Electrical Power and Energy Systems 40 (2012) 2128

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Electrical Power and Energy Systems

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijepes

Optimal operation of thermal unit in smart grid considering transmission constraint

Tomonori Goya a,, Tomonobu Senjyu a,1, Atsushi Yona a,1, Naomitsu Urasaki a,1, Toshihisa Funabashi b,2
a
Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara-cho, Nakagami, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
b
Meidensha Corporation, ThinkPark Tower, 2-1-1 Ohsaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-6029, Japan

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Recently, the deregulation and liberalization in power market increase the competition in retail and
Received 18 February 2011 power sector. Therefore, power company needs to reduce operational cost and maximizes the prot by
Received in revised form 30 December 2011 operating generator with higher efciency. On the other hand, energy consumption is increasing rapidly
Accepted 5 February 2012
due to the proliferation of all-electric houses. So the controllable load such as electric water heater, heat
Available online 27 March 2012
pump and electric vehicles are introduced to the power system. However conventional system does not
operate the thermal unit and controllable load in a coordinated manner. This paper focuses on operating
Keywords:
the controllable load, battery and thermal units in a coordinated manner. Furthermore, this paper consid-
Smart grid
Tabu search
ers the transmission constraints. The proposed method uses a tabu search for optimization method. Opti-
Controllable load mizing procedure is divided into two parts. Firstly, actual load is controlled by controllable load and
Thermal unit commitment battery. Finally, the schedule of thermal unit commitment problem is decided in the revised load. Simu-
Transmission constraint lation results show the validation of proposed method and validate the performance and effectiveness of
Renewable energy the algorithm for controllable load and battery.
2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Recently, the deregulation and liberalization in power market
increase the competition in retail and power sector and many elec-
trical sources that are possessed by independent power producer.
This background leads to the competition in retail and power sector.
Therefore electricity producer should use thermal units as higher
efciency as possible and reduce the operational cost and maxi-
mizes the prot. Also, the reductions of emission of CO2 and energy
consumption are required due to the fossil fuel exhaustive and
global warming [14]. Therefore, renewable energy plant such as
photovoltaic facilities and wind turbine generators are introduced
to power system. The storage system is introduced to suppress
the voltage and frequency deviation due to the introduction of
renewable energy. It is possible to reduce the total cost of thermal
unit by controlling the storage system and thermal units with high-
er efciency. Actually, researches have been proposed, which oper-
ates the storage system and thermal units in optimally [5]. Ref. [5]
focuses on the storage system for the load leveling to build the
system to introduce electricity. However, controllable load such
as electric water heater, heat pump and electric vehicles are
introduced to power system by increasing the apartment run by
Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +81 98 895 8686.
E-mail address: b985542@tec.u-ryukyu.ac.jp (T. Goya).
1
Tel./fax: +81 98 895 8686.
2
Tel.: +81 3 6420 7208; fax: +81 3 5745 3042.
electricity. However, Ref. [5] does not describe the load leveling
and the reduction of the total cost by using the controllable load
was not mentioned. For the load leveling and reduction of cost of
thermal unit by using the controllable load and battery smart grid
has become very popular in world wide, which operate the upper
and under of power system in a coordinate manner. A method
was proposed which includes smart grid to keep the power balance
[68].
For the research of smart grid, we proposed a method to obtain
the optimal operation of thermal unit, battery and controllable load
by deciding the thermal unit commitment that is introduced the
renewable power plant, battery and controllable load [9]. Therefore,
thermal units are operated by the maximum output. However,
transmission constraint is not considered and there is the risk that
transmission line becomes overload [1012]. When the power is
supplied to the region that is low energy requirements, transmis-
sion line could be low transmission capacity. If the mega solar
and wind farm is introduced to distant places, a large of power is
owed in the some transmission line. Therefore, some transmission
line has the risk to be overloaded. When the power is supplied to
the region that is high energy requirements, also some transmission
line could become overloaded in the daytime that load demand is
high. Therefore, some transmission become risky. So, transmission
constraint should be considered. Transmission constraint is satis-
ed by controlling the controllable load and battery and optimizing
the power ow. When load demand becomes higher in the daytime
and the transmission become overloaded, transmission constraint
is satised by charging the battery in nighttime and discharging

0142-0615/$ - see front matter 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2012.02.001
22 T. Goya et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 40 (2012) 2128

the battery in daytime. Equally, transmission constraint is satised

PV1 WG1 GA GB GC PV2 WG2
by reducing the consumption of controllable load in daytime and
increasing the consumption of controllable load in nighttime. When Pf 12 Pf 23 Pf 34 Pf 45
renewable energy is generated in nighttime that load demand is
low and the transmission line is overload, transmission constraint
is satised by charging the battery and increasing the consumption 1 2 3 4 5
of controllable load.
This paper proposes the optimal algorithm considering the Battery1 Battery2
transmission constraint in the system introducing the renewable
energy, controllable load, battery and thermal unit. Also, optimal GD PV3 WG3
Pf36
operation of controllable load, battery and thermal units is deter-
Pf67
mined by using the proposed algorithm. The system conguration
is represented in Section 2. The proposed method is described in
Section 3. Simulation results are shown in Section 4, which is using 6 7
the proposed method. This paper shows the effectiveness of pro-
posed method by numerical simulation and verify the capability Battery3 Battery4
and effect of optimization algorithm for controllable load and
battery. Fig. 1. Power system model.

2. System conguration
Table 1
Fig. 1 shows the power system model assumed in this paper. Capacity of battery.
The power system of Fig. 1 is introduced the photovoltaic power Battery1 Battery2 Battery3 Battery4
systems, wind generators, batteries and thermal units. The wind
P max
Bi (MW) 50 50 50 50
farm and mega solar, which is large rated capacity, need the wind
SnBi (MW h) 300 300 300 300
area, therefore, the wind farm and mega solar are introduced to the
nodes 1, 5 and 7 which is assumed as rural area. Tables 1 and 2
shows each parameters. Thermal units are assumed as steam gen-
erators. Table 3 shows the number of thermal units on each node. Table 2
Table 4 shows the load demand in each node. Table 5 shows the Parameters of each thermal units.
congured transmission constraint. The maximum load demand
Unit 16 Unit 79 Unit 1012
is assumed 1145 MW and summation of capacity for thermal unit
P max (MW) 162 130 85
is 1617 MW in this paper. i
P min (MW) 25 20 25
i
ai ($) 450 700 450
3. Formulation of proposed method bi ($/MW) 19.70 16.60 27.74
ci ($/MW) 0.00398 0.002 0.00079
T on
i (h)
6 5 3
The purpose of this method is to determine the unit schedule
T off (h) 6 5 3
that reduces the total cost in power system by introducing renew- i
costi ($) 1800 1100 520
able energy plants, controllable loads, batteries and thermal units.
The problem in this paper is formulated by the total problem
shown by following objective function and constraint. t is the each
scheduling period [hour]. Table 3
Number of thermal units on each node.

3.1. Objective function Node 2 3 4 6

Unit 4, 6 1, 2, 8, 9 5, 7 3, 10, 11, 12
Objective function is to minimize the operational cost shown by
the sum of fuel cost and startup cost
X Table 4
min F fFC i Pi t  ui t costi  ui t  1  ui t  1g 1 Load demand.
t T
Node 1 1
16 Of the total
where TFCi(Pi(t))Pi(t)ui(t) and costi are total scheduling period Node 2 1
8 Of the total
[hour], fuel cost [$] of unit i at hour t, output of unit i at hour t, Node 3 1
8 Of the total
off/on status of unit i at hour t and startup cost [$] of unit i at hour Node 4 1
8 Of the total
t, respectively. Fuel cost is formulated by the quadratic of output Node 5 1
16 Of the total
power of thermal units as follows: Node 6 1
4 Of the total
Node 7 1
4 Of the total
FC i Pi t ai bi Pi t ci P2i t 2

where ai, bi and ci are the fuel coefcients for unit i.

Table 5
3.2. Constraints Transmission constraints.

Transmission Constraint (MW)

3.2.1. System power balance
P max
12
70
The total power produced from the thermal generators, batter-
P max
36
340
ies, renewable energy and controllable loads should exactly satisfy
 T. Goya et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 40 (2012) 2128 23

the load demand PL(t) for that hour. Thus the system power bal- X
12

ance equation for hour t can be expressed as ui tP max

gi t P P L t R
t
7
i1
X
7
PL t PLi t where the spinning reserve Rt is 5% of the load demand. When
i1 the controllable loads and the batteries are generated in sched-
X
12 X
4 X
4 X
4 uling time, the load demand PL(t) is revised to the P0L t, which is
Pgi t PWGi t P PVi t PBi t as follows:
i1 i1 i1 i1
X
7 X
4 X
7

Pcoi t 3 P0L t PL t PBi t P coi t for charge and

i1 i1
i1
incremented consumption 8
where PLi(t)Pi(t)PWGi(t), PPVi(t), PBi(t) and Pcoi(t) are the load demand
X
4 X
7
[MW], thermal generator output [MW], wind generator output P0L t PL t  PBi t  P coi t for discharge and
[MW], photovoltaic power output [MW], battery output [MW] i1 i1
and controllable load power [MW]. decremented consumption 9
X
12
3.2.2. Thermal unit constraint ui tPmax 0 t
gi t P P L t R 10
i1
(i) Generation limit
The power output of each generating unit must be limited
3.2.3. Batteries constraints
within a specied range
This paper considers that the battery is possessed by power
Pmin
i 6 Pi t 6 Pmax
i 4 supply side. Therefore, the battery is controllable in within the lim-
it of battery limits.
where andPmax
i P min
are the maximum output [MW] and mini-
i
mum output [MW] of generating unit i, respectively.
(i) Output limit for battery
(ii) Unit minimum up/down time The power output of each batteries must be limited within a
Due to operational limitations, once a unit is committed/ specied range
decommitted it should be kept stable for a minimum period
of time before a transition. This lead to following equation Pmin max
Bi 6 P Bi t 6 P Bi 11

T on on
i 6 X i t 5 where P min
B ,
PBi(t) and Pmax
are the minimum output [MW], out-
Bi
put [MW] and maximum output [MW] of battery i. The battery in-
T off
i 6 X off
i t 6
verter efciency is 90%.
where T on off on
i , T i , Xi and X off
are the minimum up/down time [hour]
i
and duration of being continuously on/off [hour] of generating (ii) Capacity limit for battery
unit i. The battery has the margin band of state of charge, which the
upper limit is the 70% and lower limit is the 30%. The state of
(iii) Spinning reserve constraint charge of each batteries must be limited within a specied range.
The thermal units should have the spinning reserve in each
Smin max
Bi 30 6 SBi t 6 SBi 70% 12
scheduling time.
where SBi(t), and Smin
Bi Smax
are state of charge of battery i [%],
Bi
upper limit of state of charge [%] and lower limit of state of
charge [%].

Forecasted output power 3.2.4. Transmission constraint

generated data STEP 1
The power ow of internode should be limited within the spec-
ied range.
jPij j 6 Pmax
ij 13
Thermal unit commitment STEP 2
where Pij and Pmax
are power ow [MW] and maximum power
ij
ow between the node i and node j
Controllable loads and battery operation
STEP 3
considering transmission constraint 4. Optimal operation of proposed method in smart grid

For demand response system in smart grid system, the control-

Calculating the objective lable load information determined in demand side is sent to the
STEP 4
function Eq. (1) power supply side by using the communication system such as
smart meter. The power supply side get the information of control-
lable loads from the demand side, and schedules the next day oper-
End? STEP 5 ation include the demand side system operation. The determined

Yes No
Table 6
Priority list.
End
Priority 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Unit 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 10 11 12 13
Fig. 2. Optimal operation in smart grid considering transmission constraint.
24 T. Goya et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 40 (2012) 2128

Load demand

Active power [MW]

Thermal generating units

Time [hour]

Lack power (Battery and Controllable load)

Modified
Active power [MW]

load demand

Thermal units

Surplus power
(Battery, Controllable load and Thermal Unit)

Time [hour]

Violated power flow Violated power flow

Active power flow

Active power flow

P f 12 [MW]

P f 36 [MW]

PB1+Pco1
PB3+PB4+Pco6+P co7

Time [hour] Time [hour]

Lack power [MW]

PB4

PB1
Pco7
Pco1

Pco1 Time [hour]

Surplus power [MW]

Pco7

PB1

PB4

Pg is reduced

Fig. 3. Thermal unit commitment considering transmission constraint in smart grid.

schedule of next day is sent to the demand side. The thermal units and demand side get the advantage by applying the smart grid sys-
operating cost is reduced by using the demand side system, and tem to thermal unit commitment program. Smart grid system is
the demand side get the ancillary service. The power supply side accomplished by using the above operation.
 T. Goya et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 40 (2012) 2128 25

1300 supposition and are dened as the inverse proportion of load

Active power PL [MW]

1200 demand.
1100
(i) Controllable load power limit
1000
The power output of each controllable loads must be limited
900
within a specied range
800
700
Pmin max
coi t 6 P coi t 6 P coi t 14
600 0 5 10 15 20 where Pmax and
co t P min
are the maximum power output [MW]
co t
and minimum power output [MW] of controllable load, respec-
Time t [hour]
tively. They are expressed as following equations

130  103
P max
coi t 15
Active power PPV [MW]

20 PLi t
18
PV1
16 130  103
PV2 P min
coi t  : 16
14 PV3 PLi t
12
10 Therefore, the upper and lower limits of controllable loads are
8 determined by using the Eqs. (10) and (11) in load demand of
6
4
each node i.
2 This paper determines the power consumption control of
0 controllable load, discharge and charge output of battery, ther-
0 5 10 15 20
mal unit commitment schedule and economic load dispatch.
Time t [hour] The proposed method uses tabu search (TS) for the power con-
sumption control of controllable load and discharge and charge
output of battery. Tabu search (TS) is one of the meta-heuristic
method, where includes the Simulated Annealing (SA), Genetic
Active power PWG [WM]

100
90 Algorithm (GA). Tabu search method searches the neighborhood
80 WG1
of initial condition, and move to the best neighborhood solution
70 WG2
60 around the searched neighborhood solutions. Then, the best
WG3
50 neighborhood solution is saved to the tabu list. The solution
40 saved in tabu list can not be searched again. This operation pre-
30
vent to search the local solution and stop to search. Using the
20
10 tabu list, can search the global solution in optimization problem.
0 For these reasons, tabu search is applied to the unit commit-
0 5 10 15 20
ment problem (UC problem) which has the large scale solutions
Time t [hour] in this paper.

4.2. Control algorithm in smart grid system

Active power PWG [MW]

100
WG1
WG2
WG3
50
0 STEP 2: The initial solution of thermal units Pg satisfying mini-
0 5 10 15
Time t [hour]
Fig. 4. Simulation condition.
4.1. Controllable loads constraint in smart grid system
For the controllable loads, the limits of controllable load power
are determined by the power demand side in one-day. The sche-
dule of the controllable loads power are based on the limit of
controllable loads power and are sent to the power demand side.
The electric equipment is used a lot in day time and is used a
little in night time. Therefore, it is assumed that the bandwidth
of limits of controllable loads is narrow in day time and is wide
in night time. The limits of controllable loads are based on this
Fig. 2 shows the algorithm of controllable load and battery and
the procedures are as follows.
STEP 1: The forecasted data of load demand PL, wind turbine
generator output PWG and photovoltaic system output PPV are
set.
20
mum up/down time constraint is determined. The initial solu-
tion of thermal units schedule is determined based on the
priority list shown in Table 6. In the priority list, the on/off fre-
quency of thermal units is considered, and the thermal unit
which is the high rated power has the high priority to commit.
The thermal units neighborhood solutions is produced for time
direction around the operating point shown in Fig. 3a. The
P
power imbalance P L t  12 i1 P gi t is calculated shown in
Fig. 3b.
STEP 3: The transmission constraints in the each neighborhood
solution are satised by the controllable loads output and the
batteries output shown in Fig. 3c. The controllable loads output
and batteries output are scheduled shown in Fig. 3d. The power
ow is calculated by using algebric method, and is need to the
data such as the load demand, the wind turbine output, photo-
voltaic system output, the thermal units output, the controlla-
ble loads output and batteries output in each node. The power
ow is calculated as following equations:
26 T. Goya et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 40 (2012) 2128
Active power Pco 15 [MW]

Controllable loads energy

20

10 1000

Wre [MWh]
0
Pco1 Pco5
500
-10

-20 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 25
Time t [hour] Time t [hour]
Active power Pco 234 [MW]

Active power PB [MW]

40 50
max
PB1 PB
20
Pco2 Pco4
0
0
Pco3 PB4 min
-20 PB2 PB3 PB
-50
-40
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
Time t [hour] Time t [hour]
Active power Pco 67 [MW]

State of charge SB [%]

100
50 max
SB
Pco7 Pco6 SB4
0 50 SB1
SB3 SB2
min
-50 SB
0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 25
Time t [hour] Time t [hour]
Spining reserve [MW]

10

0
0 5 10 15 20
Time t [hour]

Fig. 5. Simulation results.

Pxi t PLi t Pcoi t PBi t P WGi t PPVi t 17 STEP 4: The thermal units neighborhood solutions are evalu-
Pf 12 t Px1 t 18 ated, and the neighborhood solution which minimizes the ther-
mal units total cost is recorded to tabu list.
Pf 23 t Px1 t Px2 t 19
STEP 5: The terminated condition is checked. If the terminated
Pf 34 t Px4 t Px5 t 20 condition is satised, the searching is terminated. If this is not
Pf 45 t Px5 t 21 the case, the searching is back to the STEP 2, and continue num-
Pf 36 t Px6 t Px7 t 22 ber is revised to the it = it + 1.
Pf 67 t Px7 t 23
5. Simulation

where Pxi(t) and Pj are consumption in each node [MW] and the This section shows the effectiveness and performance for power
power ow from node i to node j [MW]. consumption control of controllable load and charge and discharge
 T. Goya et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 40 (2012) 2128 27

Pg12

Active power Pg [MW]

1500 PL Pg Pg11
Pg10
PLm
Pg9
Pg8
1000 Pg7
Pg6
Pg5
500 Pg4
Pg3
Pg2
Pg1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time t [hour]

Pg12
Active power Pg [MW]

1500 PL Pg11
Pg Pg10
PLm
Pg9
Pg8
1000 Pg7
Pg6
Pg5
500 Pg4
Pg3
Pg2
Pg1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time t [hour]
Power flow Pf 12 [MW]

50
Conventional
0 Proposed

-50

-100
0 5 10 15 20
Time t [hour]
Power flow Pf 36 [MW]

-200

-250
Conventional
Proposed
-300

-350

-400
0 5 10 15 20
Time t [hour]

Fig. 5 (continued)
28 T. Goya et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 40 (2012) 2128
Table 7
Total cost (severe condition of wind farm).
Total energy (MW h) Total cost ($) Cost rate ($/MW h)
Conventional 29,028 716,370 24.7
Proposed 29,028 704,930 24.3
Table 8
Total cost (average condition of wind farm).
Total energy (MW h) Total cost ($) Cost rate ($/MW h)
Conventional 29,028 713,880 24.6
Proposed 29,028 698,690 24.1
of battery algorithm in the power system that is introduced photo-
voltaic system, wind turbine generator, controllable load, battery
and thermal generating units. So this section simulates the
proposed method by assuming the power of photovoltaic, wind
turbine generator and load demand. For simulation condition, this
paper assumes that these generated powers are forecastable.
Load demand, photovoltaic and wind power that is assumed in
this paper is shown by Fig. 4ad respectively. Wind power is
assumed to be the severe and average conditions. Fig. 5 shows the
simulation results of optimal algorithm considering the transmis-
sion constraint. Fig. 5ac shows the power output of controllable
loads and is Fig. 5d shows the energy consumption of controllable
load and it is corresponded controlled within the constraints. in
0 h and 24 h. So the constraint conditions for energy consumption
of controllable load is satised. Fig. 5e and f show the charge and
discharge power and capacity for battery. Output limit for battery
and state of charge limit for battery are satised shown in Fig. 5e
and f. Fig. 5g shows the spinning reserve of thermal units with smart
grid system. Fig. 5h shows the modied load demand (PLm(t) =
PL(t)  PWG(t)  PPV(t)) and thermal output Pg(t) without smart grid,
therefore, thermal units is not operated in high efciency operation.
Fig. 5i shows the output of thermal units Pg(t) with smart grid sys-
tem. This show that unit minimum up/down time is satised.
Applying the smart grid system, the thermal units, which is low ef-
ciency generator are decommited in day time, and the thermal
units, which is high efciency generator is commited in night time,
therefore, the thermal units total cost is reduced. Fig. 5j and k shows
power ow of between nodes 1 and 2 P12 and nodes 3 and 6 P36, if
transmission constraint is not considered, it is not satised. If
transmission constraint is considered, the power ow is controlled
within the specied range. Tables 7 and 8 show the total costs with/
without smart grid system in severe and average wind farm condi-
tions. In Table 7 for severe wind farm condition, thermal units total
cost with smart grid system is reduced compared with the case
without smart grid system. In Table 8 for average wind farm
condition, the wind farm is generated in day time, therefore, the vio-
lated power ow is mitigated. As a result, the thermal units total
cost for average wind farm condition is reduced compared with
the thermal units total cost for severe wind farm condition.
6. Conclusion
This paper proposes the optimal operation schedule algorithm
considering the transmission constraint for controllable load, bat-
tery, thermal units and renewable power energy that reduce the
operational cost of thermal units. Transmission constraint is satis-
ed by applying the optimal operation schedule algorithm using
the tabu search with the controllable load and battery to power
ow that transmission constraint is not satised.
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