IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BROADCASTING, VOL. 49, NO.
1, MARCH 2003
Brief Papers ______________________________________________________________________________
DTV (COFDM) SFN Signal Variation Field Tests in Urban Environments for
Portable Outdoor Reception
Pablo Angueira, Manuel M. Vlez, David De La Vega, Amaia Arrinda, Iratxe Landa, Juan Luis Ordiales, and
Gorka Prieto
AbstractThis paper presents the measurement results ob-
tained in an extensive field test campaign developed in two large
cities of Spain (Madrid and Bilbao) with the aim of characterizing
the portable outdoor reception of digital terrestrial television
(COFDM) and continue the studies carried out by the authors
during the past years [1], [2].
Index TermsDigital terrestrial television, measurement cam-
paign, portable reception.
I. INTRODUCTION
T HE DIGITAL terrestrial television services have been on
air for two years in several European countries like United
Kingdom, Sweden and Spain. After this initial period, experts
have concluded that the viable business model FOR these ser-
vices is going to depend strongly on the added value offered by
DTV compared to its direct competitors, cable and satellite [3].
Digital terrestrial television has the potential to provide users
two features that cable and satellite systems are not likely to
offer. These added value characteristics are mobility and porta-
bility. During the past years, some studies have been carried out
in order to characterize the mobile reception [4], but few data
have been published about portable reception [5]. As a conse-
quence some aspects of both portable and mobile services re-
main untested.
The objective of the study presented in this paper is the char-
acterization of the portable reception of digital terrestrial tele-
vision services by means of an analysis of the time and spatial
variation suffered by the received signal in urban environments.
This study was based on a field measurement campaign which
has led to a large database of signal parameter values in sev-
eral reception scenarios. A constraint imposed in the planning
stages of this work was that the parameters and their recom-
mended values obtained could be easily included in most of the
existing network planning software.
First in this paper, a description of the broadcast network
where the measurements took place will be given. This net-
work is a nation wide single frequency network where all the
transmitters operate at the same frequency. Also, the measure-
Manuscript received September 6, 2002; revised November 11, 2002.
The authors are with the Department of Electronics and Telecommuni-
cations, Bilbao Engineering College (University of the Basque Country),
Alameda Urkijo s/n. 48013 Bilbao, Spain (e-mail: {jtpanbup@bi.ehu.es;
jtpveelm@bi.ehu.es; jtpdemod@bi.ehu.es; jtparsaa@bi.ehu.es; jt-
plasei@bi.ehu.es; jtporbaj@bi.ehu.es; gorka@bips78.bi.ehu.es).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TBC.2003.808738
0018-9316/03$17.00 2003 IEEE
81
ment system and methodology will be described. The measure-
ment system has been designed specifically for this measure-
ment campaign and the tests have been carried out following a
carefully planned routes and test points in order to optimize the
ratio between resources (both time and equipment) allocated to
those tests and the size and accuracy of the resulting database.
After describing the methodology and equipment, a detailed de-
scription of the results obtained will be given. Finally, the most
remarkable conclusions will be outlined.
II. NETWORK DESCRIPTION
The measurement campaign has been carried out inside
coverage areas of the network operated by RETEVISIN S.A
which provides Spanish population with DTV services. This
broadcast network has approximately 150 transmitter sites and
the percentage of potential DTV customers exceeds the 70% of
the Spanish population. This network is configured as a nation
wide single frequency network SFN [6], and puts on air four
DTV signals using the upper part of the UHF spectrum from
830 to 862 MHz. The channel width assigned is 8 MHz. The
measurements presented here were taken on the UHF 68th
channel (846854 MHz).
Measurements were taken in two densely populated cities of
Spain: Madrid and Bilbao. Madrid is located in a flat terrain
area of the center of Spain and Bilbao is located along a river
and surrounded by two small mountain ranges. In both cities
the transmitterreceiver line of sight is only obstructed by build-
ings rather than by terrain irregularities. Regarding the measure-
ments taken in Bilbao, three transmitters were involved. Those
three transmitters give access to DTV services to almost the
100% of the population in this area. Therefore, depending on
the location of each measurement one, two or three different sig-
nals were involved in the data analysis. In Madrid, there are also
three transmitters covering the urban and suburban areas of this
city. As well as in Bilbao, the network parameters in Madrid,
such as transmitter location, EIRP, radiation patterns, and an-
tenna height had been properly chosen in order to achieve a pop-
ulation coverage near to the 100% of the inhabitants in each city.
III. MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
A van was used to carry out the measurement campaign. The
inner structure of the load section of this vehicle was appro-
priately modified in order to install in a rack all the necessary
equipment A separate enclosure was arranged for the power
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Fig. 1. Measurement system.
generator. The measurement system is shown on Fig. 1. This
system could be described by means of a division into three
subsystems: the signal acquisition and distribution section, the
equipment section, and the automatic configuration and process
controlling subsystem.
Regarding the signal acquisition and distribution section the
first element is a consumer omnidirectional UHF antenna. This
antenna was designed for horizontally polarized analog tele-
vision signals and was previously characterized by laboratory
tests. It had a gain of 7.5 dBi and its radiation pattern was sim-
ilar to the ones specified on the ETSI DVB-T recommendations
for domestic portable reception [7]. The antenna was mounted
on the top of the measurement vehicle at a height of 2.30 me-
ters. The antenna was connected to a band pass filter followed
by an LNA and a power splitter.
The measurement equipment section can be described in term
of three different blocks. The first one was based on a profes-
sional digital terrestrial television demodulator which is able to
extract the information stream (MPEG-TS) from the COFDM
spectrum on UHF channel 68. This output was connected to
a MPEG demultiplexerdecoder which allowed monitoring the
baseband video and audio quality parameters according to the
recommendations given in the MPEG standards [8].
The mentioned professional COFDM receiver is also capable
to give an estimation of the B.E.R. The B.E.R. estimation is
obtained from the Viterbi and ReedSolomon stages and leads
to accurate results if this B.E.R. remains below 10 [9]. Be-
sides, this receiver provides the user with the channel impulse
response which is calculated from the pilot carriers interleaved
inside the COFDM spectrum. This channel impulse response is
outputted as an analog waveform between 0 and 1 volts. Also a
trigger signal is provided in order to display and capture the im-
pulse response by means of a external oscilloscope. Both signals
were updated by the COFDM receiver every 20 milliseconds.
The second block was based on a vector signal analyzer. This
piece of equipment was used to take two types of measurements.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BROADCASTING, VOL. 49, NO. 1, MARCH 2003
The first one was the received signal power calculated as the
integration of the spectral power density inside the 7.61 MHz
bandwidth [10]. This measurement involves some signal pro-
cessing which was automatically done by the analyzer. The mea-
surement update rate specified by the manufacturer were close
to 26 updates per second and some laboratory tests confirmed
this value. The second function of the vector signal analyzer was
to capture the spectra of the received signal, in order to eval-
uate if the signal received at each location was to be consid-
ered valid for the later processing (interferences, measurement
system failure, level too close to the minimum power threshold,
etc.)
The third equipment block was based on a consumer DTV
receiver that was included to allow monitoring the image and
sound of one of the programs inside the MPEG-TS.
The measurement control section was based on a PC with a
software designed specifically for the described system. The
software controlled both subsystems using several interfaces.
The interfaces available were GPIB, RS-232, TCP/IP, and
generic IO TTL lines.
When designing the software architecture special effort was
made to optimize the measurement speed, as it could be the
limiting factor for accuracy when studying spatial and time
variations. The software was designed to work on a MS-Win-
dows based platform using multithread programming. In order
to achieve as much measurements per second as possible, one
thread was assigned to each equipment avoiding measurement
delays on the whole data capturing process caused by the
slowest equipment.
IV. MEASUREMENT CAMPAIGN
The measurement campaign planning was done according to
the objectives of characterizing the time and spatial variation of
the received signal. This work required two types of measure-
ments:
Static measurements in fixed locations
Mobile measurements along routes.
The static measurements were planned in order to study the
time variation of the received signal over a period of three min-
utes. This period was chosen on the basis of the ones used so
far on similar measurement campaigns and also based on ITU-R
recommendations. ITU-R has recommended a measurement pe-
riod of 1 minute in order to evaluate short time variations on
propagation channels [11]. Measurements taken during the last
years in order to evaluate the DVB-T signal time variations have
also selected this period [12], [13].
The mobile measurements have been made in order to achieve
as much received power samples as possible along a route. The
dimensions of the area where variation was studied is 100
100 meter, so in an ideal case, the measurement routes should
be 100 meter long. Obviously, in a medium to large city is not
easy to drive 100 meter routes, stop the vehicle and begin an-
other route if the vehicle has to follow traffic rules. As a con-
sequence, longer routes adapted to the real driving conditions
were planned and later processed to group the recorded data into
100 meter sections.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BROADCASTING, VOL. 49, NO. 1, MARCH 2003
TABLE I
RESULTS FROM THE WHOLE SET OF DATA (144 LOCATIONS)
Fig. 2. Fading not exceeded more than 1% of the time, taking the median value
as the 0 dB reference. Histogram of the whole measurement campaign values.
V. RESULTS
As a result of the measurement campaign, static measure-
ments were taken at 144 locations. Regarding the mobile mea-
surements, a total of 106 measurement routes were recorded.
The data processing and the results obtained are described in
detail in the following two subsections.
A. Time Variation
The analysis of the time variation was done from data
recorded in 93 locations of Madrid and 51 in Bilbao. As
described before the power level has been recorded during an
interval of 3 minutes at each location at a measurement rate of
26 samples per second.
Two parameters were used to describe the time variation of
the received power level. The first one was the standard devi-
ation of the received power over the measurement period
(3 minutes). The second one was the fading which is not ex-
ceeded more than 1% of the time. These fading occurrences
were measured taking the median received power over the mea-
surement period as the reference value (median power 0 dB
fading). This fade margin was calculated as the difference be-
tween the 1st and the 50th percentiles of the received power at
each location [14].
Both parameters have a direct relationship with the coverage
definitions made on internationally agreed recommendations for
digital terrestrial television frequency planning [7]. The fading
characterization for 1% of the time is specially meaningful be-
cause the coverage is described in terms of minimum received
levels during 99% of the time. Table I shows the results obtained
on the whole set of measurement locations in Bilbao and Madrid
(144 measurement points).
More detailed information can be obtained from the his-
togram shown in Fig. 2. This graph represents the fading
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TABLE II
RESULTS AT DENSEVERY DENSE TRAFFIC LOCATIONS
TABLE III
RESULTS AT LOWNULL TRAFFIC LOCATIONS
margin not exceeded 1% of the time obtained at the 144 data
points. It can be observed that most of the locations (80%)
showed a fading margin which is less than 3 dB. Nevertheless,
20% of the measurement set shows higher values, ranging from
4 dB up to the maximum which is near to 8 dB.
In order to characterize those variations as a function of the
environment type, the measurement data were first classified
according to the ITU Report 567-4 [15]. The results offered by
this classification show no significant differences between the
different environments that can be found in a city.
The second factor analyzed was the vehicle density moving
near the mobile unit at each location. As the antenna had an
omnidirectional pattern and was located not far above ground
level, such moving vehicles near the mobile unit can cause fast
variations on the receiver power level. In order to quantify the
influence of the traffic, a second classification of the measure-
ment locations was made according to the traffic density. In this
way, measurement locations were divided into two categories:
DenseVery Dense traffic locations
LowNull traffic locations.
The DenseVery Dense traffic condition was assigned to
points where vehicles pass almost continuously near the mea-
surement mobile unit, and LowNull traffic was assigned to
locations with no traffic at all or where vehicles appear sporad-
ically. Tables II and III show the results for both location cate-
gories.
Results on Tables II and III show that the time variations are
lower at points belonging to the LowNull traffic category.
This effect can be observed for both parameters, but it is signif-
icantly higher on the fading not exceeded more than 1% of the
time.
At approximately 90% of the locations where traffic is low,
the value obtained is less than 3 dB whereas, at dense traffic lo-
cations, the same percentage leads to signal fading occurrences
of up to 5 dB. Just as before when considering the whole set of
data, those effects can be better observed on the histograms of
Figs. 3 and 4.
B. Spatial Variation
The characterization of the spatial variation has been obtained
from power data recordings made along 106 routes. The dis-
tance driven at each route has been variable depending on the
traffic conditions and ranges from 300 to 15 000 meters. A two
step data processing has been applied to this database in order
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Fig. 3. Fading not exceeded more than 1% of the time, taking the median value
as the 0 dB reference. Histogram of the LowNull traffic locations.
Fig. 4. Fading not exceeded more than 1% of the time, taking the median value
as the 0 dB reference. Histogram of the DenseVery Dense traffic locations.
to obtain the statistical parameters suitable to model the power
variation inside a 100 100 meter area.
First of all, the power recordings associated to vehicle speeds
lower than 10 Km/h were rejected in order to eliminate the
time correlation between samples captured when the vehicle is
stopped on a crossroad or on a traffic jam. The second filtering
was made to reject samples recorded at high speeds (40 Km/h
and higher) as those samples would not agree with the maximum
distance between samples recommended by the Lee sampling
theorem [16]. Secondly, the power samples were distributed into
groups, each belonging to a 100 meter distance interval. Those
100 meter groups, filtered by vehicle speed as mentioned be-
fore, were the source data for the statistical analysis. The statis-
tics then obtained from these 100 meter groups should apply to
a 100 100 meter area. The described processing has given a
total amount of 717 files, each containing received power data
along a 100 meter route.
Once filtered by distance and speed the following parameters
have been calculated for each file:
Standard deviation
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BROADCASTING, VOL. 49, NO. 1, MARCH 2003
TABLE IV
STATISTICS OF THE RECEIVED POWER ALONG A 100 METER ROUTE
(717 ROUTES)
TABLE V
RECOMMENDED VALUES (ETSI AND ITU-R)
Power margin between the value exceeded at 50% of the
locations and the value exceeded at 70% of the locations
in a 100 100 meter area (Power Margin (dB))
Power margin between the value exceeded at 50% of the
locations and the value exceeded at 95% of the locations
in a 100 100 meter area (Power Margin (dB)).
These three parameters are used in the DVB-T international
recommendation and implementation guidelines to describe dif-
ferent degrees of coverage quality. If the C/N and C/I thresholds
are exceeded at least for the 70% of the locations of a 100 100
meter area the coverage is acceptable, and if those thresholds
are exceeded at least for the 95% the coverage is considered
good. Table IV shows the results obtained on the whole set of
100 meter measurement routes in Bilbao and Madrid. (714 mea-
surement routes.)
The values recommended by the ETSI [7], which are quite
similar to the ones recommended by the ITU [16] for digital
broadcasting planning in the UHF band, are shown in Table V.
If the mean values from Table V are taken into consideration, the
measured values of the three parameters being studied are lower
than the ones given by the recommendations. If the maximum
values are analyzed, it can bee seen that in several routes, values
exceed considerably the values recommended. Regarding the
standard deviation, the maximum values are 4 dB higher than
the recommended ones whereas if the power margin is
considered, the difference is almost 6 dB.
Those discrepancies can be based on several factors. First,
it should be noticed that the values expressed by the standards
were obtained for multifrequency networks (MFN), where one
signal from a single transmitter is expected at each location. The
measurement campaign presented in this paper took place in a
single frequency network (SFN). Due to the overlapping of the
coverage areas of three transmitters spatial variation should be
expected to be smoother [4].
It is also important to take into account that values offered
by the standards are based on data given by the ITU-R. Specif-
ically, the ITU-R recommends a generic value for the standard
deviation of 5.5 dB to be used when planning any network
broadcasting signals with a bandwidth higher than 1.5 MHz
in the UHF band [17]. Moreover, the ETSI standards remark
that values recommended for portable services are based on
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BROADCASTING, VOL. 49, NO. 1, MARCH 2003
Fig. 5. Histogram of measured values in decibels of the standard deviation.
Fig. 6. Histogram of measured values in decibels of the Power Margin
Fig. 7. Histogram of measured values in decibels of the Power Margin
the ones measured for fixed reception and specifies that new
measurements are needed in order to characterize portable
reception. The results shown here try to fulfill the lack of
specific trials. Histograms in Figs. 57, show the results for
spatial variation in more detail.
The vertical axis in Figs. 57 shows the number of occur-
rences associated to each range of values represented by the hor-
izontal axis. The horizontal axis in each figure represents one of
the three parameters: , Power Margin (dB) and Power
85
Margin (dB). These histograms can be useful to obtain
the optimum values that should be used when planning a net-
work for portable services in an urban area. If the mean values
of each parameter are considered (see Table V), there would be
a high percentage of small areas (100 100 m. squares) where
values would be too optimistic. Moreover, if inside each small
area, coverage is defined in terms of high percentages (70 and
95%) it makes little sense to take into consideration mean values
as representative of a generic small area. In that case, a consid-
erable amount of small areas would be modeled with a standard
deviation much smaller than the real one.
If the ETSI and ITU-R recommended values for fixed recep-
tion are applied, there would be a small group (about 6%) of
100 100 meter areas where those values would lead to an un-
derestimation of the spatial variability of the received signal.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
During the last few years, the evolution of the digital terres-
trial television markets in both Europe and North America has
shown that the success of those services is going to be strongly
dependent on the added value features that they can offer in
comparison to cable and satellite systems. Among others, those
added value characteristics being studied are HDTV, mobile re-
ception and portable reception. Due to these facts, the studies
and trials for mobile and portable reception will become neces-
sary in the middle long term.
In this paper the results of an extensive measurement
campaign have been shown. This measurement campaign
was planned in order to analyze the time variation and the
.
spatial variation of the DTV (COFDM8k) signal for portable
receivers.
The data have been captured in 144 locations inside the
coverage area of two big cities in Spain. Those data records
have consisted in measurements of the received power during
an interval of three minutes. The mean standard deviation
obtained was near to 1 dB. Also, some locations have shown
that sudden fading can occur in an urban environment. These
perturbances could cause synchronization problems to certain
receivers. The fading occurrences have been characterized by
defining the fading not exceeded more than 1% of the time.
The mean value obtained for this parameter was 2.37 dB.
Besides, the traffic near the receiver has been identified as the
most relevant factor for signal unstability.
The spatial variation statistics of the received power inside a
100 100 meter area were obtained analyzing the power levels
recorded along 714 routes. This spatial variation has been quan-
.
tified by calculating the standard variation and the power mar-
gins between the level exceeded at 50% of the locations and
the power level exceeded at 70% and 95% of the locations. The
mean values obtained for these parameters have been lower than
the ones recommended so far, but it also has been shown that
recommended values could be too optimistic in some areas.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank all the people from RETE-
VISIN and FUNDACIN RETEVISIN whose knowledge
86
and cooperation have been of great help in order to carry out
both the measurement campaign and the further data analysis.
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BROADCASTING, VOL. 49, NO. 1, MARCH 2003
Pablo Angueira received the M.S. degree in Telecommunication Engineering
from the University of the Basque Country, Spain in 1997. He received the Ph.D.
degree for a study of the urban portable outdoor reception of DVB-T signals in
single frequency networks in May 2002. In 1998, he joined the Department of
Electronics and Telecommunications of the University of the Basque Country,
where he is currently an Assistant Professor. His research interests include sev-
eral aspects of network planning for digital broadcasting services.
Manuel M. Vlez received the M.S. degree in Telecommunications Engineering
from the University of the Basque Country, Spain in 1993. In 1995, he joined
the Department of Electronics and Telecommunications of the University of the
Basque Country, where he is currently an Assistant Professor.
David De La Vega received the M.S. degree in Telecommunications Engi-
neering from the University of the Basque Country, Spain in 1996. In 1998, he
joined the TSR (Radiocommunications and Signal Processing) Research Group
at the Department of Electronics and Telecommunications of the University of
the Basque Country. He is currently an Assistant Professor at the University
of the Basque Country, teaching and researching circuit theory and radar and
remote sensing systems. His research interests focus on new digital TV services
and applications.
Amaia Arrinda received the M.S. degree in Telecommunications Engineering
from the University of the Basque Country, Spain in 1993. Before receiving the
degree, she studied for a year at ENST Bretagne, and worked as a Researcher at
CNET, both in France. In September 1993, she joined the Department of Elec-
tronics and Telecommunications of the University of the Basque Country, where
she is currently an Assistant Professor. In February 2001, she presented her doc-
toral thesis dealing with interferences between terrestrial analog and digital TV
transmissions and she received the Ph.D. degree. Her current research interests
include digital TV and radio signal propagation, measurement, and simulation
inside the TSR Research Group.
Iratxe Landa received the M.S. degree in Telecommunications Engineering
from the University of the Basque Country, Spain in 1996. In 2001, she joined
the Department of Electronics and Telecommunications of the University of the
Basque Country, where she is currently an Assistant Professor. Her research
interests include digital radio signal propagation, measurement, and simulation
inside the TSR Research Group.
Juan Luis Ordiales received the M.S. degree in Telecommunications Engi-
neering from the Polytechnic University of Madrid in 1983. He received the
Ph.D. degree in Telecommunication Engineering from the University of the
Basque Country, Spain in 1996. Since 1997, he is an Associate Professor at
the University of the Basque Country, teaching and researching Broadcasting.
Gorka Prieto received the M.S. degree in Telecommunications Engineering
from the University of the Basque Country, Spain in 2001. In 2002, he joined
the TSR (Radiocommunications and Signal Processing) Research Group at the
Department of Electronics and Telecommunications of the University of the
Basque Country, where he is currently a Researcher. His current research inter-
ests focus on measurement and reception systems for new digital broadcasting
technologies.