CE331,Spring2011 AnalysisofSteelBracedFrameBldg 1/11

Checkthestrengthofeachtypeofmemberintheonestorysteelframebuildingbelow.

20f
A B
4@8ft
1

SideElevation
3@25ft

4
Plan View
Fy =50ksi allmembers
32ft Fu=65ksi

Shape
Purlins W12x40
20ft Girders W21x44
Columns W16x36

FrontElevation

Loads: LoadCombinations:
3.5thicklightweightconcreteslab(unit 1.2D+1.6L
weight=120pcf) 1.2D+1.6W
LL=40psf
WL=30psf


CE331,Spring2011 AnalysisofSteelBracedFrameBldg 2/11

Identifypurlins(orjoists)andgirders.TheroofdeckshownbelowissupportedbytheZ
shapedpurlins,whichruntransversetothedeckcorrugations(seeexplodedbuildinginfigure
below).FortheexampleonPage1,theownerwantstoaddanotherstoryatalaterdate,so
theroofisa3.5inchthickconcretefloorslab.Floorsaresupportedbyjoists(inthiscase
W12x40steelwideflangebeams).Thejoistsareinturnsupportedbythegirders,whichrun
transversetothejoists.Thegirdersaresupportedattheirendsbythecolumns.

A 4@8ft B

1 Firstofall,theHshapedsymbolsrepresentthe
columns.
wtrib

InthePlanViewatleft,weseethatsomeofthe
verticalmembersinthesketchareattached
2 directlytocolumns,
3@25ft

butthatsomeoftheverticalmembersareattached
attheirendstootherbeams.

3 Theendsofthehorizontalmembers,ontheother
hand,allattachtocolumns.

Therefore,thehorizontalmembersinthesketchare
girders,andtheverticalmembersarejoists.
4
PlanView

CE331,Spring2011 AnalysisofSteelBracedFrameBldg 3/11

JoistmaxMu
Thejoistsarethreespancontinuousbeams.Loadingallofthespansofacontinuousbeammay
notcausethemaximumbendingmoment.Althoughthepositionofthedeadloadisgiven,the
positionofliveloadisvariableandthestructuralengineermustdeterminetheloadingcausing
themaximumbendingmoment.

Onewayofdeterminingtheloadingcausingthemaximumbendingmomentistoapplyall
possibleloadconfigurations,oneatatime,andselecttheloadingcausingthemaximumeffect.
Inthisclasswewilltakeashortcutthatprovidesthesameanswermostofthetime:wewill
assumethatthelocationofthemaximumbendingmomentduetodeadplusliveloadsisthe
locationwiththemaximumbendingmomentduetodeadloads.
LocationofmaxMD+L=LocationofmaxMD
Thestatementaboveistrueforcontinuousbeamswithequalspanlengths.

Ourprocedureforcalculatingthemaximummomentduetofactoredloadswillbe:
1. Applythedeadloadtoallspansandcalculatethemoment(MD)usingchartsfromthe
AISCmanual
2a.AssumethatthelocationofthemaxMD+L=thelocationofthemaxMD.Drawthe
influencediagramformomentforthislocation.
2b.Applytheliveloadtothespansindicatedbytheinfluencediagramandcalculatethe
moment(ML)usingtheAISCcharts.
3. CalculateMufrom1.2MD+1.6ML.

1.DeadLoads:
3@25ft
weightofslab=3.5/12/x120pcf=35psf
selfweightofW12x40joist=40plf
wtinplf

Trib. wD
Width* LoadonJoist
slab 35psf 8ft =(35psf)(8ft)=0.280klf

Joists 40plf =0.040klf
0.080wL2
D
w ==0.320klf 0.025wL2
MD,k
*seesketchonbottomofPg.2

0.100wL2=20.0kft

MaxMD=0.100wL2fromAISCcharts
MD=0.100(0.320klf)(25ft)2 MD=20.0kft

CE331,Spring2011 AnalysisofSteelBracedFrameBldg 4/11

2.LiveLoads:

AssumeAT=areasupportedbyonespanofthejoist(conservative)
15
LLreduc _ factor = 0.25 + , 0.4 LLreduction 1.0(pg143FEReference)
k A
LL T
k LL = 2 (beams)

AT = tributary area ofjoist = (8 ft )(25 ft ) = 200 sf

LLreduc _ factor = 0.25 + = 1.00
15

(2) (200 sf )

Therefore
wL=(LLreduc_factor)(LL)(tributarywidth)=(1.0)(40.0psf)(8ft)/(1000lb/k)=0.320klf

2a.AssumemaxMD+LoccursatlocationofmaxMD

InfluenceDiagramforMatSupport2:


wLL
2b.Spanloadingtocausemax.MatSupport




maxML=0.1167(0.320klf)(25ft)2=23.3kft MLL

0.1167wL2 =23.3kft

ML=23.3kft
3.Mu=momentduetofactoredloads

UseLoadCombinationforgravityloads(deadandliveloads)frompage1:1.2D+1.6L

Mu=1.2(20.0kft)+1.6(23.3kft) Mu=61.3kft

CE331,Spring2011 AnalysisofSteelBracedFrameBldg 5/11

Joistunitycheck
Theunitycheckistheratioofthedemand(Muinthiscase)overcapacity(Mn)
isthestrengthreductionfactorforflexure,andMnisthenominalflexurestrength.Mnis
calledtheavailableflexurestrength.
Wewillconsidertwofailuremodesforsteelbeams:
materialfailure(yielding)and
buckling(lateraltorsionalbucklingorLTB)inwhichthecompressionflangebuckles
laterallyandcausesthebeamtotwist.
Thecontrollingfailuremodedependsonthelateralunbracedlengthofthebeams
compressionflange,Lb.Largeunbracedlengthsleadtostabilityfailure(LTB).Iftheunbraced
lengthisshortenoughtopreventLTB,thenthebeamscrosssectionwillyieldcompletely
formingaplastichingeinthebeam.TheavailableplasticmomentstrengthisdenotedMp.

TheequationsfromtheFEReference
forcalculatingMnareshownat
right(pg150):

Sincethejoistcompressionflangeisbracedlaterallycontinuouslybytheroofdiaphragm,Lb=0.
So:Lb=0<LpandMn=Mp

Mp=214kft,[AISCTable32,pg154FERef.]

Mu 61.3k ft
U .C. = = = 0.29 < 1.0, OK
M n 214k ft


CE331,Spring2011 AnalysisofSteelBracedFrameBldg 6/11

GirdermaxMu
Sinceallofthegirdersarethesamesize,thegirderwiththelargestunitycheckwillbethe
girderwiththelargestloads.Therefore,analyzeagirderfroman
interiorframe.Theloadsonthisgirderareindicatedinthesketch
below,where
Pext=theloadsonthegirderfromexteriorjoistsand
Pint=theloadsonthegirderfrominteriorjoists

4@8ft
8
Pext Pint Pint Pint Pext

Atribforloadon 25
girderfrom
exteriorjoist

Atribforloadon
girderfrom

interiorjoist

Thetributaryareasusedtocalculatetheseloadsareshowninthesketchatright.Sinceonly
theinteriorloadswillcausebendingofthegirderforthisexample,weonlyneedtocalculate
Pint.

DeadLoads:

weightofslab=35psf
selfweightofjoist=40plf
selfweightofW21x44girder=44plf
wtinplf

Trib.Areaor
Trib.Length LoadonJoist
slab 35psf =(8ft)(25ft)=200sf =(35psf)(200sf)=7.00k

Joists 40plf 25ft =(40plf)(25ft)=1.00k

Girder 44plf 8ft =(44plf)(8ft)=0.352k
PD==8.35k

CE331,Spring2011 AnalysisofSteelBracedFrameBldg 7/11

LiveLoads:
Sincethegirderisasinglespan,thereisnoneedtoconsiderspanloadpatternsforliveload.

Forliveloadreduction,tributaryarea(At)equalstributarywidth(25)timesthespanlength
(32).
At=25ftx32ft=800sf
15 18k 18k 18k
LLreduction = 0.25 + = 0.625 (between
sf
(2) (800 )
0.4and1.0,OK) 27k 27k

PL=(40psf)(0.625)(25ft)(8ft)=5.0k 27k
9k
Mu: V
8
k k k
Pu=1.2(8.35 )+1.6(5.0 )=18.0
288kft

Afterdrawingtheshearandmomentdiagrams(at
right), M

Mu=288kft

Girderunitycheck
Usethesameequationsonpg150oftheFEreferenceaswereusedforthejoist.
Thetopflangeofthesimplyconnectedgirderisincompression.Thejoistsareconnectedto
thetopflangeofthegirderandprovidelateralrestraint.Thereforetheunbracedlengthofthe
compressionflange,Lb,equals8ft.
Lp=4.45ft,Lr=13.0ft[AISCTable32,pg154FERef.]
Lp<(Lb=8ft)<Lr
Mn=Cb[MpBF(LbLp)]<Mp

Cb=1.0(alwaysforthisclass)
Mp=358kft[AISCTable32,pg154FERef.]
BF=16.8k[AISCTable32,pg154FERef.]
Mn=(1)[358kft16.8k(8ft4.45ft] [pg150,FERef.]
Mn=298kft(<358kft=Mp)

Mu 288k ft
UC = = =0.97<1,OK
M n 298k ft

CE331,Spring2011 AnalysisofSteelBracedFrameBldg 8/11

ColumnmaxPu(criticalcolumn=interiorcolumn)

DeadLoads:
weightofslab=35psf
wtjoists=40plf
wtgirder=44plf
16

25

Trib.Areaor
Trib.Length n LoadonJoist
slab 35psf =(16ft)(25ft)=400sf =(35psf)(400sf)=14.00k

Joists 40plf 25ft 2.5 =(40plf)(25ft)(2.5joists)=2.50k

Girder 44plf 16ft =(44plf)(16ft)=0.704k
PD==17.20k

LiveLoads:

At=(32'/2)(25)=400sf

LL reduction = 0.25 + = 0.625
15

( 4) ( 400 sf )

PL=(40psf)(0.625)(400sf)=10.0k

Pu=1.2(17.2k)+1.6(10.0k) Pu=36.6k

CE331,Spring2011 AnalysisofSteelBracedFrameBldg 9/11

Columnunitycheck

UnbracedLengths:
Theaxialstrengthofthecolumndependsonitsunbracedlengths.Thecolumnisbracedonat
itsendsforbucklingaboutitsX(strong)axis(seefiguresbelow).Thegirtbracesthecolumnat
midheightforbucklingaboutitsY(weak)axis.Therefore,Lu_x=20ft,andLu_y=10ft.

Y(weakaxis)

X(strongaxis)

Lu_y Y

Lu_x
X

BucklingaboutX BucklingaboutY
(strong)axis (weak)axis


CE331,Spring2011 AnalysisofSteelBracedFrameBldg 10/11

TherelevantsectionpropertiesforthecolumncanbelookedupinatableintheFEReference.

A = 10.6 in 2 , rx = 6.51in , ry = 1.52 in , [Table1 1,pg153FE Refer]

Thecolumnbucklingstrengthisafunctionoftheslendernessratio(KL/r);thehigherthe
slendernessratio,thelowerthebucklingstrength.Theslendernessratiomustbecalculated
forbucklingabouteachaxis,withthelargestslendernessratiocontrolling.
ft 12 in
(1.0)(20 )
k x Lu _ x 1 ft
= = 36.9
rx 6.51in
in

ft 12
(1.0)(10 )
k y Lu _ y 1 ft
= = 78.9 controls
ry 1.52 in
KL/r=79(roundup)

Fcr=28.5ksi[AISCTable422,pg157FERef.]

Pn=FcrA=(28.5ksi)(10.6in2)=302k

Pu 36.6 k
UC = = = 0.12 <1.0,OK(butoverdesigned)
Pn 302k

EndWallCrossBracingmaxTuduetoWindLoads

Letsfollowthewindloadsappliedtoalongwallofthebuilding(seesketchbelow).Assume
thatthewallactslikeasimplysupportedbeamspanningbetweenthefoundationsonthe
bottomandtheroofdiaphragmonthetop,thenhalfofthewindloadgoestothefoundations
alongthebottomofthewall,andtheotherhalfisdistributedtotheroofdiaphragm.

RoofDiaphragm

WindLoad

WindLoad
Foundation

EndWall

Theroofdiaphragmactslikeabeaminthehorizontalplane:itsupportsthedistributedload
fromthetopofthewall,andisinturnsupportedatitsendsbytheendwalls.Assumethatonly
CE331,Spring2011 AnalysisofSteelBracedFrameBldg 11/11

theendwallsarebracedagainstsidesway(xbracingontheinternalframeswouldrestrictthe
useofthebuilding).Thenhalfofthewindloadtotheroofdiaphragmisappliedtothetopof
eachendwall.

Theendwallactslikeaverticalcantileverbeam:thehorizontalforceappliedtoitsfreeend
resultsinahorizontalreactionatitsbaseandacouple(calledtheoverturningmomentdue
towindload).Ratherthanspecifyonediagonalbracethatcancarrytensionorcompression
(dependingonthewinddirection),structuralengineersusuallyspecifyxbracingandassume
thatthediagonalbraceincompressionbuckleselastically.Thereforethehorizontalwindload
atthetopoftheendwallisresistedbythehorizontalcomponentofthetensiondiagonal
brace.

Theportionofthelongwallareathatcollectsthewindloaddistributedtothetopofanend
wallisindicatedinthesketchbelow.

wallareacollectingwindload
appliedtoleftendwall h/2

Lbldg/2


IsometricView

Forthecurrentexample,theforceatthetopoftheendwallduetofactoredwindload(see
loadcombinationonPage1)is:

h Length of Bldg 20' 75'

PUWend wall = (1.6)(WL)( col )( ) = (1.6)(30 psf )( )( ) = 18.0 k
2 2 2 2

18kC

k
37.7ft
21.2 T ft
20

32ft
EndWallElevation

Thetensionforceinthediagonalbraceduetofactoredwindloadsistherefore:
TUendwallbrace=(18k)(37.7ft/32ft) TUendwallbrace=21.2k