itwouldbe100yearsafterDavy'sexperimentbeforecathodicprotectionwas
usedwidelyonoilpipelinesintheUnitedStates[5]cathodicprotectionwasappliedto
steelgaspipelinesbeginningin1928[6]andmorewidelyinthe1930s.[7]
Types
Galvanic

Intheapplicationofpassivecathodicprotection,a
galvanicanode,apieceofamore
electrochemically"active"metal,isattachedtothe
vulnerablemetalsurfacewhereitisexposedtoan
electrolyte.Galvanicanodesareselectedbecause
theyhaveamore"active"voltage(morenegative
electrodepotential)thanthemetalofthetarget
structure(typicallysteel).Foreffectivecathodic
Galvanicsacrificialanodeattachedto
protection,thepotentialofthesteelsurfaceis
thehullofaship,showingcorrosion.
polarized(pushed)morenegativeuntilthesurface
hasauniformpotential.Atthatstage,thedriving
forceforthecorrosionreactionwiththeprotectedsurfaceisremoved.Thegalvanicanode
continuestocorrode,consumingtheanodematerialuntileventuallyitmustbereplaced.
Polarizationofthetargetstructureiscausedbytheelectronflowfromtheanodetothe
cathode,sothetwometalsmusthaveagoodelectricallyconductivecontact.Thedriving
forceforthecathodicprotectioncurrentisthedifferenceinelectrodepotentialbetween
theanodeandthecathode.[8]

Galvanicorsacrificialanodesaremadeinvariousshapesandsizesusingalloysofzinc,
magnesiumandaluminium.ASTMInternationalpublishesstandardsonthecomposition
andmanufacturingofgalvanicanodes.[9][10][11]

Inorderforgalvaniccathodicprotectiontowork,theanodemustpossessalower(thatis,
morenegative)electrodepotentialthanthatofthecathode(thetargetstructuretobe
protected).Thetablebelowshowsasimplifiedgalvanicserieswhichisusedtoselectthe
anodemetal.[12]Theanodemustbechosenfromamaterialthatisloweronthelistthan
thematerialtobeprotected.
 PotentialwithrespecttoaCu:CuSO4

Metal referenceelectrodeinneutralpH
environment(volts)

Carbon,Graphite,Coke +0.3
Platinum 0to0.1
MillscaleonSteel 0.2
HighSiliconCastIron 0.2
Copper,brass,bronze 0.2
Mildsteelinconcrete 0.2
Lead 0.5
Castiron(notgraphitized) 0.5
Mildsteel(rusted) 0.2to0.5
Mildsteel(clean) 0.5to0.8
Commerciallypurealuminium 0.8
Aluminiumalloy(5%zinc) 1.05
Zinc 1.1
MagnesiumAlloy(6%Al,3%Zn,
1.6
0.15%Mn)
CommerciallyPureMagnesium 1.75

Impressedcurrentsystems

Forlargerstructures,orwhereelectrolyteresistivityishigh,galvanicanodescannot
economicallydeliverenoughcurrenttoprovideprotection.Inthesecases,impressed
currentcathodicprotection(ICCP)systemsareused.Theseconsistofanodesconnected
toaDCpowersource,oftenatransformerrectifierconnectedtoACpower.Intheabsence
ofanACsupply,alternativepowersourcesmaybeused,suchassolarpanels,windpower
orgaspoweredthermoelectricgenerators.[13][14]

AnodesforICCPsystemsareavailableinavarietyofshapesandsizes.Commonanodes
aretubularandsolidrodshapesorcontinuousribbonsofvariousmaterials.Theseinclude
highsiliconcastiron,graphite,mixedmetaloxide,platinumandniobiumcoatedwireand
othermaterials.
Forpipelines,anodesarearrangedingroundbeds
eitherdistributedorinadeepverticalhole
dependingonseveraldesignandfieldcondition
factorsincludingcurrentdistributionrequirements.

Cathodicprotectiontransformerrectifierunitsare
oftencustommanufacturedandequippedwitha
varietyoffeatures,includingremotemonitoring
andcontrol,integralcurrentinterruptersand
varioustypeofelectricalenclosures.Theoutput
DCnegativeterminalisconnectedtothestructure
tobeprotectedbythecathodicprotection Simpleimpressedcurrentcathodic
system.[15]TherectifieroutputDCpositivecable protectionsystem.AsourceofDC
isconnectedtotheanodes.TheACpowercableis electriccurrentisusedtohelpdrive
connectedtotherectifierinputterminals. theprotectiveelectrochemical
reaction.
TheoutputoftheICCPsystemshouldbe
optimisedtoprovideenoughcurrenttoprovide
protectiontothetargetstructure.Somecathodicprotectiontransformerrectifierunitsare
designedwithtapsonthetransformerwindingsandjumperterminalstoselectthevoltage
outputoftheICCPsystem.Cathodicprotectiontransformerrectifierunitsforwatertanks
andusedinotherapplicationsaremadewithsolidstatecircuitstoautomaticallyadjustthe
operatingvoltagetomaintaintheoptimumcurrentoutputorstructuretoelectrolyte
potential.[16]Analogordigitalmetersareofteninstalledtoshowtheoperatingvoltage
(DCandsometimeAC)andcurrentoutput.Forshorestructuresandotherlargecomplex
targetstructures,ICCPsystemareoftendesignedwithmultipleindependentzonesof
anodeswithseparatecathodicprotectiontransformerrectifiercircuits.

Applications
Pipelines

Hazardousproductpipelinesareroutinelyprotectedbyacoatingsupplementedwith
cathodicprotection.Animpressedcurrentcathodicprotectionsystem(ICCP)fora
pipelineconsistsofaDCpowersource,oftenanACpoweredtransformerrectifierandan
anode,orarrayofanodesburiedintheground(theanodegroundbed).

TheDCpowersourcewouldtypicallyhaveaDCoutputofupto50amperesand50volts,
butthisdependsonseveralfactors,suchasthesizeofthepipelineandcoatingquality.
ThepositiveDCoutputterminalwouldbeconnectedviacablestotheanodearray,while
anothercablewouldconnectthenegativeterminal
oftherectifiertothepipeline,preferablythrough
junctionboxestoallowmeasurementstobe
taken.[17]

Anodescanbeinstalledinagroundbedconsisting
ofaverticalholebackfilledwithconductivecoke
(amaterialthatimprovestheperformanceandlife
oftheanodes)orlaidinapreparedtrench,
surroundedbyconductivecokeandbackfilled.
Anaircooledcathodicprotection
Thechoiceofgroundbedtypeandsizedependson
rectifierconnectedtoapipeline.
theapplication,locationandsoilresistivity.[18]

TheDCcathodicprotectioncurrentisthenadjustedtotheoptimumlevelafterconducting
varioustestsincludingmeasurementsofpipetosoilpotentialsorelectrodepotential.

Itissometimesmoreeconomicallyviabletoprotectapipelineusinggalvanic(sacrificial)
anodes.Thisisoftenthecaseonsmallerdiameterpipelinesoflimitedlength.[19]Galvanic
anodesrelyonthegalvanicseriespotentialsofthemetalstodrivecathodicprotection
currentfromtheanodetothestructurebeingprotected.
Waterpipelinesofvariouspipematerialsarealsoprovidedwithcathodicprotectionwhere
ownersdeterminethecostisreasonablefortheexpectedpipelineservicelifeextension
attributedtotheapplicationofcathodicprotection.

Shipsandboats

Cathodicprotectiononshipsisoftenimplemented
bygalvanicanodesattachedtothehullandICCP
forlargervessels.Sinceshipsareregularly
removedfromthewaterforinspectionsand
maintenance,itisasimpletasktoreplacethe
galvanicanodes.[20]

Galvanicanodesaregenerallyshapedtoreduced
draginthewaterandfittedflushtothehulltoalso
trytominimizedrag.[21] Thewhitepatchesvisibleonthe
ship'shullarezincblocksacrificial
Smallervessels,withnonmetallichulls,suchas
anodes.
yachts,areequippedwithgalvanicanodesto
protectareassuchasoutboardmotors.Aswithall
galvaniccathodicprotection,thisapplicationreliesonasolidelectricalconnection
betweentheanodeandtheitemtobeprotected.

ForICCPonships,theanodesareusuallyconstructedofarelativelyinertmaterialsuchas
platinisedtitanium.ADCpowersupplyisprovidedwithintheshipandtheanodes
mountedontheoutsideofthehull.Theanodecablesareintroducedintotheshipviaa
compressionsealfittingandroutedtotheDCpowersource.Thenegativecablefromthe
powersupplyissimplyattachedtothehulltocompletethecircuit.ShipICCPanodesare
flushmounted,minimizingtheeffectsofdragontheship,andlocatedaminimum5ft
belowthelightloadline[22]inanareatoavoidmechanicaldamage.Thecurrentdensity
requiredforprotectionisafunctionofvelocityandconsideredwhenselectingthecurrent
capacityandlocationofanodeplacementonthehull.

Someshipsmayrequirespecialisttreatment,forexamplealuminiumhullswithsteel
fixtureswillcreateanelectrochemicalcellwherethealuminiumhullcanactasagalvanic
anodeandcorrosionisenhanced.Incaseslikethis,aluminiumorzincgalvanicanodes
canbeusedtooffsetthepotentialdifferencebetweenthealuminiumhullandthesteel
fixture.[23]Ifthesteelfixturesarelarge,severalgalvanicanodesmayberequired,oreven
asmallICCPsystem.
Marine

Marinecathodicprotectioncoversmanyareas,jetties,harbors,offshorestructures.The
varietyofdifferenttypesofstructureleadstoavarietyofsystemstoprovideprotection.
Galvanicanodesarefavored,[24]butICCPcanalsooftenbeused.Becauseofthewide
varietyofstructuregeometry,composition,andarchitecture,specializedfirmsareoften
requiredtoengineerstructurespecificcathodicprotectionsystems.Sometimesmarine
structuresrequireretroactivemodificationtobeeffectivelyprotected[25]

Steelinconcrete

Theapplicationtoconcretereinforcementisslightlydifferentinthattheanodesand
referenceelectrodesareusuallyembeddedintheconcreteatthetimeofconstructionwhen
theconcreteisbeingpoured.Theusualtechniqueforconcretebuildings,bridgesand
similarstructuresistouseICCP,[26]buttherearesystemsavailablethatusetheprinciple
ofgalvaniccathodicprotectionaswell,[27][28][29]althoughintheUKatleast,theuseof
galvanicanodesforatmosphericallyexposedreinforcedconcretestructuresisconsidered
experimental.[30]
ForICCP,theprincipleisthesameasanyotherICCPsystem.However,inatypical
atmosphericallyexposedconcretestructuresuchasabridge,therewillbemanymore
anodesdistributedthroughthestructureasopposedtoanarrayofanodesasusedona
pipeline.Thismakesforamorecomplicatedsystemandusuallyanautomatically
controlledDCpowersourceisused,possiblywithanoptionforremotemonitoringand
operation.[31]Forburiedorsubmergedstructures,thetreatmentissimilartothatofany
otherburiedorsubmergedstructure.

Galvanicsystemsoffertheadvantageofbeingeasiertoretrofitanddonotneedany
controlsystemsasICCPdoes.

Forpipelinesconstructedfromprestressedconcretecylinderpipe(PCCP),thetechniques
usedforcathodicprotectionaregenerallyasforsteelpipelinesexceptthattheapplied
potentialmustbelimitedtopreventdamagetotheprestressingwire.[32]

ThesteelwireinaPCCPpipelineisstressedtothepointthatanycorrosionofthewire
canresultinfailure.Anadditionalproblemisthatanyexcessivehydrogenionsasaresult
ofanexcessivelynegativepotentialcancausehydrogenembrittlementofthewire,also
resultinginfailure.Thefailureoftoomanywireswillresultincatastrophicfailureofthe
PCCP.[33]ToimplementICCPthereforerequiresverycarefulcontroltoensure
satisfactoryprotection.Asimpleroptionistousegalvanicanodes,whichareselflimiting
andneednocontrol.[34]

Internalcathodicprotection

Vessels,pipelinesandtankswhichareusedtostoreortransportliquidscanalsobe
protectedfromcorrosionontheirinternalsurfacesbytheuseofcathodicprotection.[35]
ICCPandgalvanicsystemscanbeused.[36]Acommonapplicationofinternalcathodic
protectioniswaterstoragetanksandpowerplantshellandtubeheatexchangers.

Galvanizedsteel

Galvanizinggenerallyreferstohotdipgalvanizingwhichisawayofcoatingsteelwitha
layerofmetalliczincortin.Galvanizedcoatingsarequitedurableinmostenvironments
becausetheycombinethebarrierpropertiesofacoatingwithsomeofthebenefitsof
cathodicprotection.Ifthezinccoatingisscratchedorotherwiselocallydamagedandsteel
isexposed,thesurroundingareasofzinccoatingformagalvaniccellwiththeexposed
steelandprotectitfromcorrosion.Thisisaformoflocalizedcathodicprotectionthe
zincactsasasacrificialanode.

Galvanizing,whileusingtheelectrochemicalprincipleofcathodicprotection,isnot
actuallycathodicprotection.Cathodicprotectionrequirestheanodetobeseparatefrom
themetalsurfacetobeprotected,withanionicconnectionthroughtheelectrolyteandan
electronconnectionthroughaconnectingcable,boltorsimilar.Thismeansthatanyarea
oftheprotectedstructurewithintheelectrolytecanbeprotected,whereasinthecaseof
galvanizing,onlyareasveryclosetothezincareprotected.Hence,alargerareaofbare
steelwouldonlybeprotectedaroundtheedges.

Automobiles

Severalcompaniesmarketelectronicdevicesclaimingtomitigatecorrosionfor
automobilesandtrucks.[37]Corrosioncontrolprofessionalsfindtheydonotwork.[38]
Thereisnopeerreviewedscientifictestingandvalidationsupportingtheuseofthe
devices.In1996theFTCorderedDavidMcCready,apersonthatsolddevicesclaimingto
protectcarsfromcorrosion,topayrestitutionandbannedthenames"RustBuster"and
"RustEvader."[39]
Testing
Electrodepotentialismeasuredwithreferenceelectrodes.Coppercoppersulphate
electrodesareusedforstructuresincontactwithsoilorfreshwater.Silver/silver
chloride/seawaterelectrodesorpurezincelectrodesareusedforseawaterapplications.
ThemethodsaredescribedinEN13509:2003andNACETM0497alongwiththesources
oferror[40]inthevoltagethatappearsonthedisplayofthemeter.Interpretationof
electrodepotentialmeasurementstodeterminethepotentialattheinterfacebetweenthe
anodeofthecorrosioncellandtheelectrolyterequirestraining[41]andcannotbeexpected
tomatchtheaccuracyofmeasurementsdoneinlaboratorywork.

Problems
Productionofhydrogen

Asideeffectofimproperlyappliedcathodicprotectionistheproductionofatomic
hydrogen,[42]leadingtoitsabsorptionintheprotectedmetalandsubsequenthydrogen
embrittlementofweldsandmaterialswithhighhardness.Undernormalconditions,the
atomichydrogenwillcombineatthemetalsurfacetocreatehydrogengas,whichcannot
penetratethemetal.Hydrogenatoms,however,aresmallenoughtopassthroughthe
crystallinesteelstructure,andleadinsomecasestohydrogenembrittlement.

Cathodicdisbonding

Thisisaprocessofdisbondmentofprotectivecoatingsfromtheprotectedstructure
(cathode)duetotheformationofhydrogenionsoverthesurfaceoftheprotectedmaterial
(cathode).[43]Disbondingcanbeexacerbatedbyanincreaseinalkaliionsandanincrease
incathodicpolarization.[44]Thedegreeofdisbondingisalsoreliantonthetypeofcoating,
withsomecoatingsaffectedmorethanothers.[45]Cathodicprotectionsystemsshouldbe
operatedsothatthestructuredoesnotbecomeexcessivelypolarized,[46]sincethisalso
promotesdisbondingduetoexcessivelynegativepotentials.Cathodicdisbondingoccurs
rapidlyinpipelinesthatcontainhotfluidsbecausetheprocessisacceleratedbyheatflow.

Cathodicshielding
Effectivenessofcathodicprotection(CP)systemsonsteelpipelinescanbeimpairedby
theuseofsolidfilmbackeddielectriccoatingssuchaspolyethylenetapes,shrinkable
pipelinesleeves,andfactoryappliedsingleormultiplesolidfilmcoatings.This
phenomenonoccursbecauseofthehighelectricalresistivityofthesefilmbackings.[47]
Protectiveelectriccurrentfromthecathodicprotectionsystemisblockedorshieldedfrom
reachingtheunderlyingmetalbythehighlyresistivefilmbacking.Cathodicshieldingwas
firstdefinedinthe1980sasbeingaproblem,andtechnicalpapersonthesubjecthave
beenregularlypublishedsincethen.

A1999report[48]concerninga20,600bbl(3,280m3)spillfromaSaskatchewancrudeoil
linecontainsanexcellentdefinitionofthecathodicshieldingproblem:

"Thetriplesituationofdisbondmentofthe(corrosion)coating,thedielectricnature
ofthecoatingandtheuniqueelectrochemicalenvironmentestablishedunderthe
exteriorcoating,whichactsasashieldtotheelectricalCPcurrent,isreferredtoas
CPshielding.Thecombinationoftentinganddisbondmentpermitsacorrosive
environmentaroundtheoutsideofthepipetoenterintothevoidbetweenthe
exteriorcoatingandthepipesurface.WiththedevelopmentofthisCPshielding
phenomenon,impressedcurrentfromtheCPsystemcannotaccessexposedmetal
undertheexteriorcoatingtoprotectthepipesurfacefromtheconsequencesofan
aggressivecorrosiveenvironment.TheCPshieldingphenomenoninduceschanges
 inthepotentialgradientoftheCPsystemacrosstheexteriorcoating,whichare
furtherpronouncedinareasofinsufficientorsubstandardCPcurrentemanating
fromthepipeline'sCPsystem.Thisproducesanareaonthepipelineofinsufficient
CPdefenseagainstmetallossaggravatedbyanexteriorcorrosiveenvironment."

Cathodicshieldingisreferencedinanumberofthestandardslistedbelow.Newlyissued
USDOTregulationTitle49CFR192.112(http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR2009title4
9vol3/pdf/CFR2009title49vol3sec192112.pdf),inthesectionforAdditionaldesign
requirementsforsteelpipeusingalternativemaximumallowableoperatingpressure
requiresthat"Thepipemustbeprotectedagainstexternalcorrosionbyanonshielding
coating"(seecoatingssectiononstandard).Also,theNACESP0169:2007standard
definesshieldinginsection2,cautionsagainsttheuseofmaterialsthatcreateelectrical
shieldinginsection4.2.3,cautionsagainstuseofexternalcoatingsthatcreateelectrical
shieldinginsection5.1.2.3,andinstructsreaderstotake'appropriateaction'whenthe
effectsofelectricalshieldingofcathodicprotectioncurrentaredetectedonanoperating
pipelineinsection10.9.

Standards
49CFR192.451RequirementsforCorrosionControlTransportationofnatural
andothergasbypipeline:USminimumfederalsafetystandards
49CFR195.551RequirementsforCorrosionControlTransportationof
hazardousliquidsbypipelines:USminimumfederalsafetystandards
AS2832.4AustralianStandardforCathodicProtection
ASMEB31Q00010191
ASTMG8,G42EvaluatingCathodicDisbondmentresistanceofcoatings
DNVRPB401CathodicProtectionDesignDetNorskeVeritas
EN12068:1999Cathodicprotection.Externalorganiccoatingsforthecorrosion
protectionofburiedorimmersedsteelpipelinesusedinconjunctionwithcathodic
protection.Tapesandshrinkablematerials
EN12473:2000Generalprinciplesofcathodicprotectioninseawater
EN12474:2001Cathodicprotectionforsubmarinepipelines
EN12495:2000Cathodicprotectionforfixedsteeloffshorestructures
EN12499:2003Internalcathodicprotectionofmetallicstructures
EN12696:2012Cathodicprotectionofsteelinconcrete
EN12954:2001Cathodicprotectionofburiedorimmersedmetallicstructures.
Generalprinciplesandapplicationforpipelines
EN13173:2001Cathodicprotectionforsteeloffshorefloatingstructures
EN13174:2001Cathodicprotectionfor"HarbourInstallations".
EN13509:2003Cathodicprotectionmeasurementtechniques
EN13636:2004Cathodicprotectionofburiedmetallictanksandrelatedpiping
 EN14505:2005Cathodicprotectionofcomplexstructures
EN15112:2006Externalcathodicprotectionofwellcasing
EN152802013Evaluationofa.c.corrosionlikelihoodofburiedpipelines
EN50162:2004Protectionagainstcorrosionbystraycurrentfromdirectcurrent
systems
BS73611:1991CathodicProtection
NACESP0169:2013ControlofExternalCorrosiononUndergroundor
SubmergedMetallicPipingSystems
NACETM0497MeasurementTechniquesRelatedtoCriteriaforCathodic
ProtectiononUndergroundorSubmergedMetallicPipingSystems

Seealso
Anodicprotection
WikimediaCommonshas
Sacrificialmetal mediarelatedtoCathodic
Wettingvoltage protection.
Redox

Notes
 1.Peabodyp.6
2.Davy,citedinAshworth1994
3.Ashworth,10:3
4.Baeckmann,Schwenck&Prinz,p.12
5.Scherer,38(27),179citedinBaeckman
6.RobertJ.Kuhn,CathodicProtectionofUndergroundPipeLinesfromSoilCorrosion,API
Proceedings,Nov.1933,Vol.14,p157
7.NaturalResourcesCanadaRetrieved23JAN2012([1](http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/mineralsmeta
ls/materialstechnology/picon/3149))Archived(https://web.archive.org/web/20130106080642/
http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/mineralsmetals/materialstechnology/picon/3149)January6,2013,at
theWaybackMachine.
8.Robergep.871
9.ASTMB41816StandardSpecificationforCastandWroughtGalvanicZincAnodes
10.ASTMB84313StandardSpecificationforMagnesiumAlloyAnodesforCathodicProtection
11.ASTMF118207(2013)StandardSpecificationforAnodes,SacrificialZincAlloy
12.Peabodyp.304
13.Ashworth10:10
14.Robergep.880
15.Peabodyp.158
16.Baeckmann,Schwenck&Prinz,p.233
17.Peabodyp.22
18.Peabodyp.132
19.Peabodyp.32
20.BS73611:1991Sect.6.2
21.BS73611:1991Sect.6.2.1.2
22.CP2CathodicProtectionTechnicianMaritimeStudentManualNACEInternational,July
2009,pg311
23.EN12473:2000Sect.8.3.1
24.Robergep.876
25.Brittonp.1
26.Ashworthetal10:82
27.Covinoetal/
28.Daily
29.HighwaysAgencySect.4.8
30.HighwaysAgencySect.2.1
31.HighwaysAgencySect.4.5
32.NACERP01002000Sect.5.2.5
33.Gummow
34.NACERP01002000Sect.5.4
35.EN12499:2003
36.Ashworthetal10:112
37.CounterActatCanadianTireretailer(http://www.canadiantire.ca/en/pdp/counteractelectronic
rustprotectionsystem0477905p.html)
38.NACEInternationalArticleElectronicRustPrevention(http://www.nace.org/StarterApps/Wik
i/Dynamic.aspx?id=367&__taxonomyid=225)
 39.FederalTradeCommissionPressRelease(http://www.ftc.gov/newsevents/pressreleases/199
6/07/rustevaderinventorsettlesftccharges)
40.NACETM0497Section5.8
41.NACETM0497Section1.2
42.FundamentalsofElectrochemicalCorrosion(https://books.google.com/books?id=baHwfLpW
pP8C&pg=PA174),p.174,atGoogleBooks
43.RobergeSect.11.4.1,p.886
44.Baeckmann,Schwenck&Prinz,p.167
45.Baeckmann,Schwenck&Prinz,p.168
46.Peabodyp.37
47.NACEInternationalPaper09043
48.TransportationSafetyBoardofCanada

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Externallinks
NACEInternational(https://web.archive.org/web/20110510032653/http://events.na
ce.org/library/corrosion/CP/introduction.asp)(formerlytheNationalAssociationof
CorrosionEngineers)IntroductiontoCathodicProtection
 InstituteofCorrosion(http://www.icorr.org/)AtechnicalsocietybasedintheUK
Glossary(https://web.archive.org/web/20111007150828/http://events.nace.org/librar
y/corrosion/glossaryletters/Introduction.asp)Acomprehensiveglossaryof
cathodicprotectionandcorrosionterms
CathodicProtection(http://www.corrosionist.com/corrosion_control_methods_cath
odic_protection.htm)CathodicProtectionTheoryandusefuldocumentson
CathodicProtection
CathodicProtection101(http://www.cathodicprotection101.com/)Cathodic
Protection101,abeginner'sguide
NationalPhysicsLaboratory(http://www.npl.co.uk/upload/pdf/cathodic_protection.
pdf)Shortintroductorypaperoncathodicprotection
USDOTCFR192.112(http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR2009title49vol3/pdf/C
FR2009title49vol3sec192112.pdf)USDOTregulationsCFR192.112requiring
theuseonnonshieldingcorrosioncoatingsystemsonsteelpipeusingalternative
maximumallowableoperationpressure.
OffshoreCathodicProtectionMethods(http://stoprust.com/technicalpapers/27offs
horeplatformcpsurvey/)Offshorespecificcathodicprotectionmethods

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Categories: Chemicalprocesses Corrosionprevention Hydrogentechnologies

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