LIE TItANS.

INT1O( N5 ON iN 1USlTRY (AND

A ) N AItAl, APPLJ AIA.INS,4 V(O).I-A-0, No. 5, 5LPLEMB1C1L/OCTOBEI{ 19695 501

Interpretation of New American National

Standards for Power Circuit Breaker
0 0

Applications
WALTER, C. HUENING, .JR., SENIOR MIEMBi3ER, IEEE

Abstract-A specific interpretation of the new American National plant power systeims. 'IlheirocedulC dlescribet also applies
Standard application guides for ac high-voltage circuit breakers, as for other types of (ircuit breakers land higher voltaiges.
an aid to obtaining uniform results when making short-circuit
studies of industrial-plant power systems is described. A technique Circuit breaker ap)licattiOIS a11re based oni American Na-
is introduced for interpolation when the major sources of industrial- tionial Standard application guides for acy high-voltage
plant short-circuit current include both local generators and a tie circuit breakers, (37.010-1964 [IO] and C37.5-19XX ('tow
from the utility. a, proposal, buit atccel)tance atnd pubilication are probable
in the near futuire) [13 ].
INTROU ) IJCTION Stanidard 0/37.010-1-964 [10] applies for symmetrical-
cturrent-rated cir-cuIit breakers, ratted and(l tested accordinig
1-iHE TI.IE is last atpi)roacluig whenil ltewer Amliericant to aipplicable Standurds (137.04 tlhrough C37.09 [2]-[9).
Nation-al Staindard iapplic)lltio guides (puiblications of StaiidardI C37.5-19XX [ 1 applies for similar total-culr-
N
the Americani National Standalruds Institute, Inc., fornmerly rent-rated circuit breakers, asymmetrically rated accord-
USASI or ASA) will supersedc thie standtard aipplication ing to eatrlier standards, ats listed in current and superseded
guide which is the basis floi short-circuittcalculatiolns revisions of Standard 037.6 [12].
familiair to n-illoy industri. )1ptant, power-systemn elngilleers The iiiitial public'ation dtate for most Am{ericai National
who apply mediium-voltatige circuit breakers. The nIew Staindards fron C037.04 through C37.010 is 1964. AMost
tlpplication guides defi te short-circuit ctalculations wlhiel circuit bretakers of the sizes lsed in industrial plants have
ar e nmodified, sometimes to a considerable degree. [or silice undl(le'rgoIne r'atilng changes and are nIow being matnu-
induistrial-planit systens, short-circuit duties btased onl the factured with rat;itgs based oni the exew stanidards.
new stanidard lapplication guitles ofteni can11 be nmet only The scope:of this paper is linited to the calculationL of
wxith new American Natioinal Standard circuit brealkrs of itndustrial power-system short-circuit duties anid the
larger sizes than those previously usedl. selection of circuiit breakers that meet these duties.
This paper specifically describes the applicaltions of It is assumed that the recader is fanmiliar with other circuit-
indoor oilless ac high-voltage circuit breaketrs at voltages breaker applicatiotn considerations such as voltage, coii-
from 1 to 34.5 kV, coveringg a large number of industrial- tiniuous current,7 environment, anid abinormal service.
Details are covered in Standard C37.010-1964 [10]. It is
Paper 69 TP 146-IWA, approved by the Irndustri-al and CoiI1mer- also assumred that the user is familiar with genieral ap-
cial Power Systemns Committee of the IEEE IGA Group for preseni- )roaches used in applying circuit breakers and with power-
tation at the 1969 IEEE Industry anid Genieral Applicationrs Group
Annual Meetinig, Detroit, Mich., October 12-16. Manuscript received system short-circuit analysis. The calculatintg procedures
October 12, 1969.
The author is with the (General Electric Coiiipaniy, Schenlectady, uised here provide estimates of slhort-circuit currents for
N. Y. 12305. three-phase faaults. For cases where line-to-ground faults
502 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY AND GENERAL APPLICATIONS, SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1969

may result in higher currents, other calculations are re- 3.0 - TOTAL CURRENT-A WHOLLY OFFSET
\ ASYMMETRICAL ALTERNATING WAVE
quired as indicated in the standard application guides. 2.5 2
RMS VALUE OF TOTAL CURRENT
I

Such cases are unusual in industrial-plant power systems. ALTERNATING COMPONENT-A SYMMETRICAL WAVE

In interpreting Standards C37.010-1964 and C37.5- / RMS VALUE OF ALTERNATING COMPONENT

-,I / / [I\ DIRECT COMPONENT-THE AXIS OF
19XX [10], [13] this paper sometimes defines a single IV)
i | /
/ / | \ / Tlul7 AC VAiLARCrT l--AI /A

course of action where the reference guides are less specific. D

The purpose is to improve the uniformity of calculation 5

z
results obtained by different engineers.
0.5-

SHORT-CIRCUIT DUTIES AND n

0

CIRCUIT-BREAKER CAPABILITIES 4
C~~~~~~~~~~~~~
During a power-system three-phase fault the most
severe of the short-circuit currents in the three phases may
have the maximum possible offset. Fig. 1 illustrates a / ~~~~~~~~~TIME
IN CYCLES
short-circuit current with this characteristic. The current OF A 60 CPS WAVE

is analyzed as though it included an ac component at

system frequency, called the symmetrical current, and a
dc component. The ac component is symmetrical about an Fig. 1. Structure of asymmetrical short-circuit current wave.
axis halfway between the positive and negative envelopes
of the total current. The dc component, causing the total
3. -.-
current to be asymmetrical, is the offset of the axis of ac
symmetry. The initial dc-component magnitude (at time
equal to zero) for the most severe short-circuit current 2. _ a__
_ __-
qk-% ~ ~ ~
will have a magnitude equal to the peak magnitude of the 04 TO
ac component; thus it will be the square root of 2 times -4z
the initial rms magnitude of the ac component.
The magnitude of the symmetrical current (ac com- U
\I
ponent) may remain essentially constant at its initial DSYM
value or it may reduce with time, usually toward a 0 0- - I
- I....L...
2
- 3 4
significant residual ac-current magnitude. Short-circuit TIME IN CYCLES
currents from remote sources usually are considered to have Fig. 2. Rms current variations of short-circuit current wave.
essentially constant symmetrical-current magnitudes. This
paper identifies these as NACD (no ac decay) sources,
borrowing nomenclature from the appendix of Standard also to the evaluation of circuit-breaker short-circuit
C37.010-1964 [10 ]. Short-circuit currents from nearby elec- capabilities by test, so quantities being compared have an
trical rotating machinery will have decaying ac compo- equal basis.
nents. For motors, decaying ac contributions are approxi- With this definition, rms current values are obtained at
mated by varying the reactances representing the machines any particular time. These correlate closely with the true
in the impedance networks used to calculate the short- rms value covering the complete cycle for which the time
circuit currents. is the midpoint. For example, the first-cycle total rms
The dc component always decays toward zero, and the current is closely approximated by using the components
path it follows is approximated by assuming the current is measured at the half-cycle point according to the defini-
an exponential function of the circuit X/R ratio (X/R is tion above.
proportional to L/R, the circuit dc time constant in sec- Circuit-breaker closing and latching capabilities are
onds). For higher X/R ratios the dc component remains expressed as total rms currents and are compared for
appreciable for longer times. circuit-breaker selection against the first-cycle (momen-
Circuit-breaker capabilities are expressed as rms cur- tary) total rms current short-circuit duty imposed by the
rents. The rms current of the short-circuit duty imposed power system.
by the power system is obtained for comparison with cir- Circuit-breaker short-circuit interrupting capabilities
cuit-breaker capabilities. Fig. 2 shows the total and are expressed in terms of the rms current at contact-part-
symmetrical rms currents of Fig. 1. ing time. With the previous rating basis, these are total
The rms of the symmetrical current is the positive rms currents. With the newer rating basis, interrupting
envelope of the ac component divided by the square root of capabilities are expressed in terms of symmetrical rms
2. The rms of the total (asymmetrical) current is the currents. For minimum contact-parting times of three
square root of the sum of the squares of the symmetrical cycles and less the circuit-breaker design is also tested to
rms current and the dc component. This definition applies have the capability for interrupting a higher, related total
not only to the determination of short-circuit duties, but (asymmetrical) rms current.
HUENING: NEW AMERICAN STANDARDS FOR CIRCUIT BREAKER APPLICATIONS 503

TABLE I
SCHEDULE OF PREFERRED RATINGS FOR INDOOR OILLESS CIRCUIT BREAKERS (SYMMETRICAL RATING BASIS)
Identification Rated Values Related Required Cappbilities
Voltage Insulation Level Current Current Values
Rated Witlistand Maximum 3 Sec Closing
Test Voltage Symmet- Short- and
Incat Time Latching
Inter- Current Capa.
Rated rupting Carrying billty
Rated Short- Capability Capa- 1.6K
Contin- Circuit Rated (9) bility Times
Rated
Rated uous Current Rated Per- Rated (10 )
Nominal Nominal Rated Voltage Current (at Initer- missible Maximum K Times Rated Short-
Voltage 3-Phase Maximum Range at Rated rupting Tripping Voltage Short-Circuit Circuit
Class mVA Voltage Factor, Low Impulse 60 Cycles Max k\-) Time Delay, Divided Current Current
Line (1)' Class (2) K Frequency (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) Y by K (10) (11)
No. kV, rms (1) kV, rms (3) kV, rms kV, Crest amp, rmis kA, rms Cycles Sec kV, rms kA, rms kA, rms kA,rms
Col Col Col Col Col Col Col Col Col Col CCot Cot Col Cot
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1 4.16 75 4.76 1.36 19 60 1,200 8.8 5 2 3.5 12 12 19
2 4.16 150 4.76 1.36 19 60 1,200 18 5 2 3.5 24 24 39
3 4.16 250 4.76 1.24 19 60 1,200 29 5 2 3.85 36 36 58
4 4.16 250 4.76 1.24 19 60 2,000 29 5 2 3.85 36 36 58
4A 4.16 350 4.76 1.19 9 6(1 1,200 41 4.0 49 49 78
4B 4.16 350 4.76 1.19 19 60( 31 41 5 2) 4.0 49 49 78
4C 7.2 250 8.25 1.79 30 95 1,200 17 42 .6 30 30 49
4D 7.2 500 8.25 1.25 36 95 1,200 33 5 2) 6.6 41 41 66
4E 7.2 500 8.25 1.25 36 95 2,(000 33 5 6.6 41 41 66
5 13.8 250 15 2.27 36 95 1,200 9.3 5 2 6.6 21 21 34
6 13.8 500 15 1.30 36 95 1,200 18 5 2 11.5 23 23 37
7 13.8 500 15 1.30 36 95 ,2000 18 5 2 11.5 23 23 37
7A 13.8 750 1 l.30 36 95 1,200 28 5 2 11.5 36 36 58
7B 13.8 750 15 1. 3 36 95 2 28 5 o 2 | 11.5 36 36 58

* Numbers in parentiseses refer to the Notes, below.
NOTES:
These ratings were prepared by the EEI-AEIC-NEMA Joint
Committee on Power Circuit Breakers.
For service conditions. definitions. and interpretation of ratings.
tests. and qualifying terms. see American Standards C(37.03-1964.
C37.04-! 964. C37.04a 1 964. C37.09- 1964. and C37.09a- 1964.
These interrupting ratings are for 60-cycle systems. Applica-
tions on 25-cycle systems should receive special consideration.
Current values have been rounded off to the nearest ka except
below 10 ka where two significant figures are used.
(1) For reference only. Figures in col 2 must not be used f!r
evaluation of breaker in any specific application. Actual applica-
tion must be based on rated short-circuit current at rated maxi-
mum voltage and in accordance with Notes 6 and 7.
(2) The voltage rating is based on American Standard Preferred
Voltage Ratings for A-C Systems and Equipment, C84.1-1954, where
applicable, and is the maximum voltage for whichs the breaker is
designed and the upper limit for operation.
(3) The rated voltage range factor, K, is the ratio of rated
maximum voltage to the lowver limit of the range of operating
voltage in which the required symmetrical and asymmetrical in-
terrupting capabilities vary in inverse proportion to the operating
volta,ge.
(4) 1.5 X 40 lAs positive or negative wave. All impulse values
are phase-to-phase and phase-to-ground and across the open
contacts.
(5) The 25-cycle continuous current ratings in amperes are
given herewith following the respective 60-cycle rating: 1,200-
1,400; 2,000-2,250; 3,000-3,500; 4,0004,500; 5,000-5,500.
(6) To obtain the required symmetrical interrupting capability
of a circuit breaker at an operating voltage betwveen 1/K times
rated maximuim voltage and rated maximum voltage, the following
formula shall be uped:
Rxequired Symnmetrical Interrupting Capability -
Rated Short-Circuit Current Rated Maximum Voltage
Operatitng, \ oltage
For operating voltages below 1K times rated maximum voltage,
the required s'ymnietrical interrtupting capability of the circuit
breaker shall be equial to K tinmes rated sliort-circuiit current.
(7) WVith the limitation stated in 04-4.5 of American Standard
C37.04-1964, all values apply for polyphlase and line-to-line faults.
For single phase-to-ground faults. the specific conditians stated in
04-4.5.2.3 of American Standard C37.04-1964 apply.
(8) The ratings in this column are on a 60-cycle basis and are
the maximum tirne interval to be expected dluring a breaker open-
ing opteration between the instant of entrgizing the trip circuit
antI interruiption of Lhe main circuit on the primnar arcing con-
tacts under certain specified conditions. Th e values may le ex-
(-eeded under certain conditions as specified in 04-4.8 of American
Standard C37.04-1964.
(9) Current values in this column are not to be exceeded even
for operating voltages below 1/K times rated maximum voltage.
For voltages between rated maximum voltage and 1lK tim21es rated
maximum voltage, follow (6) above.
(10) Current values in this column are independent of operat-
ing voltage up to aind including rated niaximum voltage.
(11) If currents are to be expressed in peak amperes, multiply
values in this column by a factor of 1.69 which is a ratio of
2.7/1.6.
504 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY AND GENERAL APPLICATIONS, SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1969

The time interval between initiation of the short circuit

and contact-parting time consists of tripping delay and
circuit-breaker opening time. When there is no inten-
tionally increased delay, tripping delay is assumed to
be one half-cycle. Rated interrupting time for the circuit
breaker is longer than, but is related to, the contact-
parting time. For standard circuit breakers, contact-part-
ing times are assumed in relation to rated interrupting
time as follows:
rated interrupting time,
cycles at 60 Hz: 8 5 3 2
contact-parting time,
cycles at 60 Hz: 4 3 2 1.5
A circuit breaker manufactured according to standards
is required to have an asymmetrical interrupting capa-
bility that corresponds to its actual minimum contact- 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 CYCLES
parting time and not the minimum contact-parting time 0.006 0.017 0.033 0.050
CIRCUIT BREAKER CONTACT PARTING TIME
0.067 SECONDS

assumed by the standards corresponding to its rated SUM OF l/2 CYCLE TRIPPING DELAY PLUS THE
interrupting time. It is sufficient to use the assumed con- OPENING TIME OF THE INDIVIDUAL BREAKER
REFER TO 04-4.5.2.4(3)
tact-parting time as stated in standards, without allowing Fig. 3. Ratio of circuit-breaker asymmetrical-to-symmetrical
a margin in application for the possibility of a breaker interrupting capabilities. Asymmetrical interrupting capability
= S times symmetrical interrupting capability, both at specified
opening faster, since the manufacturer of a standard circuit operating voltage.
breaker will have provided any margin necessary based
on this assumption.

NEW STANDARD RATINGS

Table I shows the 1968 schedule of standard indoor
oilless symmetrical-current-rated circuit breakers.
The standard rating basis defines the relationship which
must exist between a circuit-breaker symmetrical short-
circuit current capability and its capability to interrupt a
higher total short-circuit current as a function of its
contact-parting time. Fig. 3 illustrates this relationship.
For circuit breakers with five-cycle rated interrupting
times and three-cycle contact-parting times, the sym-
metrical-current-rated circuit breaker will have a capa-
bility to interrupt a total rms current 1.1 times the sym-
metrical interrupting capability. As Fig. 3 shows, the
ratio of asymmetrical to symmetrical interrupting capa-
bility has been defined as ratio S. (S is used later in dis-
cussing circuit-breaker performance.)
Each of the circuit breakers listed in Table I has a ratio RATED MAX VOLTAGE
o- -

S = 1.1. The larger circuit breakers, for use at higher NOMINAL SYSTEM VOLTAGE
voltages, may have shorter rated interrupting times and I<4 ~ ~RATED MAXIMUM VOLTAGE-
a larger number for S.
Fig. 4. Relation of symmetrical interrupting capability, closiig
In Table I (from [5, Table 2 ]) columns 3-10 show capability, latching capability, and carrying capability to rated
circuit-breaker ratings. Rated short-circuit current, which short-circuit current.
applies only at rated maximum voltage, is used to derive
short-circuit interrupting capability at other than rated
maximum voltage using footnote (6). Column 4 shows the
rated voltage range factor K. The table and its footnotes
show the relationships involving K, as shown also in Fig.
4. A constant volt-ampere characteristic governs the
increasing current-interrupting capability as application
HUENING: NEW AMERICAN STANDARDS FOR CIRCUIT BREAKER APPLICATIONS
voltage reduces to a point where the maximum symmetrical
interrupting capability of K times rated short-circuit cur-
rent is reached.
It is necessary to know the application voltage in order
to define a symmetrical current-interrupting capability for
the circuit breaker. Since the application voltage normally
is somewhat less than the rated maximum kV (it cannot
be greater) the symmetrical interrupting capability of the
circuit breaker will exceed its rated short-circuit current.
Once the symmetrical capability has been established, S
may be applied to find the corresponding total current-
interrupting capability, although the procedures of the
standard application guides make it unnecessary to do so.
The closing and latching capability, shown in column 14
as a related required capability, is defined for a standard
circuit breaker as 1.6 K times rated short-circuit current.
This is the only short-circuit current value in the table
that is a total current, not symmetrical. Some manufac-
turers make special breakers having closing and latching
(momentary) capabilities that are a higher multiple of
rated short-circuit current. The subsequent description
that must be modified when applying these special high-
momentary circuit breakers will be noted as necessary.
The current standard rating basis differs from that used
to rate many existing circuit breakers. It may be helpful
to describe these differences for those familiar with exist-
ing breakers. For symmetrical-current-rated circuit break-
ers, rated short-circuit current is an interrupting rating
established at maximum voltage and therefore it is a
minimum value. The standard-rated interrupting time for
indoor oilless circuit breakers is five cycles.
With the previous rating basis the rated interrupting
time for indoor oilless circuit breakers is eight cycles.
The interrupting rating was expressed in units of MVA,
though recently this has been converted to a total-current
rating in kA by dividing the MVA rating by the square
root of 3 times the rated voltage in kV.
In general, for indoor oilless circuit breakers the sym-
metrical short-circuit current-interrupting capability of a
symmetrical-current-rated circuit breaker for a particular
operating voltage is less than that of the same size existing
total-current-rated breaker at the same voltage by 3-7
percent, depending on the size. This is the basis for the
warning in Table I that the nominal MVA class is for
reference only.
DESCRIPTION OF FACTORS IN NEW CALCULATION METHOD
Symmetrical-Current-Rated Circuit Breakers
The calculating procedure described in Standard
C37.010-1964 [10 for three-phase short circuits is basically
similar to earlier calculating procedures in that it simulates
the performance of one phase of the faulted system with a
network of reactances. The network is reduced to a single
equivalent reactance at the fault point, and the prefault
operating voltage is divided by this reactance to obtain an
E/X value of symmetrical short-circuit current.
505
The reactances representing rotating-machine per-
formance in the network differ in some respects from those
used previously. For the new standard calculations, re-
actance multipliers are used as shown in Table II.
For the interrupting-reactance network, generators are
represented by subtransient reactance (no decay by net-
work simulation since generator ac decays are accounted
for in the multiplying-factor curves), synchronous motors
are represented by 1.5 times subtransient reactances (some
decay of ac short-circuit contribution), and induction
motors are divided into three grouips, each with short-
circuit current decay represented differently. (Table II
shows the representation.) All induction motors rated less
than 50 hp are omitted from both the interrupting-reac-
tance network and the momentary-reactance network,
indicating that their contribution is considered insignifi-
cant even during the first cycle after short-circuit incep-
tion. Larger motors are included in both networks.
The E/X result of the network solution is the sym-
metrical short-circuit duty to be compared with the
circuit-breaker symmetrical interrupting capability, pro-
vided the circuit X/R ratio is 15 or less. This is based on the
considerable similarity between the performance of a
circuit whose X/R ratio is 15 and the curve of ratio S,
as shown in Fig. 5. When the circuit X/R ratio is 15 or less,
the asymmetrical short-circuit duty never exceeds the
symmetrical short-circuit duty by a proportion greater
than that by which the circuit-breaker asymmetrical
short-circuit interrupting capability exceeds the sym-
metrical interrupting capability. Theoretically, this is
not so for contact-parting times of four cycles and higher,
but the small error (Fig. 5 shows about 3 percent) is con-
sidered to be negligible.
When the circuit X/R ratio exceeds 15, the dc com-
ponent of the short-circuit current may increase the short-
circuit duty to a degree exceeding that for which com-
pensation is provided in the rating structure. In a shortcut
method, here termed "the 125-percent simplification," the
standard application guides recommend that a circuit
breaker be applied immediately if the E/X symmetrical
short-circuit current does not exceed 0.8 of the circuit-
breaker symmetrical interrupting capability. Where it is
desired to make a closer calculation, the application guide
provides a "corrected" method.
The first step in the corrected method is a determination
of the X/R ratio for the fault point. For this a resistance
network is constructed with a resistance element corre-
sponding to each reactance element in the reactance net-
work, and this is reduced to a single equivalent resistance
value at the fault point. The short-circuit X/R ratio is
taken to be the ratio of the X and R values obtained by
reducing the reactance and resistance networks.
The resistance value for each element of the network
should be obtained for major elements from the manu-
facturer whenever possible. In the absence of information
from the manufacturer, the standard application guides
506 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY AND GENERAL APPLICATIONS, SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1969

TABLE II
ROTATING-MACHINE REACTANCE MULTIPLIERS

Positive-Sequence Reactances for Calculation Networks

(per unit)
Interrupting Momentary Momentary
Type of Rotating Machine XIS XMS XMF Notes
All turbine-generators; all hydrogenerators with
amortisseur windings; all condensers 1.0 Xd" 1.0 Xd" 1.0 Xd*
Hydrogenerators without amortisseur windings 0.75 Xd' 0.75 Xd' 0. 75 Xd' t
All synchronous motors 1.5 Xd" 1.0 Xd" 1.0 Xd" ,
Induction motors:
a) larger than 250 hp at 3600 r/min or 1000
hp at slower speeds 1.5 Xd" 1.0 Xd" 1.0 Xd" ,
b) others 50 hp and larger 3.0 Xd" 1.2 Xd" 1.0 Xd" t,
c) all smaller than 50 hp 0 0 1.0 Xdy
*
Xd) of synchronous rotating machines is the rated-voltage minimum contact-parting time. Wherever the motor contribution
(saturated) direct-axis subtransient reactance. exceeds 10 percent of the total symmetrical short-circuit current
t Xd' of synchronous rotating machines is the rated-voltage using the reactance values indicated above, an additional calculation
(saturated) direct axis transient reactance. must be made to assure that the momentary value of current (one
half-cycle after fault initiation) does not exceed 1.6 K times the
t Xd" of induction motors equals 1.00 divided by per unit locked-
rated short-circuit current. (This value is the same as the making
motor current at rated voltage. current defined in 03-3.5.5 of Standard C37.03-1964 [1].) For this
The current contributed to a short circuit by induction motors calculation the symmetrical component of short-circuit current
and small synchronous motors may usually be ignored on utility should be calculated using 1.0 Xd" for synchronous motors, induction
systems except station service supply systems and at substations motors above 1000 hp at 1800 r/min or above 250 hp at 3600 r/min,
supplying large industrial loads. At these locations, in industrial and 1.2 Xd" for other induction motors above 50 hp. The application
distribution systems and other locations close to large motors, the will be safe for the momentary current if the symmetrical component
momentary current will be increased by the motor contribution to a of the momentary current calculated using these modified impedances
greater degree, proportionately, than the symmetrical current at does not exceed K times rated short-circuit current.

1.6 I
CURRENT RATIO FOR CIRCUIT WITH DC DECAY
/AT X/R :15 AND NO AC DECAY
_j J_U)
IV

4s0
-

-u ~-

F- cr
WU _
>-4 1.4
RZ W I ~~RATIO S
'.3

0 z It
1.. co
IL)u i.2
J0 W

<1 m

1.0

0, 0.5
w. v 1.0 2.0
v 3-0v
.T P.G 40V vYrI-F
v,IIr
l; a
CIRCUIT BREAKER CONTACT PARTI NG TIME

Fig. 5. Comparison of circuit breaker capabilities with short-circuit

current when X/R = 15.
HUENING: NEW AMERICAN STANDARDS FOR CIRCUIT BREAKER APPLICATIONS 507

30 r

110
c) - --

100 C-)

90

80 Mr
9)C.)
EQif 0
4i
0
I- 60
4

50 t
0
40 4_

30
8-CYCLE 5-CYCLE
BREAKER BREAKER
20i --
- i--- -

10 -MINIMUM
CONTACT PARTING
I
TIME l
I l
%f

1.0 .1 1.2 1.3 i.4 1.0 '.2 l.3 1.4

1.1 1.0 1.1 1-2 1.3 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3
MULTIPLYING FACTORS FOR E/X AMPERES
Fig. 6 Multiplying factors (symmetrical rating basis) for three-phase faults fed predominantly from
generators through not more than one transformation (local).

suggest approximate resistance measures. Information for
approximating resistance is given in the Appendix.
Resistance values corresponding to reactances modified
by the multipliers from Table II are discussed in the
Section Interpretations.
A short-circuit duty value which may be compared with
the circuit-breaker symmetrical interrupting capability
is then obtained by multiplying the E/X current by a
multiplying factor obtained from curves as a function of
the short-circuit X/R ratio. There are two sets of curves
for three-phase faults in Standard C37.010-1964 [10]
shown in Figs. 6 and 7. The multiplying factor from Fig. 7
is to be used when the major contribution to the short-
circuit current is from remote sources such as from utility
generators seen through two or more transformations.
The multiplying factor from Fig. 6 is to be used when the
major contribution to the short-circuit current is from
local sources such as in-plant generators. The multipliers
of Fig. 6 include the effects of ac decay from local gener-
ators; those of Fig. 7 include no ac-decay effects.
As shown in Figs. 6 and 7, intentionally delayed tripping,
which increases contact-parting time, reduces the multi-
plying factor and thus reduces the calculated interrupting
duty. Note that multiplying factors below 1.0 are not
recognized.
Momentary duties should always be checked for indus-
trial power systems when motor loading is heavy since
motors influence momentary duty more than interrupting
duty. The new application guides use XMS-reactance
multipliers, shown in Table II, in the reactance network
to find an E/X value applicable to momentary duty.
This E/X value is multiplied by 1.6 for comparison with
the total current closing and latching capability of the
symmetrical-current-rated circuit breaker.
Another "simplified" procedure permitted by the new
application guide, identified here as the "under 10-percent
motors simplification," is a shortcut that possibly avoids
the necessity of making a momentary-duty calculation.
If the ac contribution from all motors to the E/X current
in the interrupting reactance network is less than 10 per-
cent of E/X, it can be assumed without checking that the
breaker selected to meet the calculated interrupting duty
will also meet the momentary duty.
In paragraphs 1 through 3 of the Section E/X Simplified
Method, Standard C37.010-1964 describes a third "simpli-
fied" shortcut calculation involving a 5-percent addition.
An interpretation of this simplification is not included in
this paper; the author has received advance information
that the next revision of the standard will delete this
section.
508 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY AND GENERAL APPLICATIONS, SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1969

Cr
x
0

1.1.0 I
1.1
-

1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.0 1

MULTIPLYING FACTORS FOR E/X AMPERES

Fig. 7. Multiplying factors (symmetrical rating basis) for three-phase and line-to-ground faults fed
predominantly through two or more transformations (remote).

Total-Current-Rated Circuit Breakers Previous Calculating Method, and a Comparison

For application of total-current-rated circuit breakers
including checking the application of existing circuit
breakers whose MVA ratings can be converted to a total
current, the recommended procedure according to the
proposed Standard C37.5-19XX [131 has the same basis
as that for symmetrical-current-rated circuit breakers.
The momentary and interrupting reactance networks and
the interrupting resistance network are identical. Usually
it is necessary to find the fault point X/R ratio (even if
less than 15) and then a multiplying factor using the curves
of Figs. 8 and 9. The product of the interrupting reactance
network E/X current and the multiplying factor is a
total (asymmetrical) rms current to be compared with the
total current-interrupting capability of the circuit breaker.
Only if the fault point X/R < 15 and if the circuit-breaker
rated interrupting time is eight cycles can the unmodified
E/X current be compared directly with the current-inter-
rupting capability of a total-current-rated circuit breaker.
The under 10-percent motors simplification as previ-
ously described, is the only "simplified" procedure de-
fined for applications of total-current-rated circuit break-
ers. The momentary-duty calculation according to Stan-
dard C37.5-19XX is the same as the momentary-duty
calculation of Standard C37.010-1964 [10].
According to earlier procedures based on Standard
C37.5-1953 [11], interrupting duty is also found from an
E/X calculation, unmodified for selection of indoor oilless
circuit breakers having eight-cycle rated interrupting
times. For shorter interrupting time ratings the calculated
E/X duty is multiplied by a factor as follows:
rated interrupting time,
cycles at60 Hz: 8 5 3 2
interrupting duty multiplier: 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.4.
A comparison with Fig. 3 shows that these multipliers
are ancestors of ratio S.
The earlier procedures require larger special-case multi-
pliers for duties more than 500 MVIVA at a generator bus
or at a bus fed predominantly through reactors. These
special-case multipliers are as follows:
rated interrupting time,
cycles at 60 Hz: 8 5 3 2
special-case duty multiplier: 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.5.
It was intended that the multipliers should increase the
calculated total E/X interrupting duty when necessary to
account for a dc component that had not decayed to
insignificance. The "corrected" method of the new applica-
tion guides is intended to do this with greater accuracy.
HUENING:. NEW AMERICAN STANDARDS FOR CIRCUIT BREAKER APPLICATIONS 509
150 3 PHASE-
150
140 I1
~ ,
' -
, t-i
I --1
I 1 1_1 1111
140 I
130 i 1 i 130
RELATIONSHIP OF
120 120
(IAS)Y RoX FOR
I SYMm%c4LR
110 i 110 SEVERAL
BREAKER
I0 CONTACT FARTING
100--
3PI
'1 '1.
HSiANL, L
I I I 1001 TIMES
I -t
90 90
xF
0
80
xict 80

I 70 0
70 Lu
C: 60 60
50
5011-
40 40-- / V7I/ r
,
30 12
30
20 20
100 I0 r'

10 OO I

PHASg_
I
10
FAYT
-..dipp- t

0 3 0000
pp-

1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1 .6 1.7
IASYM (IASYM'\
E/X"/ I SYM. In&cd,
Fig. 8. Multiplyinig factors (total current rating basis) for three- Fig. 9. Multiplying factors (total current rating basis) for three-
phase faults fed predominantly from generators through not more phase and line-to-ground faults fed predominantly through two or
than one transformation (local). or more transformatiorns (remote).

In the reactance network used for interrupting-duty
calculations according to earlier procedures, generators
and synchronous motors are represented essentially as
they are in present procedures. However, all induction
motors are omitted from the interrupting network, but all
are included in the momentary network.
The procedure for calculating momentary duty by the
newer application procedures differs but slightly from that
based on earlier standards. The slight differences are in
synchronous- and induction-motor reactance multipliers
and in the fact that the earlier procedures permitted a
special-case multiplier of 1.5 for systems without generators
operating at less than 5 kY.
In comparison with the earlier calculating procedures
which they supersede, the procedures of the new applica-
tion guides extend data collection to include not only reac-
tance but also XIR or resistance information for each ele-
ment, they require a slightly different representation in
the networks particularly with respect to separating in-
duction-motor loads into horsepower categories, they re-
quire an added resistance network necessary to find the
X/R ratio at the fault point, and they require the finding
of a multiplying factor from a set of curves when finding
interrupting duty.
In general, industrial power-system interrupting duty
calculated according to the new application guides will be
greater than that found using the previous methods, be-
cause it includes contributions from induction motors
which were previously omitted and it includes the effects
of dc components (when applying symmetrical-current-
rated circuit breakers, only if X/R exceeds 15).
In general, the momentary duty calculated according to
the new application guides will be about the same as that
calculated by previous methods. In some cases where 50-
510 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY AND GENERAL APPLICATIONS, SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1969

-I.O 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.5

1.4 1.6 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.0 1.2 1.1
MULTIPLYING FACTORS FOR E/X AMPERES
ATMINIMUM CONTACT PARTING TIME-4 CYCLES 3 CYCLES 2 CYCLES
RATED INTERRUPTING TIME----8 CYCLES 5 CYCLES 3 CYCLES
IDTOT(TOTAL SHORT CIRCUIT DUTY ASYMMETRICAL RMS CURRENT AT MINIMUM CONTACT PARTING TIME=
(E/X) x (SYM MULTIPLYING FACTOR) x(RATIO S)
*NACD- NOAC DECREMENT.EXAMPLE: UTILITY GENERATORS SEPARATE NACD RATIO REMOTE SOURCE CONTRIBUTIONS
FROM AN INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEM BY TWO TRANSFORMATIONS ARE E/X CURRENT
REMOTE (NACD) SOURCES.
Fig. 10. Miiltiplying factors (symmetrical current rating basis) for three-phase faults fed from both local
and remote generators.

hp motors have an appreciable contribution that is ignored Accordingly, it is assumed for purposes of this paper
by the new calculating procedures, the momentary duty that E = 1.0 pu is typical for calculations of industrial
calculated by previous procedures will exceed that calcu- power system short-circuit duties.
lated according to the new application guides. If load-flow study information for a particular system
indicates a higher typical prefault maximum voltage under
INTERPRETATIONS high short-circuit duty conditions, then the higher E
Prefault Operalling Voltage should be used both in E/X calculations and in finding the
According to the new standard application guides, the circuit-breaker interrupting capability for the range be-
fault point prefault operating voltage E should be the tween rated maximum voltage and 1/K times that.
"highest typical operating voltage which occurs at the
circuit-breaker location." In most industrial systems, if Basis for the Resistance Network
recommended operating procedures are followed, power- According to Standard C37.010-1964 [10] the resistance
source equipment is operated typically with terminal network and the interrupting X network have "corre-
voltage equal to or less than rated (1.0 pu of base) under sponding" values. In this paper this is interpreted to mean
maximum-load conditions. Maximum load usually cor- that the resistance R of each resistance network element
responds to maximum rotating-machine connections and is equal to the reactance X of the corresponding reactance
therefore maximum short-circuit duty. If the voltage network element, divided by the actual X/R ratio of the
exceeds 1.0 pu it is usually during light system load and power-system component whose performance is being
reduced short-circuit duty conditions, and this is not simulated. In other words, if Table II indicates a multi-
considered typical. plier for X in the interrupting reactance network, the cor-
HUENING: NEW AMERICAN STANDARDS FOR CIRCUIT BREAKER APPLICATIONS 511

130 l l l l

120 II~ ~~IHHI'

I/gt
_ __4 IF-
URN

*NACD RATIO_-d. Q2.4 F6 IjO

I--I I gI44-ci
--

tCXVT~~~~~- I~~~~~~~4
10

180__-TTC 1__
cr
"I
N
c
a
m
t70Xl976z

_~ 711arI l.4.2.
..O .4 15 16 17
S11 ~~~~1
X- IIT A 1 1

30 g tj

10 __________- .- TOT

O.
-ILu
,l
____ 1.1 Lz0 1.5
,, ,
Lu
1.1%A 1.0
1.1
I .
I.;& Lba
1.5 1.14 1.0 I.b I. 7
MULTIPLYING FACTORS FOR E/X AMPERES
AT MINIMUM CONTACT PARTING TIME-4CYCLES 3 CYCLES 2 CYCLES
RATED INTERRUPTING TIME-----8CYCLES 5 CYCLES 3 CYCLES
IDTOT (TOTAL SHORT CIRCUIT DUTY ASYMMETRICAL RMS CURRENT AT MINIMUM CONTACT PARTING TIME=
(E/X) x (TOT MULTIPLYING FACTOR) REMOTE SOURCE CONTRIBUTIONS
*NACD- NO AC DECREMENT. EXAMPLE: UTILITY GENERATORS SEPARATE NACD RATIC
E/X CURRENT
FROM AN INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEM BY TWO TRANSFORMATIONS ARE
REMOTE (NACD) SOURCES.
Fig. 11. Multiplying factors (total current rating basis) for three-phase faults fed from both local
and remote generators.

responding resistance should be multiplied by the same fac-
tor for the resistance network, retaining the actual X/R
ratio of the system component.
Momentary-Duty Reactance Network
The momentary reactance network according to
Standards C37.010-1964 and C37.5-19XX omits induction
motors rated under 50 hp and also suppresses the initial
short-circuit current contribution of some larger induction
motors. The momentary reactance network according to
previous procedures (based on [11]-) includes subtransient
reactances for all induction motors with no suppression of
initial symmetrical ac short-circuit current contribution.
Usually the momentary duty by the -previous calculation
is higher for this reason.
The momentary duty, as calculated according to
previous standards, has important uses in applications of
other kinds of equipment in the power system. For
example, it can be used for low-voltage protective-device
applications, but the calculationi in accord with newer
application guides cannot because motors that are princi-
pally of low-voltage horsepower sizes are omitted. Further-
more, in industrial systems having large numbers of low-
horsepower motors the previous calculation results in a
value that has been useful when making instantaneous
relay settings and when selecting current-limiting fuses.
For these reasons the calculating procedure detailed sub-
sequently in this paper makes primary use of the momen-
tary-duty calculation according to previous procedures.
However, if the possibly higher momentary duty obtained
by so doing results in selection of a breaker larger than the
one which would be selected using the standard application
guide procedure, the calculation according to standard
application guides will govern the breaker selection.
Multiplying-Factor Interpolation Using the NACD Ratio
Finding the proper multiplying factor for a calculated
E/X current depends on knowing the contact-parting
time for the circuit breaker, the fault-point X/R ratio, and
the electrical proximity of the major sources of short-
512 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY AND GENERAL APPLICATIONS, SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1969

circuit current. The curves of Fig. 6 (for symmetrical- Procedure 1 is for the "corrected" calculation of Stan-
current-rated circuit breakers) and Fig. 8 (for total- dard C37.010-1964 [10]. The "simplified" calculations of
current-rated circuit breakers) are used when major the application guide are Procedures 2 and 3. Steps are
sources of short-circuit current are local such as at in-plant included in Procedure 1 to indicate where the procedure
generators. The multiplying factors from these curves branches off to the simplified method, and the simplified
account both for dc component decay and for an ac com- method ends with a direction to return to a particular step
ponent decay that presumably covers only the generator of the basic Procedure 1. Where it is desired to omit a
contribution, since the decay of motor ac short-circuit particular simplified procedure, steps in Procedure 1 may
current contributions is covered by reactance multipliers. be skipped.
The curves of Fig. 7 (for symmetrical-current-rated The abbreviations for currents and impedances used in
circuit breakers) and Fig. 9 (for total-current-rated circuit the following procedure and in the illustrative examples of
breakers) are used for power systems where the major the subsequent section are defined in the Section Nomen-
sources of short-circuit current are remote. These multi- clature and Definitions.
plying factors account only for dc component decay as the Although the following procedure is applicable for
ac component is assumed to remain constant. In this symmetrical-current-rated circuit breakers regardless of
paper, remote sources are identified as NACD sources. rated interrupting time, it should be noted that it applies
Since the effect of only dc decay is included, these multi- only for total-current-rated circuit breakers having eight-
plying factors are larger. cycle rated interrupting times such as indoor oilless types.
MViany industrial power systems have both local and As discussed previously when X/R < 15, a direct com-
remote sources, neither one predominant. Presumably the parison between a circuit-breaker interrupting capability
situation can be covered adequately by a multiplying and an unmodified interrupting network E/X, repre-
factor part way between those obtained from the two senting a symmetrical interrupting current, is valid for
separate curves above. This paper includes an interpola- all symmetrical-current-rated circuit breakers and for all
tion as part of the procedure described in the next section. applicable contact-parting times. However, when X/R <
The interpolation uses the curves of Figs. 10 and 11. It is 15, an unmodified interrupting network E/X is a measure
based on the fraction of the interrupting network E/X of total interrupting current only for contact-parting
current that is contributed by NACD (remote) sources. times of four cycles or more; so a direct comparison is valid
This fraction is identified as the NACD ratio: only with the interrupting-current capability of an eight-
cycle total-current-rated circuit breaker. For faster total-
NACD ratio = sum of NACD source currents current-rated circuit breakers the interrupting-duty calcu-
E/X for interrupting network lation must always include determination of a multi-
In Fig. 10 the curves for NACD ratio equal to 0.0 are plying factor for E/X, even when X/R is less than 15.
taken from the minimum contact-parting time curves of
Fig. 6, and for NACD ratio equal to 1.0 from Fig. 7. In Procedure 1: Basic E/X Corrected Method
Fig. 11 the curves for NACD ratio equal to 0.0 are taken 1A) Collect and prepare information.
from the minimum contact-parting time curves of Fig. 8, a) Prepare a reactance (resistance) network diagram
and for NACD ratio equal to 1.0 from Fig. 9. Between from the system one-line diagram, list X and XIR or R for
these limiting curves the interpolation at any X/IR ratio is each element, express on a common base for per-unit
linear with the NACD ratio. calculations, apply reactance multipliers from Table II for
The curves of Figs. 10 and 11 have been marked with use in interrupting and momentary networks.
abbreviations SYM and TOT to indicate that the first is b) List applicable prefault voltage E for each fault
used when applying symmetrical-current-rated circuit location.
breakers and the second when applying total-current-rated c) Record type and voltage class of circuit breaker
circuit breakers. Accompanying each abbreviation is the that is to be applied, and whether it has a symmetrical- or
contact-parting time in cycles which applies for that total-interrupting rating. Record the rated interrupting
particular curve. time and minimum contact-parting time. Record the
In order to use this interpolation procedure it is neces- breaker current-interrupting capability: for symmetrical-
sary to expand the E/X calculation to keep track of the current-rated breakers IBSYM (kA) = (rated short-
contributions which flow through the NACD branches. circuit current, kA) X (rated maximum kV)/(E, kV),
with (rated maximum kV) > E > (rated maximum
SHORT-CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS AND kV/K); for total-current-rated breakers IBTOT (kA) =
CIRCUIT-BREAKER SELECTION PROCEDURE (interrupting MVA)/(,V3 E) with E in a specified range.
The procedure detailed subsequently in this section is a Record the breaker closing and latching or momentary
series of "what to do" steps with little explanation. It is capability IBMOM (kA).
intended that most of the necessary explanation has been 1B) Develop the interrupting X network from the
included in preceding sections. reactance (resistance) diagram and XlS reactances;
HUENING: NEW AMERICAN STANDARDS FOR CIRCUIT BREAKER APPLICATIONS
reduce the network to an equivalent reactance XIS for
each fault point; calculate E/X = E/XIS.
IC) Skip this step and go to step ID) if it is not desired
to try the "125-percent simplification" shortcut to the
identity of a circuit breaker meeting the interrupting duty.
If it is desired, go to Procedure 2. (This shortcut may not
be desired if inapplicable, or if judgment indicates it will
be fruitless, or if complete results are desired for com-
parison even when the shortcut might be successful.)
ID) Review the X/R data for the individual elements
used in the interrupting X network. If all branch X/R
ratios are <15, then the fault point X/R < 15; go to
step iDa). If not, develop the interrupting R network from
X/R data and the interrupting X network, reduce the
network to an equivalent fault-point resistance RIS for
each fault point, then find X/R = XIS/RIS.
a) If X/IR < 15, identify the applicable circuit breaker
having an IBSYM\1 or IBTOT > E/X and move its identity
to step 111), then go to step 11).
b) If XIR > 15, continue below.
IE) In the interrupting X network for each fault point,
sum all the short-circuit current contributions from
NACD sources (remote, such as utility generators seen
through more than one transformation) to find the NACD
ratio = (sum of NACD source currents)/ (E/X).
1F) Find the multiplying factor for E/X for the known
circuit-breaker rated interrupting time and contact-parting
time (step lAc)), the fault point X/R (step 1Db)), and
the NACD ratio (step 1E)) using Fig. 10 to find a SYM
multiplying factor for symmetrical-current-rated circuit
breakers or Fig. 11 to find a TOT multiplying factor for
total-current-rated circuit breakers.
1G) Determine IDSCC = (E/X) X SYM multiplying
factor for symmetrical-current-rated breakers, or IDTOT
= (E/X) X TOT multiplying factor for total-current-
rated breakers. Identify the symmetrical-current-rated
circuit breaker having an IBSYM > IDSCC or a total
current-rated circuit breaker having an IBTOT > IDTOT,
and move the identity to step 1H). Go to step 11).
1H) Record the identity of a standard circuit breaker
meeting the interrupting duty (not one having special
higher IBMOM capabilities).
1I) Skip this step if a trial of the "under 10-percent
motors simplification" shortcut to the identity of a circuit
breaker meeting the momentary duty is not desired. If
this simplification is desired, go to Procedure 3. (This
shortcut may not be desired for reasons noted in step 1C).)
1J) Develop the momentary X network as used for
previous calculating procedures (based on [11) from the
reactance (resistance) diagram and XMF reactances.
Reduce the network to an equivalent reactance XMF for
each fault point. Calculate IDMOF = (E/XMF) X
1.6 (or X 1.5 if E <5 kV and there are no generators on the
bus). Identify the circuit breaker having IBMOM >
IDMOF.
513
a) If the identified circuit breaker is the same as or
smaller than the step 1H) breaker, move the step 1H)
identity to step IL). The selection process ends.
b) If the identified circuit breaker is larger than the
step 1H) circuit breaker, continue below.
1K) Develop the momentary X network according to
the new application guides [10], [13] from the reactance
(resistance) diagram and XM1S reactances. Reduce the
network to an equivalent reactance XMS for each fault
point. Calculate (E/XMS) X 1.6 = IDMOS. Identify
the circuit breaker having IBMOM > IDMOS.
a) If the identified circuit breaker is the same as or
smaller than the step 1H) circuit breaker, move the step
1H) identity to step IL). The selection process ends.
b) If the identified circuit breaker is larger than the
step 1H) circuit breaker, move the larger breaker identity
to step 1L). The selection process ends.
1L) Record the identity of a circuit breaker meeting
both the interrupting and momentary duties.
Procedure 2: 125-Percent Simplification Shortcut
(an E/X "Simplified" Method)
The following steps are substitutions for steps in basic
Procedure 1. The "125-percent simplification" shortcut to
the identity of a circuit breaker meeting the interrupting
duty may be tried after basic step 1B). (This simplifica-
tion does not apply for total-current-rated circuit
breakers except for those with eight-cycle rated interrupt-
ing times.)
2A) Identify the circuit breaker having IBSYM\i or
IBTOT > E/X; then find the ratio (E/X)/IBSY,\1 or
(E/X)/IBTOT.
a) If the step 2A) ratio <0.8, move the circuit breaker
identity to step 1H) and go to step 11).
b) If the step 2A) ratio is >0.8 and the next larger
circuit breaker is judged to be satisfactory without further
checking, move the identity of the next larger circuit
breaker to step IH) and go to step 11). If further checking
is desired in the interests of economy, go to basic step ID).
Procedure 3: Under 10-Percent Motor-s Simplification
Shortcut
The following steps are substitutions for steps in basic
Procedure 1. The "under 10-percent motors simplification"
shortcut to the identity of a circuit breaker meeting the
momentary duty may be tried after basic step 1H).
3A) In the interrupting X network, sum the short-
circuit current contributions from all motors and divide
this sum by E/X; or sum the short-circuit current con-
tributions from all generators and utility tie sources,
divide this sum by E/X, and subtract the quotient from
1.0.
a) If the result of step 3A) <0.1, move the step 1H)
circuit breaker identity to step 1L). The selection process
ends.
b) Itf the ru of step 3A) .0.1,go to step 1I).
514 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY AND GENERAL APPLICATIONS, SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1969

6 MVA LOAD WITH

4 MVA INDUCTION
MOTORS RATED
200 HP TO 1000 HP,
1800 RPM,X -:0.17
M5

1000 HP,
1800 RPM,
X"=0. 17,
M6

Fig. 12. Example 1: Industrial power system one-line diagram.

HUENING: NEW AMERICAN STANDARDS FOR CIRCUIT BREAKER APPLICATIONS 51.7

TABLE III
INDUSTRIAL POWER-SYSTEM IMPEDANCE DATA FOR EXAMPLE 1

10-MVA Base*
Per-Unit Per-Unit Impedancest
Rated Reactance X/R
System Component MVA on Rating Ratio X XIS RIS XMS XMF
Generators
G1, 13.8 kV 25 0.10 45 0.040 0.0009
G2, 13.8 kV 5 0.10 30 0.200 0.0067
Utility connections,
800 MVA duty eacht
Sl, 69 kV 22t 0.0125 0.00057
S2, 69 kV 22t 0.0125 0.00057
Transformers
T1, 69-13.8 kV, OA 30 0.08 26 0.0267 0.00103
T2, 69-4.16 kV, OA 10 0.085 19 0.0850 0.00447
T3, 13.8-4.16 kV, OA 10 0.06 19 0.0600 0.00316
T4, 13.8-4.16 kV, OA 7.a 0.06 15 0.0800 0.00533
T5, 13.8-4.16 kV, OA 5 0.05 13 0.1000 0.00769
T6, 13.8-4.16 kV, OA 7.5 0.06 15 0.0800 0.00533
T7, 13.8-4.16 kV, OA 7.5 0.06 15 0.0800 0.00533
T8, 13.8-0.48 kV, OA 6 0.0575 10 0.0959 0.0096
T9, 4.16-0.48 kV, OA 3 0.0575 10 0.192 0.0192
TIO, 4.16-0.48 kV, OA 3 0.0575 10 0.192 0.0192
Reactors, through MVA
X1, 4.16 kV 5 0.10 41 0.200 0.00488
X2, 4.16 kV 10 0.20 77 0.200 0.00260
Motors
MVA on 4.16-kV base:
M1, 4.0 kV 5 0.15 38 0.300 0.450 0.0118 0.300 0.300
M2,4.0 kV 5 0.15 38 0.300 0.450 0.0118 0.300 0.300
M3, 4.0 kV 1.75 0.16 30 0.914 1.37 0.0457 0.914 0.914
M4, 4.0 kV 4 0.17 19 0.425 1.27 0.0668 0.510 0.425
M5, 4.0 kV 4 0.17 19 0.425 1.27 0.0668 0.510 0.425
M6, 4.0 kV 2.5 0.17 19 0.680 2.04 0.107 0.816 0.680
MVA on 0.48-kV base:
M7, 0.46 kV 3, 6 0.21, 0.25 9 0.700 2.10 0.233 0.840 0.417
M8, 0.46 kV 1, 3 0.21, 0.25 9 2.10 6.30 0.700 2.52 0.833
M9, 0.46 kV 1, 3 0.21, 0.25 9 2.10 6.30 0.700 2.52 0.833
Lines Impedance (ohms) Per-Unit Impedance (10 MVA)
Li, 13.8 kV, 100 feet 0.002 + jO.004 0.0001 + jO.0002
L2, 13.8 kV, 1500 feet 0.056 + jO.067 0.0029 + jO.0035
L3, 13.8 kV, 3000 feet 0.11 + jO.13 0.0058 + jO.0068
L4, 4.16 kV, 3500 feet 0.13 + jO.16 0.0752 + jO.0925
* Base current and impedance at 10-MVA base: 0.418 kA and 19.04 ohms at 13.8 kV, 1.388 kA and 1.73 ohms at 4.16 kV.
tX = unmodified, XIS interrupting X-network value, RIS = corresponding R-network value, XMS = momentary X-network value,
all based on Standard C37.010-1964 [101; XMF momentary X-network value, former Standard C37.5-1953 [11].
$ Data from utility company.
Same as value in X column.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES available. All impedances are converted to a 10-MVA base

Example 1
Example 1 is a composite industrial system with local
generators and purchased power, a loop internal tie, large
reactors, and a heavy induction-motor load. Many in-
dustrial systems have one or more of these characteristics,
a few have them all.
The one-line diagram of Fig. 12 shows the collected
impedance data. These data are expanded and tabulated
in Table III. Induction motors are separated into groups
since a portion of the system induction-motor load is made
up of motors with individual ratings under 50 hp which
appear only in the XMF network. X/R ratio or R data
are collected because this system has local generation.
Typical data are used where-specific information is not
for the per-unit calculation. The rotating-machine reac-
tances are multiplied by the factors shown in Table II
for the various networks.
The impedance diagram of Fig. 13 shows XIS network
reactances. Also shown, in parentheses, are the RIS-net-
work resistances. The XMF network is not illustrated but
is similar and can be developed from the tabulated im-
pedance data. The XMS network could also be developed,
but it will be found unnecessary.
Some of the information for the breaker selection chart,
given in Table IV, is needed before the calculation starts.
It may be entered or noted for later entry. The maximum
prefault bus voltage (Table IV, item id)) must be es-
tablished. The type of circuit breaker to be applied (indoor
oilless) establishes rated interrupting time and the cor-
516 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY AND GENERAL APPLICATIONS, SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1969

S2
SI
0.0125 G2
0.0125

*00007)
0.040
(0.00057) 0 200

(000057)
PER l
PE

UNIT VT2
PER
UNIT
UNIT *T I
0.0850
0.02Z67 Li

(0.00103) 0.0002 (0.00447) T5

(0.0001) 0.100
(0.00769)
BUS I 13.8 kV
BUS 2 4.16 kV

T6 T7 TB
0.080 0.0800o.0959
05331 .0533 (.0096)
T3 xi X2 M4 JT9
Ft 0.0600 0.200 0.200 1.27 0.192
L2 MI M2 (.00316) (.0048 (.00260 .0668) (.0192)

0.0035 0.450 0.450

X-NETWORK (0.0029 0.0118) (0.0118) M7
CURRENT: 2.1 0
E/X=63.5 PER (0.233) L3
UN IT (
(EQUIVALENT 0.0068(0.0058)
R FROM
R-NETWORK-
0.000542 T4 M8
PER UNIT) 0.0800 6.30
(0.00533) L4 (0.700)

0.0925 (0.0752) (
BUS 3 4.16 kV
IT
b. b ~~~~BUS
4 4.16 kV _

jM5 sT T
(.0668) M
M3 62Ti
M6

1.37 2.04 0.192

(0.045 (0.107) (0.0192)

NOTES: mg
6.30
INTERRUPTING CURRENT AND UTILITY (0.700)
CONTRIBUTIONS ARE SHOWN FOR FAULT ATFI
CIRCUIT BREAKER SELECTION TABLE ALSO GIVES Ft
MOMENTARY AND ALL RESULTS FOR FAULTS AT, F2,F3,&F4

BASE= IOMVA; CURRENT AND IMPEDANCE BASES ARE:

0.418kA 819.04 OHMS AT 13.8kV, 1.388kA & 1.73 OHMS AT 4.16kV
MAXIMUM PREFAULT BUS VOLTAGE :1.0 PER UNIT
NACD RATIO - ( 25.5 + 5.4 + 1.8) / 63.5 = 0.515
FAULT X/R: 1/(63.5 0.000542) = 29.1
x

Fig. 13. Example 1: Industrial power-system reactance (resistance) diagram showing data for
Standard C37.010-1964 [10] interrupting duty at Fl.
HUENING: NEW AMERICAN STANDARDS FOR CIRCUIT BREAKER APPLICATIONS 517

TABLE IV
INDUSTRIAL POWER-SYSTEM AC MEDIUM-VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER SELECTION FOR EXAMPLE 1 [10], [11], [131

1) Location and data

la) Fault type Three Phase Three Phase Three Phase Three Phase
lb) Bus number or identification 1 2 3 4
lc) System voltage, kV 13.8 4.16 4.16 4.16
Id) Maximum bus voltage prefault, per unit 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

2) Interrupting duty
2a) Networks XIS, RIS XIS, RIS XIS, RIS XIS, RIS
2b) E/X from X network at fault, per unit 63.5 29.1 13.4 5.61
2c) INACD = sum of NACD branch currents, per unit 32.7 16.4 7.03 all NACD
2d) Equivalent R to fault from R network, per unit 0.000542 0.00233 0.00711 0.00437
2e) Breaker rated interrupting and contact-parting times, cycles 5, 3 5, 3 5, 3 5, 3
2f) NACD ratio, = 2c)/2b) 0.515 0.564 0.524 1.0
2g) X/R ratio, = 1/2b) X 1/2d) 29.1 14.8 10.5 40.8
2h) Multiplying factor, using curve for 2e)-2g) 1.08 SYM 1.00 1.00 1.22 SYM
2i) Interrupting duty current, per unit, = 2b) X 2h) 68.6 29.1 13.4 6.85
2j) Interrupting duty current, kA 28.7 40.4 18.6 9.50

3) MIomentary duty
3a) Network XMF XMF XMF XMF
3b) E/X fromX network, at fault, perunit 68.3 32.8 15.2 7.85
3c) Momentary asymmetrical fault current, per unit, 1.6 X 3b) 109.3 52.4 24.3 12.6
3d) Momentary asymmetrical fault current, kA 45.7 72.8 33.8 17.4

4) Circuit breaker selected

4a) Circuit breaker type number (rating basis) 13.8-750 4.16-350 4.16-250 4.16-75
(SYM) (SYM) (SYM) (SY1M1)
4b) Interrupting capability at voltage Id), kA 30.4 46.9 33.2 10.1
4c) Close and latch rating, asymmetrical, kA 58 78 58 19
4d) Interrupting duty to capability ratio, = 2j)/4b) 0.944 0.860 0.560 0.940
4e) Momentary duty to capability ratio, = 3d)/4c) 0.788 0.933 0.582 0.915
Bases: 10 MVA; 0.418 kA and 19.04 ohms at 13.8 kV, 1.388 kA and 1.73 ohms at 4.16 kV.

responding minimum contact-parting time (item 2e)).
With the type of circuit breaker and the maximum pre-
fault bus voltage both known, the interrupting and momen-
tary capabilities of the few possibly applicable circuit
breakers should be noted, in readiness for a single future
selection.
For this example, the solutions of the X and R networks
for fault-point equivalent impedances, and for E/X, were
performed by a computer. The NACD source contribu-
tions were recovered as part of the computer solution for
E/X. The following description applies specifically to the
subsequent steps in the selection of a circuit breaker for
application at bus 1, but applications at other buses are
similar.
The sum of the NACD source branch currents (item
2c)) = 32.7 pu; it is the sum of the S1, S2, and G2 currents
during the flow of E/X = 63.5 pu at fault point Fl (item
2b)). Note that G2 is an NACD source when viewed from
Fl; although it is in the plant, it is separated from Fl by
two transformers, T3 and T5. (G2 is also an NACD source
for faults at F3 and F4 since the series reactors Xi and
X2 are each approximately the impedance equivalent
of a transformation. Similarly Gl is also an NACD source
for the F4 fault location.) The NACD ratio is 32.7/63.5 =
0.515 (item 2f)). The X/R ratio = 1/ (63.5 X 0.000542) =
29.1 (item 2g)). Entering the SYM3 curve for a five-cycle
breaker having three-cycle contact-parting time (Fig. 10)
with X/R = 29.1 and NACD ratio = 0.515, the SYM
multiplying factor for E/X is found to be 1.08 (item 2h)).
The duty value for comparison with the breaker sym-
metrical interrupting capability IDSCC is 1.08 X 63.5 =
68.6 pu (item 2i)). Multiplication by base current results
in the duty value IDSCC = 0.418 X 68.6 = 28.7 kA.
The momentary-duty XMF network was constructed,
although it is not illustrated. In this network, for fault
point Fl, E/X = 73.3 pu. This is multiplied by 1.6 and
base current to find the momentary duty = 73.3 X 1.6 X
0.418 = 45.7 kA total rms current (item 3d)).
The symmetrical-current-rated circuit breaker found
from Table I to have capabilities equal to or greater than
the interrupting and momentary duties has a 13.8-750
identification. It has a rated short-circuit current of 28 kA
symmetrical, an operating-voltage interrupting capability
of 28 X (15.0/13.8) = 30.4 kA symmetrical, and a closing
and latching capability of 58 kA total rms current.
To permit evaluation of the margin for future growth,
the ratios of short-circuit duties to circuit-breaker capa-
bilities are shown for both interrupting duty (item 4d))
and momentary duty (item 4e)).
It is not necessary to construct the momentary duty
XMS network. It differs from the XMF network by
omission of the smaller induction-motor contributions and
will result in a slightly smaller momentary duty which does
not result in a breaker selection change.
518 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDTJSTRY AND GENERAL APPLICATIONS, SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1969

sI

I~1~~
34.5 kV SYSTEM
1000 MVA,X/R: 15

I TI T' TWO OA TRANSFORMERS

EACH T.5 MVA, 34.5-4.16kV
X: 0.06

PUMP DR IVIE INDUCTION MOT-

ORS (M I GROUP),TOTAL QTY-
26, EACH 400 HP, 1800 RPMS,
4.0 kV, 53..3 A FULL LOAD
CURRENT ,650% LOCKED
ROTOR C lURRENT.
- -
(i.
LOW VOLTAGE MOTOR LOAD THROUGH QTY-4 LOAD CENTER
UNIT SUBSTATION TRANSFORMERS(T2), EACH 1.5 MVA,4.16-0.48KV,
X-0.0575. LOAD (M2 GROUP) IS INDUCTION MOTORS,WITH
UNIT HP RATINGS ALL <50 HP,TOTAL CONNECTED- 6000 HP,
X: 0.25 (ON 0.48kV BASE)

Fig. 14. Example 2: Industrial power system one-line diagram.

sI
0.01
(0.0067)
20.0
PER TI (2 TRANSFORMERS
UN IT IN PARALLEL)
0.04 (0.00286)

I : 2.2
PER Ml (26 MOTOR GROUP) F

UNIT 0.444
(0.0234)

BASE fOMVA, 1.3888 KA AND 1.73 OHMS AT 4.16KV

MAXIMUM PREFAULT-eUS V.0LTAGE= 1.0 PER UNIT

X- NETWORK CURRtNT : E/X: 22.2 PER UNIT

(EQUIVALENT R FROM R-NETWORK 0.00307 PER UNIT)
FAULT X/R: 1/(22.2 x 0.003O7) = 14.7
PREDOMINANT NACO SOURCE

Fig. 15. Example 2: Industrial power system reactance (resistance)

diagram showing data for interrupting duty at F.
HUENING: NEW AMERICAN STANDARDS FOR CIRCUIT BREAKER APPLICATIONS 519

TABLE V
INDUSTRIAL POWER-SYSTEM IMPEDANCE DATA FOR EXAMPLE 2

Per Unit 10-MVA HBase*

Reactance Per-Unit Impedancest
Rated on X/R
System Componenrt MVA Rating Ratio X XIS RIS XMS XMF
Utility connection
S1, 34.5 kV, 1000-MVA duty 15 0.01 0.01 0.00067 0.01 0.01
Transformers
Ti, OA (2) 7.5 X 2 0.06 14 0.04 0.04 0.00286 0.04 0.04
T2, OA (4) 1.5 X 4 0.0575 0.0959 0.0959
Induction motors
M1, 4kV (26) 0.396 X 26 0.154 19 0.148 0.444 0.0234 0.178 0.148
M2, 0.48-kV Group 6.0 0.25 0.417 o X 0 0.417
*
Base current and impedance at 10-MVA base: 1.388 kA and 1.73 ohms at 4.16 kV.
t XIS, RIS for standard interrupting networks and XMS for standard momentary network are based on Standard C37.010-1964 [101.
XMF for former standard momentary network is based on Standard C37.5-1953 [11].

Example 2 TABLE VI
INDUSTRIAL POWER-SYSTEM AC MEDIUM-VOLTAGE CIRCUIT
This hypothetical system, shown in the one-line dia- BREAKER SELECTION FOR EXAMPLE 2 [10], [11], [13]
gram of Fig. 14, is radial and has no local generation.
Impedance data are tabulated and expanded in Table 1) Location and data
V. The impedance diagram of Fig. 15 has XIS (and RIS) 1i) Fault type Three phase Three phase
values shown. lb) Bus number or identification 1 trial 1 final
lc) System voltage, kV 4.16 4.16
In Table V the unmodified reactance for the MI group 1d,) Maximum bus voltage prefault,
of 26 motors, each rated 400 hp, 4.0 kV, 53.3-ampere full- per unit 1.00 1.00
load current, and 650-percent locked-rotor current is
found as follows: 2) Interrupting duty
2a) Networks XIS, RIS XIS, RIS
2b) E/X from X network at fault,
1) rated MVA of each motor = (x/3 X 4.0 X 53.3)/ per unit 22.2 22.2
1000 = 0.369 MVA; 2c) INACD = sum of NACD branch
currents, per unit all NACD all NACD
2) X of each motor = 1/6.5 pu, based on 0.369 MVA, 2d) Equivalent R to fault, from R
4.0kV; network, per unit 0.00307 0.00307
2e) Breaker rated interrupting and
3) changing base to 10 MVA at 4.16 kV, and for 26 contact-parting times, cycles 5, 3 5, 3
motors, X of Ml group = (1/6.5) X (10/0.369) X 2f) NACD ratio, = 2c)/2b) 1.00 1.00
2g) X/IR ratio, = 1/2b) X 1/2d) 14.7 14.7
(4.0/4.16)2 X (1/26) = 0.148 pu. 2h) Multiplying factor, using curve
for 2e)-2g) 1.00 1.00
2i) Interrupting duty current, per
The interrupting duty is calculated by reducing unit, = 2b) X 2h) 22.2 22.2
the XIS and RIS networks (Fig. 15). The reductions 2j) Interrupting duty current, kA 30.8 30. 8
give XIS = 0.045 pu and RIS 0.00307, so X/R = 14.7.
=

The network current E/XIS = 22.2 pu. Since X/R < 15, 3) 3a) Momentary duty
Network XMF XMS
the SYM multiplying factor -for E/X 1.0,Iand the -SYM
- 3b) E/X from X network, at fault,
interrupting duty = 22.2 pu or 22.2 X 1.388 = 30.8 kA per unit 28.7 25.6
3c) Momentary asymmetrical fault
symmetrical rms current. current, per unit = 1.6 X 3b) 43.0* 41.0
The standard circuit breaker that meets the calculated 3d) Momentary asymmetrical fault
current, kA 59.7 56.9
symmetrical-interrupting duty has a 4.16-250 identifica-
tion and a symmetrical-interrupting capability at 4.16 4) Circuit breaker selected
kVof29 X (4.76/4.16) = 33.2 kA. 4a) Circuit breaker type number 4.16-350 4.16-250
A momentary calculation must be made. The XMF (rating basis) (SYM) (SYM)
4b) Interrupting capability, at
network current E/XMF = 28.7 pu symmetrical current. voltage ld), kA 46.9 33.2
(This is the calculated ac component of a first-cycle total 4c) Close and latch rating,
asymmetrical, kA 78 58
current.) To obtain the calculated total-asymmetrical 4d) Interrupting duty to capability
current this is multiplied by 1.5 (a special case of voltage ratio, = 2j)/4b) 0.623 0.928
4e) Momentary duty to capability
below 5 kV and all remote sources according to Standard ratio, = 3d)/4c) 0.765 0.98
C37.5-1953) and by base current. The caLculated XMF
network momentary duty IDM\OF = 28.7 X 1.5 X Bases: 10 MVA; 1.388 kA and 1.73 ohms at 4.16 kV.
*
Using a 1.5 special case multiplier instead of 1.6, per Standard
1.388 59.7 kA, total asymmetrical rms current.
=
C37.5-1953 [11].
520 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY AND GENERAL APPLICATIONS, SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1969

The standard circuit breaker that meets the XMAF TABLE VII
network momentary duty has a 4.16-350 identification and APPROXIMATE RESISTANCE, RANGE AND TYPICAL VALUES OF
X/R RATIOS OF SYSTEM COMPONENTS
a closing and latching capability of 78 kA. The 4.16-250
circuit breaker, which meets the interrupting duty, does
not meet the 59.7 kA momentary duty calculated using the Approximate Measure
System Components of Resistance*
XMF network since its closing and latching capability is Turbine generators and con-
58 kA. densers Effective resistancet
When the circuit breaker meeting the XMF momentary Salient-pole genierators and
motors Effective resistancet
duty is larger than the one meeting the interrupting duty, Induction motors 1.2 times the dc armature resis-
an additional momentary calculation using the XMS tance
Power transformers Ac load-loss resistance (not in-
network (in accord with Standard C37.010-1964) is indi- cluding no-load losses or auxil-
cated. From the XMS network, E/XMS = 25.6 pu Reactors iary losses)
Ac resistance
symmetrical current. The total XMS network calculated Lines and cables Ac resistance
momentary duty is 25.6 X 1.6 X 1.388 = 56.9 kA total
asymmetrical rms current. X/R Ratio Typical
The 4.16-250 circuit breaker is the final selection to meet System Compon-ents Range Valuest
both this lower XMS momentary duty and the previously Large generators and hydrogen-cooled 40-120 80
synchronous condensers
,calculated interrupting duty. The momentary duty/ Small generators and synchronous motors See Fig. 16
capability margin, as shown in Table Vl, is slim, however, Induction motors See Fig. 17 -
Power transformers See Fig. 18
hand consideration of provision for growth might dictate Reactors 40-120 80
selection of a larger circuit breaker. Open-wire lines,- 2-10
Underground cables 1-3 2
* For the purpose of determining the equivalent X/P ratio, it is
APPENDIX recommended that the manufactturer's advice be obtained concern-
X/R RATIO AND R DATA SOURCES ing the resistance value to be used for important electrical compo-
nents. In the absence of such recommendations, these approximate
The manufacturer is the source of the most accurate measures of resistance are suggested. In both cases, measured values
on rotating machines should be converted to normal operatinig
X/R ratio values for individual large electric equipments. temperature.
Data from manufacturers for existing equipment are t Effective resistance = X2,J/27rTa3, where X2P is the rated-
voltage negative-sequence reactance and Ta3 is the rated-voltage
sometimes available from nameplates or instruction books, generator-armature dc short-circuit time constant in seconds.
or may be requested from the manufacturer when time
Effective resistance is usually about 1.2 times the dc resistance.
t Actual values should be obtained if practical.
permits. Representative or typical X/R ratio data are
often acceptable for groups of smaller equipments or
proposed equipment and sometimes for existing equipment obtain an equivalent FOA rating before entering the
if estimates are also used for other system information. figure.
A request made for data from the manufacturer should For feeder circuits, single values of the X/R ratio are
specify R or X/IR values for short-circuit study purposes, given as typical in Table VII. It is better to use published
as specified in the first footnote of Table VII. In the ab- X and R data if the feeder-circuit construction is known.
sence of the recommendations of the manufacturer, typical The data appear in several reference guides, such as [14].
X/R ratio data may be obtained from Table VII and Figs. WAith the new calculating procedures it is more im-
16-18 [10]. When using these data it is suggested that portant to include medium-voltage cables in the imped-
X/R ratio values be selected from the "Typical Value" ance diagram. While the effect of cable reactance in re-
column of the table and the "Medium" line of the curves. ducing the E/X current is probably slight, the effect of
This will help to obtain uniform results among those com- cable resistance in reducing the X/R ratio is more pro-
paring calculations. nounced and should not be ignored.
Fig. 16 gives typical X/R ratios for synchronous motors
starting with 1000-hp ratings. For a smaller synchronous NOMENCLATURE AND DEFINITIONS
motor, when better data are not available, use the X/IR
ratio of an induction motor having equal horsepower, taken The symbols used in this paper for circuit-breaker short-
from Fig. 17. Fig. 18 shows the transformer X/R ratio as a circuit current capabilities and short-circuit duty-calcula-
function of FOA (forced-oil cooled and forced-air cooled) tion currents and impedances are abbreviations intended
transformer MVA rating. The type of transformer cooling to aid identification.
must b2 known (it should be noted when collecting trans- For current, after the standard symbol I, a second letter
former rating and impedance data) to obtain a typical B identifies a circuit-breaker short-circuit capability de-
XIR ratio from this figure. An OA (self-cooled) or FA rived from its rating, and a second letter D identifies a
(forced-air cooled) transformer MVA rating must be short-circuit current duty imposed by the characteristics
multiplied by a factor taken from the table in Fig. 18 to of the power system. The next three letters are a more
RIUENING: NEW AMERICAN STANDARDS FOR CIRCUIT BREAKER APPLICATIONS 521

specific identification, as shown in the following list. An

exception to the pattern is INACD.
For impedances, after a standard symbol R, X, or Z, a
second letter I indicates usage in an impedance network for
interrupting duty calculations and a second letter M indi-
60l. 4- M
| cates momentary-duty network usage. A third letter S
u
4
10 5~~~~~~~~~~~~~-.W7 MED1
(for sixty-four) indicates that Standard C37.010-1964 [10]
lr
x 40
is the basis for the network and a third letter F (for fifty-
-J three) generally indicates that Standard C37.5-1953
4
30 LOCW
u
[11 ] is the basis.
20C
Contact-parting time: Time interval between the initia-
-__-_-__
tion of short-circuit current through a circuit breaker and
25000
the parting of its primary arcing contacts. Minimum con-
1000 Z000 Ioooo 15000
tact-parting time equals an instantaneously relayed trip-
5000

NAMEPLATE KVA 20000

Fig. 16. X/R range for small generators and synchronous motors
ping delay of one half-cycle plus circuit-breaker opening
(solid rotor and salient pole). time. Purposely introduced relaying delay adds to the con-
tact-parting time. Units: cycles of a 60-Hz wave.
E: Highest typical operating voltage occurring at
50_ the circuit-breaker location. For industrial systems this
prefault maximum system voltage should probably be
evaluated at the time when other system-operating condi-
40 _- HIG H UE DI M
tions correspond to maximum short-circuit current (at
u
heavy load rather than at light load). Units: kV or per-unit
- rms voltage.
Ix
4
E/X: Ac symmetrical rms current at the fault point in
0
an X-network simulation of electric power system per-
1-: formance under short-circuit conditions. E is the prefault
30
j Sj1 operating voltage and X is the equivalent reactance of the
system as viewed from the fault point. E/X usually refers
to the fault-point current of an interrupting X network.
In this paper, substitutions are sometimes used for X to
50 100 250 500 1000 2500 5000 10,000 make specific which of several X-network simulations is
NAMEPLATE H. P. being used. See IDSYiA/J. Units: kA or per unit.
Fig. 17. X/R range for three-phase induction motors. IBMOM: Momentary (closing and latching) total-
current capability of a circuit breaker. Units: kA rms cuir-
rent.
60 HIGH
IBSYM: Symmetrical-current-interrupting capability
50 ME lum
of a symmetrical-current-rated circuit breaker, derived
cr- 40 LOW from its rated short-circuit current and rated maximum
x
-J
-j
30 voltage knowing the application voltage. Units: kA rms
EL
20 current.
10
IBTOT: Total current-interrupting capability of a
total-current-rated circuit breaker, derived from its rated
0
2 5 10 50 100 500 iooc0
short-circuit current and rated voltage knowing the appli-
3-PHASE,FOA-POWER TRANSFORMER MVA
cation voltage. Also, the total current-interrupting capa-
(STANDARD IMPEDANCE LIMITS)
bility of a symmetrical-current-rated circuit breaker ob-
Range of tained by multiplying IBSYM\I by ratio S. Units: kA rms
Rated MVA Factor current.
OA (self-cooled)
transformers
0,501-2.499
2.500-11.999
1.300
1.500 IDMOMI: Momentary (first-cycle) total-current short-
12.000-300 1.677 circuit duty. Units: kA or per-unit rms current.
FA (forced air-
cooled) trans-
0.576-2.874
2.875-14.999
1.130
1.200 IDMOF: Momentary (first-cycle) total-current short-
formers 15.000-400 1. 250 circuit duty when calculated using procedures based on
Fig. 18. X/R range for power transformers. For OA and FA rat- [11] (F denotes fifty-three). Units: kA or per-unit rms
ings, multiply MVA by factor from table before using curve. current.
IDMOS: Momentary (first-cycle) total-current short-
circuit duty when calculated using procedures based on
522 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY AND GENERAL
[10] (S denotes sixty-four). Units: kA or per-unit rms it for
current.
IDSYM: Symmetrical (ac component) short-circuit
rms current which may decrease with increasing time. It is
usually estimated by an E/X calculation, selecting X to
account for time variation. Evaluated at one half-cycle it is
the ac component of IDMOM. Units: kA or per-unit rms
current.
IDTOT: Total (asymmetrical) short-circuit rms cur-
rent. It is usually estimated by finding IDSYM and ap-
plying a multiplier. Evaluated at one half-cycle it is
IDMOM.
IDSCC: A calculated short-circuit current duty value,
possibly neither symmetrical nor asymmetrical, adjusted
for comparison with the symmetrical interrupting ca-
pability of a symmetrical-current-rated circuit breaker.
It may differ from both IDSYM and IDTOT. It is equal to
IDTOT divided by ratio S when X/R > 15, and it is equal
to IDSYM when X/R < 15.
INACD: Sum of the currents in the NACD-source
branches of an interrupting X network.
Interrupting duty: Short-circuit current at circuit-
breaker contact-parting time, usually estimated by calcula-
tion. Further definition is required to be specific. See
IDSCC, IDSYM, and IDTOT. Units: kA or per-unit rms
current.
Interrupting time, rated: See rated interrupting time.
K: Rated voltage range factor. See footnote (3) of
Table I.
Max kV: An abbreviation for circuit-breaker rated
maximum voltage.
Momentary duty: Total short-circuit current during the
first cycle after initiation, with ac and dc components com-
bined for a maximum rms magnitude. See IDMOMVI,
IDMOF, and IDMOS. Units: kA or per-unit rms current.
Multiplying factor for E/X: A factor obtained from
curves, dependent on circuit X/R, proximity of short-
circuit current sources, circuit-breaker minimum contact-
parting time, and circuit-breaker rating structure. The
SYM multiplying factor makes the interrupting X-network
E/X current comparable with the interrupting capability
of a symmetrical-current-rated breaker. The TOT multi-
plying factor makes the interrupting X network E/X cur-
rent comparable with the interrupting capability of a
total-current-rated breaker.
NACD: Abbreviation for no ac decay. Refers to elec-
trically remote sources whose short-circuit current con-
tributions are assumed to have essentially constant mag-
nitude ac components.
NACD ratio: INACD expressed as a per unit of E/X in
an interrupting X network.
R: When determining X/R, the lowest value of system
resistance corresponding to X, as viewed from the fault
point (determined with X assumed to be zero). Obtained
by replacing each X in the interrupting X network with a
corresponding R value to form an R network and reducing
APPLICATIONS, SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1969
an equivalent fault-point resistance. See Table VII
for basis. Units: ohms or per unit.
Rated interrupting time: Maximum permissible interval
between the energizing of the trip circuit and the inter-
ruption of the main circuit in all poles on an opening
operation (with further qualifications, see [2, paragraph
04-4.8]). Equals the sum of the opening time and the
arcing time. Units: cycles of a 60-Hz wave.
Ratio S: See S.
RIF, XIF, XIF: Impedances used in calculation of
interrupting duty based on [11 ]. Units: per unit or ohms.
RIS, XIS, ZIS: Impedances used in calculation of
interrupting duty based on [10 ]. Units: per unit or ohms.
RMF, XMF, ZM1F: Impedances used in the momentary-
duty calculation based on [11 ]. Units: per unit or ohms.
RMS, XMS, ZM\IS: Impedances used in the momentary-
duty calculation based on [10 ]. Units: per unit or ohms.
R network: A network of circuit elements, each repre-
senting the resistance of an electric power-system com-
ponent, interconnected to simulate system performance.
S: Ratio of total asymmetrical current-interrupting
capability of a circuit breaker to its ac symmetrical rms
current interrupting capability.
SYM: Identifies the multiplying factor for E/X that is
used when applying symmetrical-current-rated circuit
breakers.
Time, contact-parting: See contact-parting time.
Time, rated interrupting: See rated interrupting time.
TOT: Identifies the multiplying factor for E/X that is
used when applying total-current-rated circuit breakers.
X: When determining X/R or E/X, the lowest value of
system reactance, as viewed from--the fault point (deter-
mined with R assumed equal to zero). Obtained by
constructing an X network using specified modifications
of rotating-machine reactances from Table II and reducing
it for an equivalent fault-point reactance. In tabulating
impedance, X unmodified usually represents the reactance
suitable for calculating the magnitude of symmetrical
short-circuit current duty at time equal to zero. Units:
per unit or ohms.
XIF, XIS, XMiF, XMS: See RIF, RIS, RMF, RM\JS.
X network: A network of circuit elements, each repre-
senting the reactance of an electric power-system com-
ponent interconnected to simulate system performance.
X/R ratio: See X and R definitions. The ratio is related
to the time constant of the exponential decay of the dc
component of the short-circuit current duty.
ZIF, ZIS, ZMF, ZM\S: See RIF, RIS, RMF, RMS.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author would like to express his appreciation to the
American National Standards Institute, Inc., for the use
of mnaterial borrowed directly from standard publications.
All or portions of Tables I, II, and VII and Figs. 1, 4, 6-9,
16-18 have been copied from [2], [5], [6], and [101.
Quotations from these standards have also been used.
HUENING: NEW AMERICAN STANDARDS FOR CIRCUIT BREAKER APPLICATIONS 523

REFERENCES [8] "Test procedure for ac high-voltage circuits breakers," ANSI

[1] "Definitions for ac high-voltage circuit breakers," ANSI
Standard C37.03-1964.
"Rating structure for ac high-voltage circuit breakers,"
[21 ANSI
Standard C37.04-1964.
[3] ANSI Standard C37.04a-1964, Addenda to C37.04-1964.
f4] "Methods for determining the values of a sinusoidal current
wave and a normal-frequency recovery voltage for ac high-
voltage circuit breakers," ANSI Standard C37.05-1964.
15] "Preferred ratings and related required capabilities for ac
high-voltage circuit breakers," ANSI Standard C37.06-1966.
16] ANSI Standard C37.06a-1968, Supplement to C37.06-1966.
[7] "Interrmpting capability factors for reclosing service for ac
high-volta.ge circuit breakers," ANSI Standard C37.07-1964.
Standard C37.09-1964.
[9] ANSI Standard C37.09a-1964, Addenda to C37.09-1964.
[10] "Application guide for ac high-voltage circuit breakers,"
ANSI Standard C37.010-1964.
[11] "Methods for determining the rms value of a sinusoidal current
wave and a normal-frequency recovery voltage and for simpli-
fied calculation of fault currents," ANSI Standard C37.5-1953,
reaffirmed 1966.
[12] "Schedule of preferre& .ratings for power circuit breakers,"
ANSI Standard C37.6-1966 and earlier issues.
[13] "Calculation of fault currents for application of power circuit
breakers rated on a total-current basis (proposed application
guide)," ANSI Standard C37.5-19XX.
[14] "Electric power distribution for industrial plants," IEEE Publ.
141, 1969.

Walter C. Huening, Jr. (M'52-SM'60) was born in Boston, Mass., on February 10, 1923. He
received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering, magna cum laude, from Tufts University,
Medford, Mass., in 1944.
He served in the U. S. Naval Reserve from 1944 to 1946. From 1946 to 1948 he was an
Instructor of Electrical Engineering at Tufts University. He has been with the General
Electric Company since 1948, first with the Test Engineering Program and then as a Technical
Engineer for the Electric Power Distribution System, Lynn River Works, Mass. He served
again in the U. S. Naval Reserve from 1950 to 1952, and then returned to the General Electric
Company, Schenectady, N. Y., as Industrial Power Systems Application Engineer specializing
li~ lIinCaseshort-circuit current calculations. From 1956 to 1958 he was Product Planner for Molded-
Circuit Breakers at Plainville, Conn. At the General Electric Product Department in
Ohio he was Project Engineer from 1958 to 1959. He was a Power Application Engineer in
Schenectady, N. Y., from 1960 to 1962, and a Metal Rolling Application Engineer from 1962
to 1968. He joined the Energy Systems Operation in 1968. He is now a Consulting Application
Engineer, principally interested in industrial power systems and specializing in circuit-breaker
applications. He has authored and co-authored severa] IEEE technical and-oonference papers.
Mr. Huening is a member of Tau Beta Pi, and is a Registered Professional Engineer in the States of New York and Ohio.
..A.