Fluid Mechanics AMIE

AMIE(I) STUDY CIRCLE(REGD.
)
A Focused Approach
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Additional Course Material

Physical Properties of Fluids
ASSIGNMENT
Q.1. (AMIE S05, 10 marks): Define a fluid and distinguish between: (i) ideal and real fluids (ii) compressible
and incompressible fluids (iii) Newtonian and non Newtonian fluids
Q.2. (AMIE W06): Define (i) fluid (ii) Newtonian fluid
Q.3. (AMIE S06, 10 marks): Define (i) density (ii) specific gravity (iii) viscosity (iv) specific volume (v)
cohesion and adhesion.
Q.4. (AMIE S06, 5 marks): Explain the following (i) surface tension (ii) compressibility
Q.5. (AMIE S06, 5 marks): What is capillarity? Derive expression for height of capillary rise.
Fluid Statics/Buoyancy
BUOYANCY
Q.1. (AMIE S06, 5 marks): Define Buoyancy and centre of Buoyancy.
Q.2. (AMIE S05, 10 marks): Find the density of a metallic body which floats at the interface of mercury of
specific gravity 13.6 and water such that 40% of its volume is submerged in mercury and 60% in water.
Answer: 6040 kg/m3
Q.3. (AMIE S99, 4 + 10 marks): (i) A cylindrical body is 2 m in diameter. It is 2.5 m long and weighs 21 kN.
Show that the body can not float in sea water (density 1025 kg/m3) with its axis vertical.
(ii) What minimum downward pull should be applied to a chain attached to the centre of the base to keep it
vertical.
Answer: (i) After calculation we find that Metacentric height is negative, hence cylinder is unstable and
therefore can not float with its axis vertical. (ii) 13.05 kN
Q.4. (AMIE W05, 5 marks): A slab of wood 2m x 2m x 1 m depth has specific gravity of 0.5 floats in water
with 12000 N load on it. Determine the depth of submergence of slab in water.
Answer: 0.80 m
Q.5. (AMIE W06, 5 marks): The specific gravity of the block shown in figure is 1.6. Find the specific gravity
of the unknown fluid.
POST BOX NO.77, 2 ND FLOOR, SULTAN TOWERS, ROORKEE 247667 UTTARANCHAL PH: (01332) 266328 Email : pcourses@hotmail.com 1
TOTAL PAGES:
AMIE(I) STUDY CIRCLE(REGD.)
A Focused Approach
Answer: 1.9
Q.6. (AMIE W06, 2 marks): Define metacentric height.
Q.7. (AMIE S06, 10 marks): A wooden block of specific gravity 0.75 floats in water. If the size of the block is
1 m x 0.5 m x 0.4 m, find its metacentric height.
Answer: 0.01944 m
Fluid Kinematics
REYNOLDS TRANSPORT THEOREM
It explains the mechanism of momentum transport in turbulent flows. It defines a turbulent
shear stress by which the momentum exchange takes place due to fluctuating component of
velocity perpendicular to the direction of flow. Consider a two-dimensional flow in x-y plane
as shown in figure.
Momentum transport due to turbulent fluctuations
It is assumed that the mean flow is only in x-direction (parallel to the wall).
i.e. u = f(y)onlyand v = 0
But this mean flow has turbulent fluctuations in x and y directions, and the time dependent
turbulent velocity in x and y directions is then
u = u + u'andv = 0 + v '
At a distance y from the wall (sectional plane AB), the mean velocity is u and for particles
crossing the plane AB in the upward direction, the time rate of transport of mass per unit area
is pv'. The change in momentum experienced in the x-direction by this mass will be
dependent on the change in u that it experiences. The particles crossing the plane AB in the
upward direction are coming from a region where a smaller mean velocity u prevails.
Therefore. this will tend to produce a negative u' in the layer above the surface
P.B. NO.77, 2 ND FLOOR, SULTAN TOWERS, ROORKEE 247667 UTTARANCHAL PH: (01332) 266328 Email : pcourses@hotmail.com 2
A Focused Approach
AB. The change in the x-direction momentum per unit area experienced by such particles will
be (-pv'u'). Similarly the particles which are crossing the plane AB in the downward direction
(v' negative) are coming from a region where a larger mean velocity u prevails. This will
give rise to a +v'. Thus exchange of momentum per unit area on the macroscopic transport
gives rise to a "turbulent" shear stress in the x-direction
tx = u ' v '
t x is termed apparent Reynolds stress, as the model (theorem) is proposed by Reynolds.
ASSIGNMENT
Q.8. (AMIE W05, 7 marks): Define and distinguish between (i) stream line (ii) streak line and (iii) path line.
Are these same in steady flow?
Q.9. (AMIE S06, 5 marks): Write short note on (i) momentum theorem. (ii) Reynolds transport theorem
Q.10. (AMIE W93, 4 marks): What is impulse momentum theorem? Derive the same and name some practical
applications of impulse-momentum theorem.
Q.11. (AMIE W94): Explain what you understand by the moment of momentum equation. Where does it find
application.
Q.12. (AMIE S06, 5 marks): Derive the expressions of continuity and momentum equations.
Q.13. (AMIE W05, 4 marks): What is potential flow and how does it differ from viscous flow.
Q.14. (AMIE S06, 10 marks): Explain briefly the following : (i) velocity potential (ii) stream function
Q.15. (AMIE W05, 8 marks): Does the velocity potential function = 2(x 2 + 2y y 2 ) describe the
possible flow of an incompressible fluid? If so, find out the equation for the velocity vector V. Also determine
the equation of streamline.
ur dx dy dx dy
Answer: Yes, V = iu + jv = 4xi + (4y 4) j , + or +
4x 4y 4 x y 1
Q.16. (AMIE W06, 5 marks): Determine whether the following flow is irrotational or not? Also determine its
velocity potential.
u = xy 2 ;v = x 2 y
x2 y2
Answer: Flow is irrotational. = + constant
2
Q.17. (AMIE W05, 10 marks): What force components are required to hold the black box, shown in the figure,
stationary? Assume no mass accumulation in the box.
A Focused Approach
Answer: F x = 423.6 N, Fy = 210.85 N

Hint: Q = 0 to find unknown Q. Now find components of forces.
Q.18. (AMIE S95, 8 marks): Water enters a reducing pipe horizontally and comes out vertically in the
downward direction. If the inlet velocity is 5 m/s and pressure is 80 KPa (gauge) and the diameters at the
entrance and exit sections are 30 cm and 20 cm respectively, calculate the components of the reaction acting on
the pipe.
Answer: 14.56 kN(), - 8.067 kN()
Q.19. (AMIE W98, 5 marks): In a flow field the velocity components in x, y and z directions are given by
u = u(x,y,z,t)
v = v(x,y,z,t)
w = w(x,y,z,t)
What should be the expressions for the substantial accelerations of the field in x, y and z directions respectively?
Q.20. (AMIE S2000, 12 marks): A 0.4 m x 0.3 m, 90 0 vertical reducing bend carries 0.5 m3/s of oil of specific
gravity 0.85 with a pressure of 118 kN/m2 at inlet to the bend. The volume of the bend is 0.1 m3. Find the
magnitude and direction of the force on the bend. Neglect friction and assume both inlet and outlet sections to
be at same horizontal level. Also assume that water enters the bend at 450 to the horizontal.
Answer: Resultant force on bend = 18665.6 N, 283.580 from x direction (anticlockwise)
Q.21. (AMIE W2001, 8 marks): A two dimensional jet flowing at the arte of Q units, strikes a horizontal plate
at an inclination of 450 to the horizontal and divides itself into two streams. Find the ratio of the discharges in
the two streams, assuming the pressure to be atmospheric throughout.
Answer: 5.8284
Q.22. (AMIE W94): A 75 mm diameter water jet having a velocity of 12 m/s impinges on a plane, smooth plate
at an angle of 60 0 to the normal to the plate. What will be the impact when (i) the plate is stationary and (ii) the
plate is moving in the direction of the jet at 6 m/s? Estimate the work done per unit time by the jet on the plate in
each case. Take density of water as 998 kg/m3.
Answer: (a) 317.45 N, 0 (b) 79.36 N, 238.08 Nm/s
Bernoullis Equation I
Example (AMIE S05, 10 marks)
A Focused Approach
A pitot tube is inserted in a pipe of 30 cm diameter. The static pressure in pipe is 10 cm of
mercury (vacuum). The stagnation pressure at the centre of the pipe recorded by the pitot
tube is 0.981 N/cm2 , calculate the rate of flow through pipe if the mean velocity of flow is
0.85 times the central velocity. Take Cv = 0.98
Solution
p 0 pstatic 10
= = x13.6 = 1.36m
100
p s pstagnation 1x104
= = = 1.021
9790
p p0
h = s = [1.021 (1.36)] = 2.381m

vm = centerline velocity = C 2gh = 0.98 2x9.81x2.381 = 6.693m/s
Mean velocity in the pipe = 0.85 x v m

V = 0.85 x 6.698 = 5.693 m/s

and Q= x(0.3)2 x(5.693) = 0.402m3 / s
4
Bernoullis Equation I
DISCHARGE THROUGH A TRIANGULAR NOTCH
Consider following figure.
Here H is head of water and is angle of notch.

Width of notch at any depth h = 2(H h)tan/2. Consider an elemental horizontal strip of the
opening at depth h and having a height dh. The theoretical velocity of flow through the strip =
2gh.
Theoretical discharge through the strip

= 2(H h)tan dh 2gh
2
Total discharge
A Focused Approach

Q = 2 2g tan (H h)h1 / 2dh
H
0 2

= 2 2g tan (H h)h1 / 2dh
2
2 2
= 2 2g tan H3 / 2 H H 5 / 2
2 3 5
8
= 2g tan H 5/2
15 2
Actual discharge
8
Q act = Cd 2g tan H 5 / 2
15 2
Flow Through Pipes

ASSIGNMENT
Q.23. (AMIE W05, 10 marks): A pipeline of 0.6 m dia. is 1.5 km long. In order to increase the discharge,
another parallel line of the same diameter introduced in the second half of the length. Neglecting minor losses,
find the increase in discharge if f = 0.004. The head at the inlet is 30 m over that at the outlet.
Answer: 26.5% increase
Q.24. (AMIE W06, 6 marks): Water flow through a pipe with a flow rate Q and head H 1. The pipe later divides
into two pipes A and B with diameter of DA and DB and lengths LA and LB as shown in figure. Find an
expression for QA and QB, the flow rates through pipes A and B. Pipes A and B have friction factor of fA and fB.
Q Q
Answer: Q B = 1/2
; QA = 1/2
f L D 5 f L D 5
1 + B B . A5 1 + B B . A5
f A L A DB f A LA DB
A Focused Approach
Laminar Flow
ASSIGNMENT
Q.6. (AMIE S05, 10 marks): Prove that the velocity distribution for viscous flow between two parallel plates,
when both plates are fixed across section is parabolic in nature. Also, prove that the maximum velocity is equal
to one and a half times the average velocity.
Q.7. (AMIE W06, 10 marks): Prove that for flow between two stationary parallel plates, the pressure drop is
given by
dp 12u avg
=
dx h2
where h is the distance between the plates and uavg is the average flow velocity.
Q.8. (AMIE W05, 10 marks): Derive the velocity distribution formula for a plane Poiseuille flow and prove
that the average velocity is 2/3 of its centre line velocity.
Hint: See flow between two parallel plates

Q.9. (AMIE S06, 10 marks): Explain briefly (i) Couette flow (ii) Poiseuille flow
Q.10. (AMIE S05, 10 marks): Two parallel plates kept 0.01 m apart have a laminar flow of oil between them.
Taking dynamic viscosity of oil to be 0.8 poise, determine the velocity distribution, discharge and shear stress
on the upper plate that moves horizontally at relative velocity 1 m/s with respect to the lower plate which is
stationary. Further, the pressure drops in the flow direction from 180 kPa to 100 kPa over a distance of 80 m.
Answer: Flow is Couette flow. u = y(162.5 6250y); 0.00604 m3/s; = 3 Ns/m2

Q.11. (AMIE S05, 10 marks): A crude oil of viscosity 0.97 Poise and relative density 0.9 is flowing through a
horizontal circular pipe of diameter 10 cm and of length 10 m. Calculate the difference of pressure at the two
ends of the pipe, if 100 kg of oil is collected in a tank in 30 sec.
Answer: 1463.8 N/m2
Boundary Layer Theory

Example (AMIE Winter 2005, 10 marks)
Air is flowing over a thin flat plate which is 1 m long and 0.3 m wide. At the leading edge, the
flow is assumed to be uniform and U = 30 m/s. The flow condition is independent of z
direction. Using the C.V. abcd, calculate the mass flow across the surface ab. Also determine
the magnitude and direction of the force required to hold the plate stationary.
2
u y y
Assume the velocity profile at bc as given by = 2 and = 4 mm. Density of
U
air = 1.23 kg/m3 and = 1.5 x 10-5 m2/s.
A Focused Approach
Solution
Discharge entering face ad = Qad is given by
4
Q ad = AU = 1.23 x0.3 x30 = 0.04428m 3 / s
1000
Considering a strip of thickness dy in the y (perpendicular) direction
y y 2
Q bc = u(0.3dy) = 0.3 udy = 0.3 U 2 dy

0 0 0

2 y 2 1 y3
= 0.3U 2 = 0.3x1.23x30x(2/3)
2 3 0
= 0.3x1.23x30x2/3x0.004 = 0.02952m / s
3
Considering the control volume abcd of width b, fluid mass leaving the section bc per unit
time over a height dy = ubdy. Then mass which is leaving section bc with velocity u had a
velocity U when it entered section ad.

Total rate of change of momentum = 0
ubdy(u U )
where (u - U) is the change of velocity. Equating this to the total drag force on the plate,
which is in opposite direction.

FD = ub(u U )dy = b u uU )dy
0 0
y y 2
2
y y 2
= b U 2 U 2 U dy
2
0

y 2
y y 2
2
y
2 2 dy
= bU
2
0

4 y3 4 y 4 1 y5 2 y 2 1 y3
= bU 3 + 4 + 2
2
2
3 4 5 2 3 0
4 1 1 2
Or FD = bU 2 1 + 1 + = bU 2
3 5 3 15
A Focused Approach
2 2
Or FD = bU 2 = (1.23)(0.3)(30)2 (0.004) N
15 15
FD = 0.177 N in the direction opposite to flow.
Example (AMIE Winter 2006, 10 marks)
Water flows over a flat plate at a free stream velocity of 0.13 m/s. There is no pressure
gradient and the laminar boundary layer is 5 mm thick. Assume sinusoidal velocity profile of
the form
u y
= sin .
u 2
Calculate the local wall shear stress and skin friction coefficient.
[Given = 1.02 x 10-3 kg/ms, = 1000 kg/m3]
Solution
u y
Given = sin
u 2
du d y
= u sin
dy y =0
dy 2 y =0
y u u
= u cos = = 1.5708
2 2 y= 0 2
Local wall shear stress
du u 0.13
0 = = (1.5708) = 1.5708(1.02x103 ) x = 0.04166 N / m2
dy y =0
5x10 3
Skin friction coefficient

o 0.04166
Cf = = = 0.00493
u 2
0.13
2
1000x
2 2
Example (Winter 2006, 10 marks)
Air is blowing past a flat plate. Assume that air velocity profile is given by expression
3 4
u 2y y y
= 2 +
U
Obtain expressions for the boundary layer thickness, shear intensity and force on one side of
the plate.
A Focused Approach
Solution
Boundary Layer Thickness
By Karman momentum integral equation
u u
0 = U 2 0 1 dy
x U U
put y/ = , dy = d and the limits of are 0 and 1.
u
= f () = 2 23 + 4
U
Substituting
d 1
dx 0
0 = U 2 f ( )(1 f ( ))d
f ()(1 f ( ))d = (2 2
1 1
But 3
+ 4 )(1 2 + 2 3 4 )d
0 0
1
(2 4 2 3 + 9 4 4 5 4 6 + 4 7 8 )d
2
=
0
37 d
Therefore 0 = U 2
315 dx
From the boundary conditions for a laminar boundary layer
u U df()
0 = =
y y =0 d = 0
f () = 2 2 2 + 4
df()
d = [2 4 + 4 ]=0 = 2
3
=0
0 = 2U /
Equating the two expressions for 0

2U 37 d
= U 2
315 dx
On integration
2 630
= x + constant
2 37 U
Since at x = 0, = 0, constant = 0
A Focused Approach
1260 x 2
2 = x = 34.05
37 U (Ux / )
5835
Or = whereRe x = Ux /
x Rex
Shear Stress
Substituting the value of in the second expression for 0
2U 2U Ux 1/2 U 3/2 1 / 2
0 = = = 0.3428
5.835x x1 / 2
1/2
U 2
0 = 0.6855
2 Ux
0 0.6855
i.e. = Cf =
(U / 2)
2
Re x
Force on one Side, F D

Consider a plate of unit width and length L
U 2 0.6855
FD = 0 dx =
L L
dx
0 2 0 (Ux / )1/2
U 2 0.6855
= . (2L1 / 2 )
2 (Ux / ) 1/2
FD 1.3710 1.371
= CDf = =
(1/ 2)U L
2
(UL/ ) 1/2
Re L
BOUNDARY LAYER SEPARATION

In adverse pressure gradient boundary layer flow the boundary layer may at some section
leave the boundary. This is called as separation and downstream of the separation section
turbulent eddies exist and this disturbed region is called as wake. Separation can take place in
both laminar and turbulent boundary layers.
Consider following figure.
A Focused Approach
As the fluid flows from left to right, the velocity of flow must decrease since the cross
sectional area is increasing. This decrease in velocity is accompanied by a rise in pressure and
thus a positive pressure gradient is set up. The velocity profiles at various sections in the
downstream direction are shown in above figure. Initially, as long as p / x is either
negative or zero, the free stream velocity either increases or remains constant. The pressure
gradient which is negative, tends to minimize the viscous effects. However, in the region of
positive pressure gradient because of decelerating effect, the boundary layer thickness is
increased further and does not remain small. Because of thickening of the boundary layer, the
velocity gradient near the wall decreases in the direction of flow. In the flow with positive
pressure gradient, the velocity gradient at the wall can become zero. A further retardation of
flow can even start a reverse or back flow. The flow separates from the boundary from some
distance downstream of the point where p / x = 0 .
The separation point S is determined from the condition
u
=0
y y =0
For a given velocity profile, it can be determined whether the boundary layer has separated,
or on the verge of separation or will not separate from the following conditions:
u
1. If = negative , the flow has separated (detached)
y y =0
u
2. If = 0 , the flow is on the verge of separation.
y y= 0
u
3. = positive , the flow will not separate (attached).
y y =0
A Focused Approach
Compressible Flow
ASSIGNMENT
Q.1. (AMIE S05, 3 marks): What is a normal shock and how is it obtained?
Q.2. (AMIE W05, 10 marks): What is shock wave and under what conditions would it occur? Derive the
Prandtl Mayer re lation.
Q.3. (AMIE S06, 10 marks): How is a shock wave produced in a compressible fluid? Explain normal and
oblique shocks.
Q.4. (AMIE S05, 3 marks): Write the basic equations i.e. continuity, momentum and energy equation for a
control volume having normal shocks.
Q.5. (AMIE S05, 4 marks): How the velocity, temperature, density and entropy change across a normal shock
wave.
Q.6. (AMIE W05, 10 marks): The conditions of a gas in a combustor at entry are: p 1 = 0.343 bar, T 1 = 310 K
and C1 = 60 m/s. Determine the mach number, pressure, temperature and velocity at the exit if the increase in
stagnation enthalpy of the gas between entry and exit is 1172; 5 kJ/kg. Take Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg and = 1.4. The
question is to be solved using appropriate tables.
Answer: 0.45, 0.277 bar, 1423.2K, 340.3 m/s
Q.7. (AMIE S05, 10 marks): A tank contains air at a pressure 135 kPa and temperature 27 0C. The local
barometric pressure is 100 kPa. Air discharges out of the tank and into atmosphere through a convergent nozzle.
Determine the output flow velocity and the mass flow rate of air. The cross sectional area at the nozzle outlet is
500 m2.
Answer: 222.7 m/s, 0.14089 kg/s
Q.8. (AMIE W06, 10 marks): A convergent divergent nozzle with supersonic flow at exit has a throat area of
500 mm2 and exit area of 1000 mm 2. Air enters the nozzle with a stagnation temperature of 360 K and
stagnation pressure of 1 MPa. Determine the maximum flow rate that the nozzle can pass.
Answer: 1.0639 kg/s
Objective Questions
9. In the Navier Stokes equations, the forces considered are
(a) pressure, viscous and turbulence
(b) gravity, pressure and viscous*
(c) gravity, pressure, turbulence
(d) pressure, gravity, turbulence and viscous
10. Turbulence in flow implies
(a) non uniformity of flow
(b) unsteadiness of flow
(c) transition from laminar to turbulence flow
(d) random component of velocity superimposed on mean flow*
A Focused Approach
11. The normal thickness of boundary layer represents the distance from the surface to a
point where
(a) flow ceases to be laminar
(b) shear stress becomes maximum
(c) velocity of 99% of its asymptotic limit*
(d) flow behaves as if it were rotational
12. Separation of boundary layer must occur when
(a) dp/dx < 0
(b) dp/dx = 0
(c) dp/dx > 0
(d) dp/dx > 0 and the velocity profile has a point of inflection*
13. A normal shock
(a) in set up due to some disturbance in the flow
(b) may occur in sonic or supersonic flow
(c) occurs when an abrupt change takes place from supersonic to subsonic flow
conditions*
(d) causes a disruption and reversal of flow pattern
14. The area-velocity relationship for compressible fluids is
dA dV
(a) = [1 M 2 ]
A V
dA dV 2
(b) = [M 1] *
A A
dA dV
(c) = [1 V 2 ]
A V
dA dV 2
(d) = [V 1]
A V
15. The equations of motion for a viscous fluid are known as
(a) Eulers equation
(b) Reynolds equation
(c) Navier Stokes equation*
(d) Hagen Poiseuille equation
p
16. Momentum integral equation for zero pressure gradient = 0 flow is given by
x
A Focused Approach
0 d
(a) = u 02 *
dx
0 1 d
(b) = 2
u 0 dx
0 d
(c) = u0
dx
0 d
2
(d) = u0
dx
17. Flow of oil in a dashpot is analysed as
(a) simple Couette flow*
(b) generalised Couette flow
(c) plane Poiseuille flow
(d) Hagen Poiseuille flow
18. Karmans seventh root law relates velocity u in the boundary layer and
(a) height y*
(b) distance x
(c) shear stress
(d) viscosity
19. The friction velocity in a pipe is
(a) 0 /
(b) 0 / *
(c) 0 /
2

(d) 0

20. Air flows through a convergent nozzle from a reservoir in which the pressure is p1.
The velocity at nozzle exit would be acoustic, if the back pressure is
(a) 1.4 p1
(b) 0.825 p1
(c) 0.528 p1*
(d) 0.583 p1
21. Across a normal shock in a compressible fluid, there is an increase of
(a) c, p,
A Focused Approach
(b) c, T,
(c) p, s, m
(d) p, T, where c is velocity of sound.*
22. If the Reynolds number is less than 2000, the flow in a pipe is
(a) laminar flow*
(b) turbulent flow
(c) transition flow
(d) none of these
23. The flow is said to be turbulent, when Reynolds number is
(a) less than 2000
(b) equal to 2000
(c) greater than 4000*
(d) between 1000 to 4000
24. The sonic velocity in a fluid medium is directly proportional to
(a) Mach number
(b) Pressure
(c) Square of temperature*
(d) none of the above
25. A normal shock wave is
(a) reversible
(b) irreversible *
(c) isentropic
(d) supersonic
26. Laminar sublayer exists in
(a) laminar region
(b) turbulent region*
(c) transition region
(d) none of these
27. A control volume implies
(a) an isolated system
(b) a closed system
(c) an specific mass in a fluid flow
A Focused Approach
(d) a fixed region in space*
28. Circulation is defined as
(a) line integral of velocity about any path
(b) integral of tangential component of velocity about a path
(c) line integral of velocity about a closed path
(d) line integral component of velocity about a closed path*
29. The curl of a given velocity field indicates
(a) the rate of increase or decrease of flow at a point
(b) the deformation rate*
(c) the rate of twisting of lines of flow
(d) none of these
30. Kutta-Joukowski theorem is valid for any
(a) three dimensional incompressible flow around a circular cylinder
(b) two dimensional unsteady compressible flow around a circular cylinder
(c) two dimensional incompressible steady potential flow around a body of arbitrary
shape*
(d) two dimensional incompressible steady flow around a body of cylindrical shape
only
31. Who introduced the concept of boundary layer?
(a) Reynolds
(b) Euler
(c) Newton
(d) Prandtl*

Fluid Mechanics AMIE

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AMIE(I) STUDY CIRCLE(REGD.

Additional Course Material

Momentum transport due to turbulent fluctuations

t x is termed apparent Reynolds stress, as the model (theorem) is proposed by Reynolds.

Answer: F x = 423.6 N, Fy = 210.85 N

Mean velocity in the pipe = 0.85 x v m

Here H is head of water and is angle of notch.

Flow Through Pipes

Hint: See flow between two parallel plates

Answer: Flow is Couette flow. u = y(162.5 6250y); 0.00604 m3/s; = 3 Ns/m2

Answer: 1463.8 N/m2

Boundary Layer Theory

Discharge entering face ad = Qad is given by

Example (AMIE Winter 2006, 10 marks)

Local wall shear stress

Skin friction coefficient

Example (Winter 2006, 10 marks)

put y/ = , dy = d and the limits of are 0 and 1.

Equating the two expressions for 0

Force on one Side, F D

BOUNDARY LAYER SEPARATION

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