Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Issu
Contents
ol
Contr
sture ent
itive Ge rem
Intu su
Mea t
t and en
Tes equipm ters
e Me
ing Nois
Buy
February 2016
Vol. 04 | No. 10
ISSN-2454-4426
ADvERTISEmENTS
PHONE: 022-40497401/02
30 Tech Focus
84
92
Make in India: Industry News
New Products
NEw DELHI : PH: 011-26810601 OR 02 OR 03 A Sunrise Peppered With Drones
(HEAD OFFICE) E-mAIL: EFYENq@EFY.IN 110 First Look
SUBSCRIPTION RATES
70 certiFications:
We can even create our own medical 72 MicrocontroLLers:
Most connected devices are nodes at the
last centimetre of networks sanjay Gupta,
device and test it on our neighbour
Period Newstand Price You Pay Digital Overseas director, automotive Bu, nXP semiconductors
Year (`) (`) (`) Digital Print Kalyan Varma, vice president - Business stream
Two 2400 1800 750 US$ 15 Products at tuV rheinland - tuV rheinland
One 1200 960 280 US$ 5 US$ 120 (india) Pvt Ltd
Please send payments only in favour of EFY Enterprises Pvt Ltd
plies by C.P. Basso, Switching Power ity, a 1.5g accelerometer will be more
60Hz electrical Supply Design by A.I. Pressman, and than enough. If you are going to use the
appliances at 50Hz? Modern DC-To-DC Switchmode Power accelerometer to measure the motion of
Converter Circuits by R.P. Severns and a car, plane or robot, 2g should give
Momtaz G.E. Bloom. you enough headroom to work with.
You can also find a complete For a project that experiences very sud-
ans. First of all try to contact the e-guide on SMPS design from the den starts or stops, you will need one
manufacturer of the appliance for following link: http://caxapa.ru/ that can handle 5g or more.
safely operating at 50Hz with the thumbs/348441/Switchmode_Pow- Sensitivity. With more sensitivity,
manufacturers approval. The manu- er_Supply_Handbook_3rd_edi.pdf -- you will get more accurate readings.
facturer may have a solution. handbook and http://www.smps.com/ Bandwidth. For slow-moving
It is possible to purchase 60Hz Knowledge/Articles/Step-by Step_Fly- tilt-sensing applications, a bandwidth
sine-wave power systems that take back_SMPS_Design.shtml of 50Hz will probably suffice. If you
240V 50Hz on input and produce 115V You can design an SMPS circuit intend to measure vibrations or control
60Hz on output. These solutions are based on the following online simula- a fast-moving machine, you will need
generally very expensive, and it is usu- tors freely available: www.poweresim. a bandwidth of several hundred Hz.
ally more cost-effective to replace the com and www.ti.com/lsds/ti/analog/ Impedance/buffering issues.
tool or appliance. webench/power.page Mainly involving analogue accelerom-
Visicomm Industries manufac- eters, use a low-input offset rail to rail
tures, sells and rents a broad range Q3. wHat types of accel- op-amp as a buffer to lower output
of rotary and solid-state frequency eroMeter sensors are impedance.
converters and changer products rated availaBle in tHe Market?
from 1kVA to 5000kVA. wHat points sHould Be Q4. How can one develop
A frequency converter can be considered wHen Buying a digital speedoMeter
for single or three phases and can an acceleroMeter? using a sensor attacHed
sometimes also change voltage, thus to tHe front or rear
functioning as a power converter from pamarthi kanakaraja wHeel tHat also displays
60Hz to 50Hz, from 50Hz to 60Hz and distance (kM) and speed
from 50Hz/60Hz to 400Hz. It can also a3. There are various types of acceler- (kMpH)?
be used for continuous duty or for ometers available in the market based
testing products designed for export. on various sensing principles. These aman Madan
are capacitive, piezoelectric, piezoresis-
Q2. wHat are tHe consid- tive, Hall effect, magnetoresistive and a4. Please refer Microcontroller
erations in sMps design? heat transfer, etc. Based Speedometer-Cum-Odometer
please provide links or Consider the following points when article published in EFY magazine in
e-Books for tHe saMe. buying an accelerometer: November 2008 issue. In the article you
Analogue versus digital. This is will find the following features: digital
Mahesh kumar determined by the hardware that is be- readout, speed displayed in kmph, dis-
ing interfaced with the accelerometer. tance travelled displayed in kilometers,
a2. In an SMPS design, you have to Analogue style accelerometers output readings saved in non-volatile memory
consider power output, input condi- a continuous voltage that is propor- (EEPROM), home-brewed speed trans-
tions, thermal and heat-sinking issues, tional to acceleration, whereas digital ducer/sensor, self-reset to zero after
component quality, PCB area, layout accelerometers usually use pulse width completion of 99,999.9km and easy-to-
and footprint, performance testing and modulation (PWM) for output. build-and-fix onto the bike.
much more. Please follow the link for Number of axes. For most projects,
more details: electronicdesign.com/ two axes are enough. However, if you
Answers compiled by EFY senior application engineer,
power/7-critical-steps-switching-power- want to attempt 3D positioning, you Nidhi Kathuria. Letters and questions for publication
supply-design will need a 3-axis accelerometer. may be addressed to Editor, Electronics For You,
D-87/1, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase 1, New Delhi
You may refer to the following Maximum swing. If you only care 110020 (e-mail: editsec@efy.in) and should include
SMPS books: Switch-Mode Power Sup- about measuring tilt using Earths grav- name and address of the sender
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or drones are something that fascinates most of us.
This month we have some websites that will help you know more about these drones
diydrones.com robotshop.com
DIY Drones is a community RobotShop is one of the worlds
based on Ning social networking leading sources for personal and
platform, and anybody who
droneflyers.com professional robot technology that
registers (it is free and easy) This site is all about helping help increase pleasure, knowledge,
can post their own blog entries. beginners with buying and flying liberty and security of individuals.
It is explicitly built as a social quadcopters and other multirotors. They specialise in personal and
network for drone lovers. There In general, it focuses on building, professional robot technology
are different groups that discuss buying and discussing drones. It and offer a wide range of robotic
drones on this website. It also is run by CHI Associates (Craig products and services in this sector.
offers facilities to create a meet-up Issod), who have decades of The site has a section on learning
page for local drone fans. experience in building online how to build a drone. So if you
communities and forums. Starting are looking to get into drones
www.diydrones.com
in April 2013, a number of major and UAVs, then the tutorial series
upgrades and features were available on the website will help
introduced and www.droneflyers. you understand the emerging field
com became a go-to site for of UAVs and guide you through the
consumers desiring information process of building your own UAV
and education on new drones. using off-the-shelf parts.
www.robotshop.com/blog/en/make-uav-
www.droneflyers.com lesson-1-platform-rtf-arf-kit-custom-13989
The layer-by-layer solar thermal fuel polymer film comprises three distinct layers
(Image courtesy: www.news.mit.edu)
The researchers tested the sensors in baths of saline lasting solution. They developed a fast and reversible
solution that caused these to dissolve after a few days. thermo-responsive polymer switching material that
Next, they tested the devices in the brains of rats. Having can be incorporated inside batteries to prevent thermal
seen that the sensors are accurate and dissolve in the runaway. The material consists of conductive graphene-
solution and in the brains of rats, researchers now are coated spiky nanostructure (nano-spiky) nickel particles
planning to test the technology on humans. as the conductive filler, along with a polymer matrix
having a large thermal expansion coefficient. These
nano-spikes have high electrical conductivity and high
thermal sensitivity.
Bio-inspired LEDs glow using proteins In order to conduct electricity, the nano-spikes must
A new type of hybrid light emitting diode (HLED) termed be in close vicinity. As temperature rises, the polythene
BioLED has been developed by a team of German-Spanish stretches, causing the spikes to move apart from each other
scientists. It features protein cascade coatings in the form and thereby break electrical contact.
of rubber to make the LEDs glow. Drawing inspiration from While experimenting, when the battery was heated up
natures bio-molecules, the scientists developed this hybrid to 70C, the polythene film quickly expanded like a balloon,
shutting off the battery. But when the temperature dropped
down to 70C, the polyethylene shrunk, particles came in
contact and the battery started regenerating electricity.
Rubber with red, green and blue luminescent proteins are used to produce
the BioLEDs (Image courtesy: www.materialsgate.de)
Gate-LeveL SimuLationS:
An Increasing Trend
G
ate-level simulation (GLS) is used paths and basic heartbeat test.
to boost the confidence regarding In reset verification, GLS can verify sys-
implementation of a design and tem initialisation and show that the reset
can help verify dynamic circuit behaviour, sequence is correct.
which cannot be verified accurately by In X optimism in RTL, an RTL simu-
static methods. It is a significant step in lator may optimistically assign zero or
the verification process. one to a value that a GLS would identify
GLS overcomes the limitations of stat- as X (unknown).
V.P. Sampath is an ic-timing analysis and is increasing being In timing verification on multi-cycle/
active member of used due to low power issues, complex asynchronous paths, static-timing analysis
IEEE and Institution
of Engineers India timing checks at 40nm and below, design cannot identify asynchronous interfaces,
Ltd. He is a regular for test (DFT) insertion at gate level and and has constraint requirements that im-
contributor to
national newspapers, low power considerations. For DFT, scan pact false and multi-cycle paths.
IEEE-MAS section, chains are inserted after the gate-level In the basic heartbeat test, some veri-
and has published
international papers netlist is created; GLS is often used to de- fication teams may want to run a limited
in VLSI and networks termine whether scan chains are correct. sanity check to verify the functionality at
Technology libraries at 45nm and the gate level. As GLS runs much more
below have far more timing checks and slowly than an RTL simulation, it potential-
complex timing checks than older process ly has significant impact on the verification
nodes. GLS may take up to one-third of closure cycle.
the simulation time and could potentially Cadence incisive enterprise simulator
take most of the debugging time. It is run has several features such as zero-delay simu-
after RTL code is simulated and synthe- lation, built-in delay mode control functions
sised into a gate-level netlist. It requires a to reduce simulation time, selectively disa-
complete reset of the design. bling delays in sections of the model where
Reasons for running GLS are reset timing is not currently a concern, detecting
verification, X optimism in RTL, timing potential zero-delay gate loops, correcting
verification on multi-cycle/asynchronous race conditions that occur in zero-delay
mode, disabling timing checks for the entire
simulation or for selected blocks, control-
ling the number of timing check violations,
RTL using multi-snapshot incremental elabora-
tion to improve elaboration performance,
using wave dumping only if required, avoid
Test bench Verification Linting
or use selectively command-line options that
provide additional information and access to
Logic
objects for debugging.
Equivalence
Synthesis Check Incisive also offers a timing file that lets
you turn off the timing for particular in-
stances in a design. Palladium XP accelera-
tor/emulator can offer speeds 10,000 times
Gate Level Netlist faster than simulation. If full debug access
is needed, a switch can provide it. There is
also an option (-ZLIB) that can compress
ATPG pattern Simulation STA Fig. 1: Gate-level snapshots and save disk space, while let-
simulation flow
ting users set the level of compression.
SDF
No
GLS early in the flow. Generate SDF ERRORS
No
There are many reasons for running Yes
SIM PASS
Yes
GLS, some of which are given below: No Original
1. To give confidence in verification Designers
Work on Real
Modify/Update
SDF
SDF Used
Yes
of low-power structures, absent in Fix the design issue and Design Fix Temporarily
validate it in STA again
RTL and added during synthesis. It Temporary fix of known timing issues Design Tape Out
is a probable method to catch to start GLS SIM early and focus on
new unknown GLS issues
A Sunrise
PePPered With drones
W
hen I started work on this story across Appalachian Mountains to deliver
at the close of 2015, the USAs medical supplies to a healthcare centre in
Federal Aviation Administra- Wise County, Virginia, USA. The place is
tion (FAA) was voicing serious concerns not easily accessible and doctors usually
about the number of drones expected stock up for a month at a stretch, lead-
to be bought by people during the 2015 ing to a lot of waste. This FAA-approved
Christmas sales. Ranging from simple US$ drone delivery has seeded hope in the
20 toys to high-end quadcopters, FAA was minds of many of the areas citizens, who
expecting a million unmanned aerial ve- look forward to more such humanitarian
Janani
Gopalakrishnan hicles (UAVs, aka drones) to be sold. The drone missions.
Vikram is a concern is palpable, because these new From delivering medicines and com-
technically-qualified
freelance writer, aircraft, if not flown responsibly, could mercial parcels to transporting organs,
editor and hands- cause a lot of trouble for airlines. So much following clouds, spraying crops, shooting
on mom based in
Chennai so that FAA has launched a beta applica- candid sports videos and surveying real
tion called B4UFly, which helps drone estate, drones are attempting to become
users to abide by flying regulations, espe- part and parcel of our lives, like cars and
cially to stay away from prohibited zones mobile devices once did. And soon these
where their little aircraft could cause harm really might dot our skies, every day.
to real big ones. This prospect has put scientists and
We are not sure how many drones activists on full throttle. There is a lot of
really got sold over Christmas holidays, concern about the safety and privacy prob-
but it is evident that drones represent a lems posed by these drones and the need
real, solid trend. At one time, drones fell for proper regulations to overcome these.
into two categories: either these were used Fortunately, there is a lot of research and
in classified, military operations or were development happening to make smaller,
toys. Now their applications are more smarter, more useful drones. In this story,
Robo-Fly being developed real-world. let us take a peek at some such won-drone-
by the US Army (Image In July 2015, a little drone flew 55km ful developments.
courtesy: US Army)
Drones turn into Mr Fix-Its
University of Leeds, UK, has undertaken to
develop drones that can be used to au-
tonomously fix city infrastructure such as
mending potholes or changing streetlights.
The idea is to have drones automatically
survey the citys infrastructure, so prob-
lems can be spotted and fixed even before
these are visible to the human eye. The
project will take a three-pronged approach
to solving this challenge.
One area of research, dubbed as Perch
and Repair, will aim to develop drones that
can perch atop high structures to fix stuff
like streetlights.
Another dimension is Perceive and
For More
Test and Equipment Stories
Visit www.electronicsb2b.com
for UAVs. The artificial eye meas- The team has also developed tion three times faster than actual
ures just two cubic millimetres algorithms to process signals flying insects.
and weighs just two milligrams. It from these devices, which will be
features a lens on top of all three programmed into onboard chips to Autonomy is a matter of
electronic photodetectors in a tri- compute relevant parameters like perception
angular pattern. The device com- distance to objects, time until poten- If drones are to be really useful, de-
bines the measurements of these tial collision and so on. livering parcels, spying enemy terri-
photodetectors to determine the The artificial eye has been tories, entering danger zones ahead
speed and direction of any motion tested under varied conditions like of fire-fighters and first-responders,
in its field-of-view. This is simi- poorly-lit rooms, bright and sunny and more, these need to be aware
lar to how the segmented eyes of outdoor spots, and it seems poised of their environment and capable of
insects capture their environment to to outdo the original itself, as results flying autonomously. Drone mak-
avoid obstacles. show that it is able to detect mo- ers across the world are investing
DIABETO: A 360-DEgrEE
Diabetes-Management Solution
M
y parents have been living at Diabeto designed this piece of hardware
with type-2 diabetes for over that could easily be carried around and
20 years. About four years ago, one that fits into the palm. In the design
my fathers diabetes file was misplaced of a small bird, it symbolises freedom and
by his hospital and he had to undergo all comes in blue and pink colour variants.
tests again. That was when we thought, we Fitting everything into this miniature
can actually solve this problem with the architecture and get it running, along
help of technology, and we came up with with complying with all prevailing elec-
Diabeto. These are the words of Shreekant tronic and medical norms, offered enough
Priya Ravindran
is a technical Pawar, chief executive officer, Diabeto Med- roadblocks. It took the team three years to
journalist tech India Pvt Ltd, on being asked about complete it, but they did it in style. They
at EFY
what prompted the invention of Diabeto. had to manufacture in China finally, as the
So what did they do? quality of the product in India was sub-
They came up with a solution for standard and the time, effort and money
diabetes managementa package to test involved was simply making the whole
blood-glucose levels, analyse test results, process tedious.
and get expert opinion and care, all from The birdie contains a universal se-
the comfort of your home. Read on to rial bus port, battery, Atmega microcon-
find out Diabetos journey from inception troller, Bluetooth Low Energy module
to fruition. and single-pole, double-throw switch.
The switch shifts between the glucometer
Plug into your glucometer, pair connection and the software universal
with your smartphone and you asynchronous receiver/transmitter for
are good to go respective functions.
It is usual for a person suffering from
diabetes to regularly check the blood sugar How it works
reading using a glucometer. Diabeto is a On establishing a connection, the readings,
device that can be attached to a glucom- time and date stamp from the glucometer
eter, simply by plugging its knob into the are transferred to the app, while at the
glucometers jack. You can then pair the same time also getting stored in the cloud
Easy to use, good to see
device to your smartphone via Bluetooth. server, saving the trouble of entering the
The smartphone app readings manually. The app then asks for
for Diabeto, supporting details about meals (you could even upload
both iOS and Android, a picture of the meal), wellness factors, in-
takes care of the rest. sulin units taken and comments, which you
can manually input. This additional data
A simple-outside, gets stored along with the readings and you
complex-inside can add details to past readings as well.
design The next task is analysis. You can do
It is important to have this using a smartphone app or Web app.
a device that gives the The app analyses all data stored and gives
user not just an ac- an insight into how your health is and
curate experience but what you need to do next. You can track
a happy one, too. With your mood and food, measure physical
this in mind, the team activity, count calories from carbohy-
A BIRDS EYE VIEW Flexibility offered by this little birdie takes you by surprise
AT THIS BIRDIE Diabeto is, as of now, compatible with more than 40 glucometers that are easily available
Specifications Description (You can find the list on www.indiegogo.com/projects/diabeto-your-friend-in-diabetes.).
Power supply One lithium-polymer 3.7V If you are using Accuchek range of glucometers, you will need a Diabeto infrared adaptor
55mAh rechargeable to connect to the device.
battery The hardware is just a transmission device and no data is stored in it.
Access to data is governed by user identification and has a secure sockets layer
Dimension 61.39 mm x 67.25 mm
encryption.
Weight About 14 grams If you want to use your own app for management, Diabeto application peripheral interface
Communication Bluetooth 4.0 (API) will help you transfer readings from the glucometer. The API is compatible for both
protocol iOS and Android devices.
Range 100 metres Made completely from open hardware, you can subscribe to 3-6-12 month packages
that offer bundled services like nutrition support. The mobile app and cloud server usage
Power consumption 821mW
are free to use.
Peak current 19.31mA Developers are working on population-tracker software for doctors, which would enable
consumption them to monitor all their patients.
W
ith time, generations change, is unimaginable to think about a place on
whether it is mankind or tech- Earth where these technologies have not
nological. But the biggest and reached. People now expect a lot more ap-
fastest changes have only been noticed in plications from mobile networks, and sci-
the communication network generations in entists and engineers along with industries
the last few years. We have noticed a great are always working to make it happen.
electronic change in wireless communica- 1G refers to the first generation of
tion network generations ranging from 1G wireless telephone technology (mobile
to 2G, 3G and 4G in a very short span. telecommunications). These analogue
Dr S.S. Verma
is a professor Traditionally, there are three ways the telecommunications standards were intro-
at Department mobile industry can add more capacity to duced in the 1980s and continued until
of Physics, Sant
Longowal Institute its network: by adding more spectrum, by being replaced by 2G (second-generation
of Engineering and improving spectrum efficiency or by roll- wireless telephone technology) digital
Technology, Sangrur,
Punjab ing out more infrastructure. Each genera- telecommunications.
tion is characterised by new frequency The main difference between 1G and
bands, higher data rates and non-back- 2G is that the radio signals used by 1G net-
ward-compatible transmission technology. works are analogue, while 2G networks are
Presently, wireless networking devices digital. Although both use digital signal-
have occupied a significant place in socie- ling to connect radio towers (which listen
ty due to their easy access and expanding to handsets) to the rest of the telephone
utility. Such devices are almost surpassing system, voice itself during a call is encoded
the human number on the Earth, and it to digital signals in 2G, whereas in 1G it
is only modulated to higher frequency,
typically 150MHz and up. The inherent ad-
vantages of digital technology over that of
analogue meant that 2G networks eventu-
ally replaced these almost everywhere.
Second-generation, or 2G, mobile tele-
com networks were commercially launched
in 1991. Three primary benefits of 2G
networks over their predecessors were
that, phone conversations were digitally-
encrypted, 2G systems were significantly
more efficient on the spectrum, allowing
far greater mobile phone penetration levels,
and 2G introduced data services for mo-
bile, starting with SMS text messages.
2G technologies enabled various mobile
phone networks to provide services such
as text, picture and multimedia messages
(MMSes). All text messages sent over
2G are digitally encrypted, allowing for
transfer of data in such a way that only the
intended receiver can receive and read it.
2G has been superseded by newer
Keysight Technologies Infiniium V-Series 160-bit hardware serial trigger; 18 (six DSO models, 8GHz to 80GSa/s - 50Mpts - 2Gpts
20GSa/s digital channels; standard six DSA models and 33GHz 2Gpts
500GB removable solid-state drive six MSO Models)
OWON XDS series Integrates data logger, multimeter, Four (XDS3102, XD- 100MHz to 1GS/s - 40Mpts
n-in-1 DSO waveform generator, DSO and more S3102A, XDS3202, 200MHz 2GS/s
into one device, through its Wi-Fi mod- XDS3202A)
ule to co-share measurement data
Rohde & Schwarz HMO1202 Mixed-domain oscilloscope series ideal Three (HMO1212, 100MHz/ Up to -
mixed-signal for use in development of embedded HMO1222, 200MHz/ 2GS/s
oscilloscopes designs and analysing serial SPI buses HMO1232) 300MHz
on digital channels while simultane-
ously monitoring two analogue signals
referenced to transmitted SPI data
SIGLENT Technologies SDS2000X series Available in bandwidths of 70MHz to Eight (SDS2304X, 70MHz to Maximum 140Mpts
super phosphor 300MHz, maximum sample rate of SDS2302X, SD- 300MHz 2GSa/s
oscilloscopes 2GSa/s and maximum record length S2204X, SDS2202X,
of 140Mpts; most-commonly-used SDS2104X, SD-
functions can be accessed with its user- S2102X, SDS2074X,
friendly one-button design SDS2072X)
Teledyne LeCroy LabMaster With 100GHz bandwidth and 240GS/s Eight (available in 20GHz to 240GS/s 20Mpts -
10-100Zi sampling rate, acquires the fastest 20GHz, 25GHz, 100GHz 1024Mpts
100GHz signals generated by scientists and 30GHz, 36GHz,
oscilloscope engineers 50GHz, 59GHz,
65GHz, 100GHz
models)
Teledyne LeCroy WaveMaster 8 Up to 30GHz bandwidth and Eight 4GHz to 80GS/s 32Mpts -
Zi-A 80GS/s sample rate; 14.1Gb/s serial 30GHz 512Mpts
trigger; integrated 50 and 1M inputs
for true connection and
probing flexibility
Chivukula, technical marketing en- shows the data with respect to the that start the trigger.
gineer, National Instruments. trigger. Traditionally, the trigger has Chivukula adds, In our case,
Another thing is that scopes always been a voltage level with you can program a trigger. With this
cannot show time domain because respect to which the waveform we have made available the ability
it happens too fast for humans to is shown. Over time people have to define a very custom triggera
make sense of it. Let us say we have started adding sophisticated triggers; user-defined trigger limits where
a waveform that is rising and fall- there are some triggers on a digital you can draw the trigger you want
ing periodically. The scope always signal where there are specific bits and it will be where the signal is
Q. Which are the common protocols electrical safety, electromagnetic com- national regulations both.
that IoT developers seem to prefer? patibility and material compliance.
A. Wi-Fi, ZigBee and Bluetooth European directives mandate com- Q. What are the challenges faced by
Low Energy (BLE) are some known pliance to all the above for IoT, while engineering teams in India?
protocols. Apart from these, there for North American market, electrical A. If you take a Bluetooth module,
are new protocols like IP500 by safety is voluntary and market-driven. you can only make a few changes
IP500 Alliance, Thread by Thread keeping in with regulations. Otherwise
Group and others. Q. Are these regulations related to you will have to rework the entire de-
IP500 is becoming a big force the protocols used? sign and redo the certification. Major
in Europe. It is related to monitor- A. No! These regulations are based intellectual property suppliers who do
ing and sensing devices as well as on the frequency of transmission. this are not available in India. Getting
building automation. It allows you Local developers and manufacturers compliance in India and finding people
to plug-and-play the sensor any- working in the field usually do not who have the expertise to understand
where without any wiring and is have any idea about local or interna- and implement the solutions are very
manufacturer-neutral, too. tional regulations in wireless. rare here. They need to be first looked
at in the form of regulatory qualifica-
Q. What are the new technologies Q. Do regulations also apply to tions and then protocol qualifications.
coming into this space in India? whitespace band?
A. New technologies like Wi- A. Different countries have differ- Q. How do things work for IoT health
sun, OpenArea and KNX are betting ent regulations. In some cases, it is devices where there could be a mix of
on the IoT market. KNX has done licence-free but still regulated for prod- medical and wireless regulations?
a lot of work in India. Wi-sun has ucts operating on these frequencies A. We do not have a regulation set
also had a lot of interest in setting and in others, it is a licenced band. up yet in India for medical devices. As
up workshops as well as interest per official data, we only have a total
groups. KNX predominantly looks Q. What is the main challenge for IoT of 38 medical devices that are regulat-
at lighting and lighting automation, products? ed, and all of these are non-electrical.
while Wi-sun is an advanced Wi-Fi A. If you look at protocols, the Equipment from incubators to
communications channel. big thing to note is the wireless com- computed tomography scan machines,
munications channels or frequency everything is non-regulated. But, use
Q. What are the international regu- these prefer. Most choose to function of radioactive materials in medical
lations pertaining to IoT devices? in 2.4GHz or 5GHz. This band is devices is regulated by AERB.
A. Most countries have local also known as the industrial, scien- In India, we can even create our
regulations but, for more uniform tific and medical (ISM) radio band. own medical device and test it on our
adoption, some also adopt regula- The moment you touch a frequency neighbour. A bill proposed to solve this
tions based on European norms or for communications, every country is due in the Parliament for approval.
USA based FCC standards. From an has a regulatory barrier in place. The Central Drugs Standard Control Or-
IoT perspective, regulations can be challenge is to build your product ganisation is also responsible for some
split into four major aspects: wireless, such that it follows local and inter- level of device regulation in India.
Microcontrollers:
Q. What would you like to see in an ing these to run more often, thereby cessors are now seen in MCUs.
MCU designed for the Internet of allowing more features to be de- What are your views on this?
Things (IOT)? signed into the application software. A. Features like sleeping end
A. The IoT demands two things Performance-per-watt levels have nodes, time synchronisation with
from MCUsminimal power con- evolved in many embedded ap- access point beacons, packet store-
sumption and lowest possible cost. plications to enable power-efficient and-forward and so on highlight the
Pushing intelligence into an MCU designs that help conserve energy. issues of complex system-on-chip
allows for a simple and robust radio Energy trends and power manage- MCUs. These either require cus-
that can transmit and receive wire- ment are thus the key technology tom software to extract maximum
less data. Since the MCU usually trends that designers are looking performance from their integrated
has the most resources in terms of for nowadays. peripherals or suffer the penalties
memory, processing power as well of reduced versatility or increased
as digital and analogue integration, Q. What elements are driving lower power consumption from running
this configuration gives it the most power consumption in the newer more generic code.
versatility, enabling it to leverage generation of MCUs?
and optimise all of its resources. A. Many regulatory bodies have Q. What are some exciting features
made it compulsory for consumer in modern MCUs?
Q. Could you give us an idea of the electronic companies to display en- A. Earlier this year Kinetis
role of MCUs for the IoT market ergy-efficiency ratings. Sleep modes MCU was recognised as one of the
from an engineering perspective? have evolved over the years, by industrys first development boards
A. In broad terms, the IoT com- optimising voltage levels and clock to fully support mbed. mbed is an
prises three elements: edge devices, frequency. Small bits of programma- open source project managed by
which often perform one dedicated ble logic are also being added. One ARM that works as a platform and
function; hubs or fusion devices, can now stitch together peripherals operating system for Internet-con-
which integrate data from edge the way they want within the MCU nected devices.
devices; and larger processing ele- and have it operate in sleep mode at Another focus area is to signifi-
ments. Most connected devices are tiny current levels. cantly speed and simplify software
nodes located at the last centimetre Low-power MCUs also reduce development.
of networks. The small nodes used the emissions radiated. Power- Further, encryption/tamper-de-
for connectivity and sensor hubs to consumption estimation differenti- tection features and ultra-low-power
collect and log data are primarily ates because the average node duty capabilities extend MCUs reach
based on MCU platforms. factor, fd (node activity ratio), is beyond traditional mPOS pin pads
different between clocked nodes and and terminals into more power-
Q. What is the key technology trend unclocked nodes. restricted payment applications such
that design engineers look for? as smartphone and tablet attach
A. MCUs have dramatically Q. Some engineers say that fea- readers as well as those embedded
dropped their RUN currents, allow- tures previously seen in micropro- in wearable technology.
Part 2 of 2
Wearable Devices:
Essential Inputs for Design Engineers
I
n the first part of this article we defined test engineering team of the EMS partner to
and classified wearables, and covered locate the probes for proper balancing of the
the designing and manufacturing phases PCB when testing is carried out.
of the life cycle of a wearable product. Another method used, when the wear-
In this concluding part we look at the able device has only one CPU (which is
testing and support phases, wearable system normally the case), is called JTAG testing
software and development phase. (this needs about five to seven test points,
Testing phase. The third important regular or bead probes). It is used to test
aspect is how the assembled board and the entire assembled PCB. This technique
S.A. Srinivasa
Moorthy is CEO, product is tested. Conventionally, PCBs have is popular and costs low but needs the de-
Andhra Pradesh test points (these are PCB pads of specific signers time and efforts.
Electronics and
IT Agency dimensions). Testers known as beds of nail One challenge in JTAG method is, if the
testers test these assembled PCBs. These controller IC is brand new and is being used
testers have a set of spring-loaded nails in the product for the first time, most chip
that are positioned against each test point. vendors may not have the required JTAG
The test electronics under the control of test file (known as Boundary Scan Descrip-
test program tests every node by applying tion Language or BSDL file) ready. This can
a stimulus and checks the response of the happen when the company that makes the
node and compares it with the response of a wearable device expects a large volume and
good PCB (known as gold board). goes for a dedicated custom application spe-
This type of testing is good when PCB cific integrated circuit, making JTAG testing
sizes are not too small. However, most wear- difficult initially.
able devices use miniature PCBs and flex Finally, since most wearable devices
cables, and testing of these boards calls for measure very low analogue signals, these
special techniques. Such boards do not have need to be calibrated once the product is as-
space for test pads as these are crammed sembled completely. This is the responsibility
with components. So a frequently-used tech- of the design team, and they need to train
nique known as bead probe testing is used. the EMS partner on the calibration process
Fig. 4 shows the conventional test pad and as well as the calibration equipment. Many a
bead probe test pad for better understanding. time this is missed and product shipment is
In this test method, instead of a separate delayed due to difficulty in calibration.
Setting devices test pad (typically a pad of 40mil diam- Use phase. This phase is where the prod-
before workout
eter), a bead is formed uct actually goes into the hands of the users.
(a solder bead of 20mil One big challenge that designers face
diameter) on the PCB is how exhaustively they have covered the
trace and the tester product use cases (right way of using the
probe probes this point product) and misuse cases (wrong way of
and tests the PCB. This using the product). While most designers
enables miniature PCBs are able to cover the right use cases well,
to be tested without they fail to do so for the wrong use cases. In
much difficulty. How- fact, testing for wrong use cases is a unique
ever, to implement this feature that medical device developers must
testing, designers have use when developing medical devices.
to prepare the PCB with Most designers think that by display-
this feature. And they ing disclaimers about wrong usage they
need to work with the can cover their liability. But the risk is that,
Signal ProceSSing
With Sonic Visualiser
PRIYA RAVINDRAN
W
ith electronic signals be-
coming a way of life, it is
important for researchers
to process and then analyse these
effectively. The signal could simply
be a spectrum from MATLAB or the
graph of a song.
The software we are going to
cover in this article is an applica-
tion for viewing, analysing and
annotating the contents of audio
files. In other words, this is a piece
of software developed to aid you
with signal processing. The fact
that this tool is licensed under GNU
general-public licence and runs on
Linux, OSX and Windows, makes
it easily adaptable. Take a look at
www.sonicvisualiser.org when you Fig. 1: An audio signal and its spectrum on a Russian version of the software
have time. For now, let us learn how
to use this software to understand
electronic signals.
2
II FEBRUARY 2016 | ELECTRONICS FOR YOU PLUS WWW.EFYMAG.COM
whose output is appropriate for grid Other simple, yet playback-and-pause platform. Much
display is applied, or when import- indispensable features like a media player, we can use key-
ing certain types of annotation data. A measure tool helps us select the board shortcuts to control the signal
For an instantaneous display of y-axis exact range of the signal we want being viewed. It is also easy to align
values of a 3D plot, we can invoke a to work with, or maybe observe different waveforms along the same
slice layer. As Sonic Visualiser website repeatedly to detect something time scale and instant. This comes
puts it, a slice is to a colour 3D plot amiss. A friendly and appealing in very handy while comparing sig-
as a spectrum is to a spectrogram. user interface lets us customise nals to find differences between sim-
everything from default frequency to ilar-looking ones or when viewing
Plugins to generate new layers background colour. multiple files concurrently. We can
and create effects Sonic Visualiser is structured even time-stretch playback, slowing
Third-party plugins can be used with around panes and layers. Panes are it down to as little as ten per cent of
Sonic Visualiser to enhance under- horizontally-scrollable areas that the original speed, while retaining a
standing of the input signal. The can be stacked one above the other, synchronised display.
general format for audio-analysis and and a pane can have any number of Version 2.5 released in Octo-
feature-extraction plugins is Vamp, layers in it. Easy export and import ber 2015 works on Pentium4 and
which takes in audio input and gener- of audio files using export layer and AMD64 processors. Developed at
ates output compatible with display of handy annotation add to the glitz. Centre for Digital Music, Queen
Sonic Visualiser layers. We could also Mary, University of London, and
have plugins in Linux Audio Devel- A mini iPod partially funded by many organisa-
opers Simple Plugin API (LADSPA) or for signal processing tions, this months DVD gives you
Disposable Soft Synth Interface (DSSI) Processing a signal requires revisit- the package for easy download.
formats to create effects like compres- ing segments repeatedly, making Let us begin our experiments with
sion or to generate data using control- changes to portions and studying re- audio signals.
ling parameters like sine-wave tone or sults closely. Sonic Visualiser comes
white and pink noise. to our aid by offering a hassle-free Priya Ravindran is a technical journalist at EFY
Presents
Section Highlights
BAZAAR
Dedicated Section on LEDs & LED Lighting
In Conversation with Industry Experts
Product Focus
New Product Launches
An excellent platform to get noticed Upcoming Market Trends
Government Guidelines & Policies
R: A DAtA-AnAlysis And
stAtisticAl-computing Tool
JAI SACHITH PAUL
R
is a statistical-computing
environment that consists
of a language along with a
run-time environment with graph-
ics, a debugger, access to certain
system functions and the ability to
run programs stored in script files.
Implementation of R is heavily
influenced by two programming
languages: S and Scheme. R has
inherited strong object-oriented
features from S language. The
underlying implementation and se-
mantics of the software is inspired
from Scheme.
R provides a wide range of
statistical techniques such as linear
and non-linear modelling, classical
statistical tests, time-series analy-
sis, classification clustering and
more. Communication engineers
make use of R for various signal-
processing techniques such as filter
design and processing of electrocar-
diogram (ECG) signals.
The software was initially
created by Ross Ihaka and Robert
Gentleman at University of Auck-
land, New Zealand, in 1993, and Fig. 1: Reproducing ECG signals from raw data (Courtesy: http://biostatmatt.com)
is currently being developed by R
Development Core Team. The latest lot of advantages over other data-
stable release of R version 3.2.3 is analysis tools, if you could master
And so they called it R
bundled in DVD accompanying this it. R, being a highly-interactive There are two reasons behind the naming
months EFY Plus. language, allows the programmer to of this software. First, it comes from the
experiment and explore new areas names of its two creators, Ross Ihaka and
Why I should go for R and new functionalities. This would
Robert Gentleman.
Second, the name R acknowledges its
With a lot of software packages not be even possible if the data- inspiration from software S.
available for data analysis and sta- analysis tool was not a language.
tistical computing, one might ques- The script can be re-run any time,
tion the relevance of yet another on any machine. ing it to traditional and modern sta-
package for carrying out the same. Cutting-edge analytics. A pow- tistical models. R does all of these.
Benefits of R being a language. erful analytics software should be Various manipulations like trans-
R is not an easy-to-learn language capable of accepting data in various forms, merge, aggregations and so
by itself. But definitely it has a formats, manipulating and convert- on are carried out on accepted data
Let Us Learn
how to Program 8085
JAI SACHITH PAUL
S
tudy of microprocessors is an
integral part of the engineer-
ing programme, when we are
taking up a course on electronics
or any related discipline. And 8085
is probably the first microproces-
sor that we get in touch with as a
part of the curriculum. Students are
usually just given some basic hands-
on training using standard boards
with a keypad.
Whenever we are dealing with
hardware, there is always a chance
for it to fail. Moreover, there are
some practical concerns while learn-
ing microprocessors using boards.
If you would like to simultaneously
determine the status of all the regis-
ters at a time, or analyse the work-
ing in varying speed of simulations,
a trainer kit may have limitations.
For electronics enthusiasts Screenshot of 8085 simulator
willing to learn programming of
microprocessors, but limited by the
Software at a glance
availability of trainer kits, there are
a handful of simulators available Name : 8085 Simulator version 2.0
online as open source. In this arti- Licence : GNU GPLv2
cle, let us have a look at one such Pre-requisites : Needs Java 6 update 16; available from javadl.sun.com/webapps/
8085 simulator. download/AutoDL?BundleId=33889
The 8085 programming model the address of the last byte entered simulations. Let us have a quick
8085 processor has a set of seven into the stack. look at the interesting features of-
8-bit registers including the accu- Program Status Word comprising fered by the tool.
mulator and six others, namely, B, the accumulator and status registers Assembler editor. This allows
C, D, E, H and L. Depending upon is modified as per given instruc- the user to input numerical data in
applications, the registers other than tions. An accumulator stores the binary, decimal and hexadecimal
the accumulator can be used either result of an arithmetic and logical formats. The programmer can insert
as independent byte-registers or as operation, and the result affects the comments, label instructions and
16-bit register pairs. content of various status registers. check errors using the editor. There
A 16-bit special-purpose register are provisions for auto-correct,
called program counter is available What the simulator consists of auto-intend and syntax highlighting.
in the microprocessor. It stores the The simulator is designed to be very Moreover, users are allowed to run
address of the next instruction to be user-friendly and simulations are programs written in other simulators
fetched. A 16-bit stack pointer stores to be at par with actual hardware in this editor.
OpenSourceForU.com
Follow us on Twitter@LinuxForYou
VIII
8 FEBRUARY 2016 | ELECTRONICS FOR YOU PLUS WWW.EFYMAG.COM
EVENT
FACT SHEET
Show dates: January 11-13, 2016
S
Exhibition Centre (BIEC),
ix co-located shows, 16 conferences, 180-plus exhibitors, 10,000-
Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
plus visitors a few figures to give you an idea about IEW 2016.
The more interesting figures are 200-plus speakers, 3000-plus Event space (gross): 10,000+ sqm
conference delegates, 30-plus per cent of visitors who travelled from
outside Karnataka and, last but not the least, 35 per cent-plus who Number of exhibitors: 184
visited an electronics expo for the first time!
Brands represented: 500+
With such great response, it was natural for Electronics For You
team to not shift from Bengaluru as the city of choice for next years Unique visitors: 10,874
show, too. IEW 2017 is now all set to be held March 2-4, 2017 at
BIEC, Bengaluru. Number of conferences
Through this brief report we attempt to share key highlights of and workshops: 18
what transpired at this years IEW, with the hope that it will motivate Number of speakers: 207
you to experience the show first hand next year, rather than read
about it here. Read on... Number of major buyers invited at
Buyer-Seller Meet: 16
78 FEBRUARY 2016 | ELECTRONICS FOR YOU WWW.EFYMAG.COM
imAges sAy iT
BeTTer ThAN words
R.V. Deshpand
industries, go e, honble minister, large-
vernment of Ka an
rnataka, inau d medium-scale
gurating IEW
2016
ion
IPC India Hand Soldering competit
Visitors at IEW 2016 Panel discussion on How to Handle Security for the IoT
for
tart System d
a Keyless S (L) an
WWW.EFYMAG.COM How to Build p by Deepak Gupta79
ho Foundry
a Car works , co-founders, Fresher
Panel discussion on Standardisation for the IoT Ecosystem ai
Aneesha Pill
EVENT
Market Survey:
Keeping An Eye On
IndIas surveIllance Industry
I
n addition to usual factors like general Currently, though analogue based sur-
economic growth, increased awareness, veillance systems account for the major-
legal requirements and affordability that ity of the share of nearly 68 per cent in
drive growth in the security and surveillance the overall market, IP based surveillance
industry, the increasing number of terrorist systems are expected to grow with a rela-
attacks and criminal activities make surveil- tively higher CAGR of 41.78 per cent in the
lance systems almost imperative for residen- coming years.
tial, commercial and public infrastructure and As per a spokesperson from 6Wresearch,
Sudeshna Das is
also for public transport in India. electronics division, Declining prices, ter-
senior executive There is a spurt in infrastructure develop- rorist strikes, government initiatives, rising
editor at EFY ment in the country. Security is a part of the public infrastructure, increasing government
basic infrastructure for any modern economy. security spending and growing awareness
Naturally, we see significant growth potential have fuelled the adoption of IP surveillance
for security solutions in India. says Ganesh systems in India. Further, the surging need
Jivani, managing director, Matrix Comsec. for video analytics and remote monitor-
Advantages of surveillance systems over ing have also led to rising penetration of IP
physical security such as the ability to allow surveillance systems in the country.
remote monitoring and continuous monitoring
have resulted in their wide deployment across Market drivers
the country. According to a report published The commercial sector is estimated to
by 6Wresearch India, a business research have been the largest end-user sector that
organisation, video surveillance market in includes hotels, restaurants and offices. It
India is expected to reach US$ 952.94 million is followed by banking and finance, retail,
by 2016, with a CAGR of 32.49 per cent. It is manufacturing and industrial and govern-
expected to top US$ 2.4 billion by 2021. ment sectors. The fast-growing end-user
New amended PMA policy: 100 per cent preference to Demand generating areas
Made in India products for procurement of CCTV cameras Commercial and residential
(video) and sensor based alarm systems by all government Banking and financial
departmentsA brief: Preferential market access Retail
Industrial
1. The government of India has laid down a policy for preference to domestically- Government and transportation
manufactured electronic products in government procurement for its own use and not
with a view to commercial resale or with a view to use in the production of goods for
commercial sale. be it offices, shops or streets.
2. The policy is applicable to all ministries/departments (except Ministry of Defence) and The return on investment of
their agencies. companies increase due to surveil-
3. Each ministry/department would specify sector-specific electronic products.
4. Each ministry/department would specify the percentage of procurement to be made lance as productivity goes up. For
from domestically-manufactured electronic products, which shall not be less than 30 example, instead of manufacturing
per cent of the total procurement value of that electronic product(s). 100 units of a product per day, a
5. Each ministry/department would also specify the domestic value-addition requirement worker starts to make 105 units;
that the electronic product should satisfy for the product to qualify as a domestically- productivity goes up because of the
manufactured electronic product.
6. Policy for preference to domestically-manufactured telecom products in procurement due cost that a company had incurred
to security considerations and in government procurement, notifying telecom products for on surveillance.
government procurement in furtherance of the policy dated October 5, 2012.
7. The Department of Telecommunications came up with a list of 23 domestic products Tectonic shift in the market
covered under the policy with their minimum PMA to domestically-manufactured With technological advancements
electronic products and their minimum domestic value addition.
8. Serial number 22 states security and surveillance communication systems (video and and changing customer needs, ana-
sensor based) logue video surveillance has been
9. SPGI wrote to governments Department of Telecommunications and Department of shifting to network video surveil-
Electronics and Information Technology (DeitY) seeking clarification as to whether CCTV lance. The ever-reducing gap in the
camera (video) and alarm systems are part of serial number 22. acquisition cost of IP and analogue
10. Government of India, Ministry of Communications and IT, Depar tment of
Telecommunications (Investment Promotion Cell) clarified as per Office Memorandum segments has also been as a great
No.- 18-14/2012- IP(Pt.) dated July 22, 2015, CCTV video cameras and sensor based trigger point for the industry. Tradi-
alarming systems can form part of security and surveillance communication and should tionally controlled by analogue based
get covered under telecom equipment description listed at serial number 22 in the surveillance systems, Indian market
Gazette Notification dated October 5, 2012. is now shifting towards digitised, that
11. PMA on serial number 22 mentions 100 per cent with value addition of 35 per cent in
the first year, increasing by five per cent in subsequent years. is, IP based surveillance systems.
As per this amendment, domestically-manufactured CCTV cameras and alarm systems have
These systems are finding their space
to be provided 100 per cent preference in all government purchases. across industry verticals, namely,
government and transportation,
sectors include city surveillance, keting and point-of-sale data. This, in banking and financial, retail, com-
traffic monitoring, railways and turn, can help organisations realise mercial, industrial and residential.
education, opines Sanjeev Sehgal, far more value from video surveil- The technological roadmap will
chairman, Security Promotion Group lance systems. Also, integrated, cloud be driven by all-pervasive, online
of India (SPGI), and managing direc- based and mobile-operated security and proactive solutions. Over the
tor, Sparsh, while discussing the solutions will be the major trends in next few years, the market for IP
growth drivers of this sector. the surveillance business. surveillance is expected to increase
Integrated security solutions While discussing the applications due to increasing IP infrastructure,
incorporating both security products beyond security reasons, Jivani com- declining prices and demand for
and surveillance services have been ments, When it comes to enterpris- remote access.
gaining importance over standalone es, usage of cameras or security and From the earlier analogue CCTV
solutions. Customers look for more surveillance products is not only for technology, there has been a steady
business value in surveillance solu- the purpose of security but also for technology shift to IP based (digital),
tions by utilising these in varied ap- productivity. When video surveil- open source and fully-integrated
plications beyond increasing security lance is in place at offices, shops systems, with the option of remote
and loss prevention. For example, or any other place, productivity of surveillance, background screening,
integration of business intelligence the workers/employees tends to video analytics, digital video and
software to a video surveillance sys- increase automatically. Surveillance sensor based detection. The shift
tem can be utilised to capture mar- helps in making places organised, of market focus to IP cameras from
W
e are all familiar with for non-engineers. It has a code- simply making the schematic, which
Arduino shields available view option, where one can modify can be further adjusted in Arduino
in the market. These allow code and upload it directly to an shield form. There are many routing
us to increase the functions and ca- Arduino device. options available in the software. In
pabilities of Arduino boards. Without There is a huge library in Fritz- this article, we explain the making
these it is difficult to connect the ing to help us make shields for of an Arduino shield using Fritzing
circuit to an Arduino board. different Arduino and Raspberry Pi version 0.91 for Arduino UNO R3 for
Generally, we use jumper wires boards. We can get the artwork by a single-sided PCB.
for connecting an Arduino board to Steps for making an Ar-
a circuit assembled on a breadboard. duino shield using Fritzing are:
Management of cable connections 1. Download Fritzing. The
and troubleshooting becomes very downloaded file can be used
difficult while using jumper wires. directly; you need not install it.
Most people find it difficult to de- 2. Go to Breadboard as
sign an Arduino shield using conven- shown in Fig. 2. Draw a proper
tional or professional printed circuit connection diagram of the
board (PCB) designing software since desired circuit using the com-
these require typical measurements ponent library in the software.
of Arduino for matching connector Cross-check the connections in
locations. Fig. 1 shows the interfac- Fig. 1: Assembled circuit on a breadboard interfaced with
the software.
ing of a circuit assembled on a bread- Arduino board 3. Go to Schematic and
board to an Arduino Board. check if the connections are
We can easily make Arduino done in Breadboard. We can
shields using Fritzing software. It directly design a circuit in Sche-
is easy to use as compared to other Fig. 2: Fritzing Breadboard section matic. For those who are new to
software because here we do not
have to provide any dimension de-
tails or alignment for proper place-
ment of the connectors that are used
to connect the shield with Arduino.
Fritzing is an open source soft-
ware initiative that supports design-
ers and artists who are ready to
move from physical prototyping to
the actual product. It was developed
at University of Applied Sciences of
Potsdam, Germany. The software
allows designers, artists, research-
ers or hobbyists to document their
Arduino based prototypes and create
PCB layouts for manufacturing. The
associated website helps users share
and discuss drafts and experiences as
well as reduce manufacturing costs.
Fritzing can be seen as an elec-
tronic design automation (EDA) tool Fig. 3: Schematic diagram made using Fritzing
LossLess Image
CompressIon Using MATLAB
LALIT G. PATIL
M
ATLAB is a powerful tool compress the image without degrad-
EFY Note
for analysing images and ing its quality. Mobile manufacturers
signals for developing ap- need algorithms in their cameras The complete MATLAB code of this
plications. One of the applications that enable storing the images in project, input images and figures are
included in this months EFY DVD
of image compression with MATLAB reduced sizes without degrading
and are also available for free down-
using a graphical user interface is their quality.
load at source.efymag.com
described in this article. There are two types of compres-
Cameras are nowadays being sion algorithms, namely, loss-less
provided and lossy-image compression. This error (MSE) are calculated using the
with more article proposes a technique to com- following relationships:
and more press the captured image to reduce
M,N(Image1(m,n) Image2(m,n))2
megapixels to its size while maintaining its quality. MSE =
mxn
improve the A number of images were consid-
quality of cap- ered to check the veracity of the where m and n are the number of
tured images. proposed algorithm. rows and columns. Image1 and
With improve- In this article, discrete cosine Image2 are the original and com-
ment in image transform algorithm is used, which pressed images, respectively.
quality, size of compresses the image with a good After compression, there should
the image file compression ratio. not be much change in the quality
Fig. 1: Flowchart showing
also increases. The flowchart of the process is of the image. MSE indicates an er-
the compression process Due to shown in Fig. 1. ror between the original image and
speed limita- The image compressed image. It should be as
tion of the In- is read through small as possible.
ternet, it takes MATLAB to cap-
more time to
upload good-
ture its pixels. Af-
ter obtaining the
PSNR = 10 log10 ( )R2
MSE
P
resented here is a red, green simple and low-cost circuit for a proportions of the three primaries
and blue (RGB) colour multiple colour generator that can results in shades of grey or white;
generator using AT89C2051 be built easily with a few additional colour space that is generated is
microcontroller (MCU). This is a components. The main objective of called an RGB colour space.
the project is to generate multiple
colours from RGB primary colours as Circuit and working
used in television displays, computer The circuit diagram for the multiple
monitors and other colour displays colour generator is shown in Fig.
for commercial applications like LED 2. The circuit requires a 9V battery,
projectors. The concept of primary 7805 voltage regulator (IC1), Atmel
colour mixing is shown in Fig. 1. AT89C2051 MCU (IC2) and a few
Additive mixing of red and other components. The 20-pin MCU
green lights produces shades of performs the operation of multiple
yellow, orange or brown. Mixing colour generation from RGB primary
green and blue produces shades of colours on pressing switches S1
cyan, whereas mixing red and blue through S4. In this project, we have
produces shades of purple including used the concept of pulse width
Fig. 1: Concept of primary colour mixing magenta. Mixing nominally equal modulation (PWM) to change the
colours of the RGB LED.
Initially, the circuit is powered by
TP1
IC1 3
a +9V supply, which is connected
1
7805 C1
to IC1 to maintain a constant +5V
2 LED1 10u,16V at its output. This constant output
BATT.1 is fed to the MCU circuit. Port3 of
9V R1 R2
TP0 330E 8.2K
Test Points
Test point Details
R3 TP0 0V GND
100E TP1 +5V
1 20
RST Vcc
Software
The software is written
in embedded C language
and compiled using
Keilvision 4 version
compiler. It contains sim-
ple switch statements to
produce different colours
from primary colours.
We have used Topwin
6 software to burn the
hex code into the MCU
using a Universal Topwin
programmer board.
infrared Motion-SenSing
Relay Switch
T.K. HAREENDRAN
T
his circuit is designed for use perature (such as a human being) The module contains a special filter
with all kinds of medium- passes in front of an IR source with called Fresnel lens, which focuses IR
power automobile/domestic another temperature (such as a signals onto the sensor element. As
12V DC loads. It is a simple solid- wall). The PIR sensor module, cen- ambient IR signals change rapidly,
state relay (SSR) switch, controlled tred on a PIR sensor, has elements onboard circuitry triggers the output
by a standard passive infrared (PIR) made of crystalline material that to indicate motion. Fig. 1 shows
motion sensor module. A PIR sensor generates an electric charge when the PIR motion sensor module. It is
is an electronic device that can mea- exposed to IR radiation. usually hidden behind a translucent
sure IR light radiating from objects Changes in the amount of IR dome shaped cover as shown in the
in its field-of-view. striking the element change the inset in Fig. 1.
Apparent motion is detected voltages generated, which are
when an IR source with one tem- measured by an onboard circuitry. Circuit and working
Circuit diagram of the PIR motion-
sensing SSR switch is shown in Fig.
2. It is built around a PIR motion-
sensor module (connected across
CON2), MOSFETs BS170 (T1) and
IRF9540 (T2), rectifier diode 1N4007
(D1) and a few other components.
The PIR sensor module has a
3-pin connection for Vcc, output
and ground, and provides a single
output that goes high when motion
is detected. It also has a 2-pin jump-
er selection for single or continuous
trigger output mode. The two posi-
tions are labelled H and L (Fig. 1).
When the jumper is at H posi-
tion, output goes high whenever the
Fig. 1: PIR motion sensor module and its dome shaped cover (inset) sensor is triggered and retriggered.
In position L,
PARTS LIST output goes high
S
R3 Semiconductors: and low like
CON1 T2
FOR
D1 10K D1 - 1N4007 rectifier diode a monostable
1N4007 IRF9540
5V G T1 - BS170 n-channel MOSFET timer every time
T2 - IRF9540 p-channel MOSFET
D D LED1 - 5mm LED the sensor is trig-
CON3
T1
R4 FOR Resistors (all 1/4-watt, 5% carbon): gered. Retrigger-
Vcc BS170
1K 12V IN R1, R4 - 1-kilo-ohm ing pulse does
OUT G R2, R3 - 10-kilo-ohm
GND CON4 not affect the
R1 S FOR Capacitor:
CON2 1K C1 - 100F, 25V electrolytic output duration.
12V OUT
FOR PIR C1
R2 LED1 Miscellaneous: The circuit
10K
SENSOR 100u CON1, CON3, presented here
25V CON4 - 2-pin connector terminal
CON2 - 3-pin connector
is in repeatable
GND trigger mode
- PIR motion sensor
Fig. 2: PIR motion Sensing SSR Switch and turns T2
H
ere is an ultra-sensitive fire
sensor that activates an
alarm when it detects fire.
Thermistor based fire alarms have
a drawback; the alarm turns on
only if the fire heats the thermis-
tor in close vicinity. In this circuit,
a sensitive PIN diode is used as
a fire sensor for a longer-range
fire detection.
It detects visible light and
infrared (IR) in the range of 430nm Fig. 1: Authors prototype
- 1100nm. So visible light and IR
from the fire can easily activate Circuit and working PARTS LIST
the sensor to trigger the alarm. It Circuit diagram of the PIN diode Semiconductors:
also detects sparks in the mains based fire sensor is shown in Fig. IC1 - CA3140 op-amp
IC2 - CD4060 counter
wiring and, if these persist, it gives 3. It is built around 9V battery, T1, T2 - BC547 npn transistor
a warning alarm. PIN diode BPW34 (D1), op-amp LED1-LED3 - 5mm LED
It is an ideal protective device CA3140 (IC1), counter CD4060 D1 - BPW34 PIN photodiode
Resistors (all 1/4-watt, 5% carbon):
for showrooms, lockers, record (IC2), transistors BC547 (T1 and
R1, R5, R6 - 1-mega-ohm
rooms and so on. Authors proto- T2), a piezo buzzer (PZ1) and a few R2, R3 - 1-kilo-ohm
type is shown in Fig. 1. other components. R4, R7, R8 - 100-ohm
PIN diode BPW34 (Fig. 2) is In the circuit, PIN photodiode Capacitor:
C1 - 0.22F ceramic disk
used in the circuit as light and IR BPW34 is connected to the invert-
Miscellaneous:
sensor. BPW34 is a 2-pin photodi- ing and non-inverting inputs of BATT.1 - 9V battery
ode with anode (A) and cathode op-amp IC1 in reverse-biased mode PZ1 - Piezo buzzer
(K). The anode end can easily be to feed photo current into the input
identified from the top-view flat of op-amp. CA3140 is a 4.5MHz Bi-
surface of the photodiode. A small MOs op-amp with MOSFET inputs
solder point to which a thin wire and bipolar output.
is connected is the anode and the Gate-protected MOSFET (PMOS)
other one is the cathode terminal. transistors in the input circuit
BPW34 is a tiny PIN photodi- provide very high input impedance,
ode or mini solar cell with radiant typically around 1.5T ohms. The
sensitive surface that generates IC requires very low input current,
350mV DC open-circuit voltage as low as 10pA, to change output
when exposed to 900nm light. It status to high or low.
is sensitive to natural sunlight and In the circuit, IC1 is used as a
also to light from fire. So it is ideal transimpedance amplifier to act as Fig. 2: BPW34 PIN photodiode
for use as a light sensor. a current-to-voltage converter. IC1
BPW34 photodiode can be used amplifies and converts the photo connected to the ground and anode
in zero-bias as well as reverse-bias current generated in the PIN diode of photodiode, while the inverting
states. Its resistance decreases to the corresponding voltage in its input gets photo current from the
when light falls on it. output. The non-inverting input is PIN diode.
Fridge temperature
and humidity Indicator
SOMNATH BERA
W
e can measure tempera- PARTS LIST Circuit and working
ture and humidity inside Semiconductors:
the fridge using a normal IC1, IC2 - ATmega328P MCU with Circuit diagram of the transmitter
temperature-humidity indicator but Arduino Uno bootloader unit is shown in Fig. 2. It is built
IC3 - 7805 voltage regulator
relative humidity (RH) could be TX1 - 433MHz RF transmitter around ATmega328P microcon-
inaccurate in that case. The moment module troller (MCU) (IC1) with Arduino
RX1 - 433MHz RF receiver module
the fridge door is opened, RH will ZD1 - 5V zener diode
Uno bootloader, AM2302 digital
shoot up due to ingress or egress of ZD2 - 3.3V zener diode temperature and humidity sensor
moisture in the surroundings. Resistors (all 1/4-watt, 5% carbon): connected as SENSOR1 to CON1,
R1, R2, R5 - 10-kilo-ohm
The small sniffer device, de- R3 - 330-ohm 433MHz transmitter (TX1), 5V zener
scribed in this article, picks up tem- R4 - 100-ohm ZD1, 3.3V zener ZD2 and a few
VR1 - 10-kilo-ohm preset
perature and humidity from inside other components.
Capacitors:
the fridge and transmits on an RF C1, C2, C9, C10 - 22pF ceramic disk Low power consumption of the
link to a nearby receiver unit. The C3, C4 - 100F, 25V electrolytic transmitter is the essence for long
C5, C6, C11 - 100nF ceramic disk
receiver unit checks the received C7 - 10F, 16V electrolytic
operating hours of the gadget. For
code, identifies the right sniffer C8 - 470F, 25V electrolytic that, the conventional regulator
device and displays live temperature Miscellaneous: is replaced by 5V and 3.3V zener
BATT.1, BATT.2 - 9V battery
and humidity. Authors prototype is ANT1, ANT2 - Spiral antenna
diodes, with 330-ohm resistor R3
shown in Fig. 1. XTAL1, XTAL2 - 16MHz crystal oscillator and 100-ohm resistor R4 in series to
LCD1 - 162 character module reduce current consumption.
display
S1, S2 - Tactile switch Circuit diagram of the receiver
SENSOR1 - AM2302 digital temperature unit is shown in Fig. 3. It is built
and humidity sensor
CON1 - 4-pin connector for sensor around another ATmega328P MCU
(IC2) with Arduino Uno bootloader,
voltage regulator
7805 (IC3), 16x2
R3 TP1 R4 TP2 LCD character
330E 100E
BATT1 module display
9V
CON1 FOR (LCD1), 433MHz
ZD1 C4 ZD2 C3
AM2302
5V 100u 3.3V 100u receiver (RX1)
SENSOR1
25V 25V
and a few other
components. The
receiver checks
DATA
VCC
7 20
GND
Vcc AVcc
1
PC6/RESET AVREF
21 ANT1 the code word
2 28
R2 10K PD0/RXD PC5/SCL sent by the trans-
10K
S1 3 27
PD1/TXD PC4/SDA TX1
4 26 mitter unit and
PD2 PC3
R1
C5 100n 5
PD3
IC1 PC2
25 RF TX displays tempera-
DATA
ATMEGA328P 24
ture and humidity
GND
XTAL1 6 PD4
ANT
Vcc
PC1
16MHz 9 PB6/XTAL1 23
10
PC0
19
4 3 2 1 on the LCD.
PB7/XTAL2 PB5/SCK
11
PD5 PB4/MISO
18 If the trans-
C1 C2
22p 22p
12
PD6 PB3/MOSI
17
mitter stalls or
13 16
14
PD7 PB2
15
its power supply
PB0 PB1
8 22 gets interrupted,
GND AGND
there is no way
for the receiver
to know whether
Fig. 1: Authors prototype Fig. 2: Circuit diagram of the transmitter unit the incoming
DATA
DATA
7805
GND
GND
GND
10K efymag.com
ANT
Vcc
Vcc
C8
BATT2 470u
2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9V 25V
3
1
2
VDD
C7
Vss
VO
Software
D7
10u
14
16V
D6
R5 10K
D5
Vcc AVcc
1 21
wire library for communicating
D4
PC6/RESET AVREF C6
11
2 28 100n
S2 PD0/RXD PC5/SCL
LCD1 with 433MHz RF sensors and
D3
3 27
PD1/TXD PC4/SDA
10
16 X 2
4 26 liquid crystal library for the LCD
D2
PD2 PC3
C11 100n IC2 display. All libraries are included
9
5 25
PD3 PC2
D1
6 ATMEGA328P 24
PD4 PC1 in the software bundle in this
8
9 23
D0
PB6/XTAL1 PC0
19 months DVD.
7
10
PB7/XTAL2 PB5/SCK
EN R/W
XTAL2 11 18
PD5 PB4/MISO
Construction and testing
6
16MHz 12 17
PD6 PB3/MOSI
13 16
5
PD7 PB2
An actual-size, single-side PCB of
A/VEE
RS
14 15
PB0 PB1
the transmitter unit is shown in
4
K
8 22
C10 C9 GND AGND
16
15
High-Impedance
Audio Buffer With Jfet
PETRE TZV PETROV
T
he buffer circuit described
here can be used to en- S1
C6 R8 R9
hance the AC input imped- 10u 10M 10K C3 C4 R5 ON/OFF CON2
33n 220u 5.6K FOR
ance of audio amplifiers that are 25V
25V 9V
GND BATT.1
used with pickups in musical CON1
D LED1
POWER
instruments. AUDIO IN
G
Some signal sources for pre- JACK1 R1 C2 T1
R6 HP1
amplifiers, passive pickups for 10K 0.1u PN4393
560E
HP1,HP2=HEADPHONE
S
electric guitars or sensors based
C5
on capacitors require very high- SJ1 47u CON3
impedance of over 5-mega-ohm. DC BIAS 25V
Plus-minus 5V suPPly
From 9V Battery
A. SAMIUDDHIN
O
p-amps require dual- difficult to get dual power supply Circuit and working
polarity supply for proper for the op-amps. Presented here is The circuit diagram for the 5V
operation. When working a simple circuit that provides 5V supply from a 9V battery is shown
with battery supply, it becomes from a 9V battery. in Fig. 1. It is built around 9V
battery (BATT.1), voltage regula-
tor IC 78L05 (IC1), CMOS voltage
converter ICL7660 (IC2) and a few
TP1
IC1
other components.
3 1
78L05 TP2 Voltage regulator IC1 converts
C2
2 2.2u 9V battery input into regulated 5V.
16V This 5V output from IC1 is given
BATT.1 1
NC V+ 8 +5V to pin 8 of IC2. IC2 and capacitors
9V GND
2 CAP+ IC2 OSC 7 C3 and C4 form the voltage in-
C4 5V
C1
C3 3
ICL7660
LV 6
10u verter section that converts +5V
GND CON1
470u 10u 16V
FOR
to -5V. Converted -5V supply is
16V 4 Vout 5
CAP
25V
TP0 OUTPUT available at pin 5 of IC2. Convert-
ed 5V supply is thus available at
TP3 connector CON1.
GND
Zebronics unveils
tower speakers
With acoustics dispersion
Digital printer from 3idea using ZEB-spatial disperser
technology
Big things come in small packages
The latest tower speakers from Zebron-
XYZprintings new 3D printer, da Vinci Jr., is a simple
ics, Tyson, come with a combination of
and easy-to-use 3D printer that requires no calibration
front-loaded down-firing transmission
and also a new auto-loading filament system for an easy, Price
` 4500 line and spatial disperser technolo-
more convenient, 3D printing experience. It features
gies. At 68cm, it breathes life into every
a fluid, press-and-release extruder, which makes for
moviewhether you are watching a
an easy extruder replacement or cleaning experience.
gritty indie thriller or a lush period ro-
Simply open up the 3D printer, press Release button and
mance, the deep, clear bass adds a kick to
the replacement or cleaning process can be done within
your flicks. It also reproduces music with
a few seconds.
robust, enveloping sound, no matter what
It has a robust build size of 15cm x 15cm x 15cm (5.9
you listen to or how loud you play it.
x 5.9 x 5.9-inch). Due to its new compact design, da Vinci
The product comes equipped with Bluetooth
Jr. consumes only 75 watts of power. Its PLA filaments
technology and keeps the user entertained with music
are made up of non-toxic, biodegradable plastic that is
and control playback feature wirelessly. Added to this,
recyclable and safe for the environment. This eco-friendly
it has a built-in FM and is compatible to most gadgets
3D printer makes sure that nothing goes to waste.
with USB or SD/MMC card. The speaker comes with a
full-function remote control, which enables the user to
Intex introduces new range of switch songs and radio stations with ease by just press-
washing machines ing the keys on the remote.
GizMo ByTes
Helpchat app now features
Pollution Meter feature
ZenFone Max smartphone from ASUS Bengaluru based personal assistant app
See the world with ultimate energy Helpchat has launched Pollution Meter
feature, that lets users track the air quality
ZenFone Maxs sleek frame secretes a monster batterya non-removable 5000mAh in their surroundings. The feature indexes
air quality into six colour-coded categories
cell custom-crafted from lithium-polymer to pack maximum energy into minimum
ranging from Good to Severe. The app also
space. It also turns into a power bank, allowing you to draw on its incredibly long- sends an alert to the user if the air quality
lasting battery to charge other devices. The battery boasts of 914 hours of standby drops below a certain point.
time and 37.63 hours of talktime.
The smartphone features Android 5.0 (Lollipop) operating system, Qual- Chat app for parents
comm Snapdragon 410 CPU, Adreno 306/405 GPU, 2GB LPDDR3 RAM, 16GB and teachers
eMMC flash (5GB free lifetime ASUS WebStorage) and expandable up to 64GB, Bengaluru based Chander Prakash
5MP front camera and 13MP rear camera, among other features. Garg has developed Educhat, a chat
app designed especially for parents and
teachers. The platform makes a separate
closed chat group of each school, through
Earbud from Zoook which teachers can communicate,
Worlds smallest Bluetooth earbuds Price clear doubts and make last-minute
` 11,990 announcements. Currently, the app has
From incredible acoustic detail and 4000 schools, including Delhi Public
clarity to breathtaking audio experience, School, Don Bosco and St Xaviers, and
BULLET earbud is the new standard for 2.5 million parents on board.
true wireless stereo-like audio. BULLET
capsule houses and charges the earbud
Government launches app
when not in use. Simply place the ear-
for filing complaints
bud in the capsule to charge automati- The new mobile app launched by Public
Grievances and Pensions Ministry is meant
cally, so it is ready to go when you are.
for Centralised Public Grievances Redress
The robust, minimal capsule is ma- & Monitoring System (CPGRAMS) portal
chined from a single block of aluminium of Department of Administrative Reforms
and is designed to fit as easily into your and Public Grievances (DARPG). It will
lifestyle as your pocket. not only permit filing of grievances, but
The earbud is built with dedicated Humidifier from USHA also allow people to track the status of the
amps-driving high-precision-balanced ar- redress of their grievances.
For clean health
mature speakers. The result is an incred-
ibly detailed sound, excellent mid and USHAs humidifier HU 3403 of-
Tata Sky makes Everywhere
high tones with a tight bass response, all fers eight adjustable humidity
TV free for all
delivered with minimal distortion. This levels with eight different musi- Tata Sky has decided to make its service
Everywhere TV accessible for free to all its
combined with the most advanced wire- cal melodies, demineralisation
subscribers. In 2013, the DTH operator had
less and battery technologies available cartridge to soften hard water, announced this service on Tata Sky mobile
and a noise isolating design makes BUL- memory function, wireless remote appa feature that lets users stream 80+
LET unique in wireless audio. function, three detachable noz- live channels. They charged customers with
zles, maximum humidity level of ` 60 per month fee to access the service.
Price 400m/h-500 m/h and one LED Tata Sky mobile app is available on several
` 1999 light for power, humidity mode platforms including Android, iOS, Windows
(on www. gad-
gets360.com) and Mac OS X. With Everywhere TV, users
and warning indication. It provides could not only watch live TV channels, but
a wattage of 35 watts and comes also have access to Videos on Demand and
with a one year warranty. catch up TV videos.
The prices, features and specifications are based on information provided to us, or as available on various websites and portals. EFY cannot vouch for their accuracy.
The prices mentioned here are from various e-commerce portals and are subject to change.
R
esearch says that, average Digital photo frame. To turn
smartphone users upgrade your smartphone into a digital
their smartphones once in photo frame, just install an app like
every two years. Each time they Dayframe, load a selection of your
upgrade a smartphone, the big favourite photos, sit it in an upright
question of what to do with the old dock and let it roll. This is a sure-
device pops up. There are a number shot way to impress the guests and
of creative ways they can utilise keep the memories alive at all times.
their old smartphones to improve Baby monitor. You do not need
their day-to-day life. If you too have to spend huge amounts of money
upgraded yours recently and are so you can keep an eye on your
wondering what to with it, read on precious little one. Apps like Dormi
to find out ten things you can do and the simply-named Baby Monitor
with your old Android smartphone. transform an old smartphone into a
Gaming console. It is very easy baby monitor, while streaming vid-
to pair an old Android device with eos and audio to your current device.
the television via Google Chrome- Security camera. Take advantage
cast and an HDMI cable. You can operating system on your device and of your devices camera by turning it
download a selection of emulators connect it to a monitor. Then, sync into a Wi-Fi-enabled security camera
for your classic gaming consoles. it with a Bluetooth keyboard and to protect your home. Apps exist
There are apps from Super Nin- mouse, and you are good to go. that are motion-sensitive and will
tendo to Sega Genesis available for Car GPS and music player. email you with photos.
Android. You can pair a Bluetooth There is no doubt that you can use Alarm clock. Who uses an
gaming console with your Android old Android device as a GPS naviga- analogue clock these days? Take
device and you are good to go. tion unit with your car. There are your pick from the thousands of
PlayStation remote controller works a number of great navigation apps clock apps in Google Play Store, buy
really well with Android devices. available for Android (Google Maps, yourself a cheap smartphone dock
Gym device. Your old Android CityMapper, Waze and others). This and you have got an infinitely cus-
device can be an ideal gym tool. You gives you the option of using the old tomisable alarm clock to sit beside
can format it, remove unnecessary Android device as a dedicated GPS your bed.
apps and data. This avoids unneces- unit in your car. You can plug it in Video chat terminal. Set up your
sary distractions in the gym. You can using an auxilliary cable and double old Android device with apps like
use your device as an MP3 player up the usage as a dedicated stereo/ Google Hangouts and Skype and use
while you sweat it out. You can pair MP3 player. it as a futuristic terminal for face-to-
it with a cheap fitness tracker or Wi-Fi extender. If you have face communications. Think of it as
smartwatch for extra functionality. weak Wi-Fi signals in your house an extra extension for your office or
Desktop computer. Yes, you can or office, you can extend the signal living room.
install your old Android device as a range using your old Android device. Apart from these, there are
desktop computer. Even the oldest You would need to install apps like many other ways you can make use
smartphone is more powerful than fqrouter2. The app will pick up sig- of your old Android device. So get
old desktop computers. You can in- nals and repeat it. However, the app your device out and start tinkering
stall Debian or any version of Linux requires a rooted Android device. with it.
Allegro Micro ...................................................... 49 Alcon Electronics Private Ltd. .............................. 9 Binay Opto Electronics Pvt Ltd ..................... 16, 17
Eita Technologies ............................................ 128 Cirkit Electro Components P Ltd ...................... 125 Buljin Elemec Pvt Ltd ....................................... 127 Test & Measurement Equipment (Including
Microchip Technology Hong Kong Ltd. .............. 47 Digi-Key Electronics ............................................ 3 Indicators & Monitors)
ST Microelectronics Marketing Pvt. Ltd ............. 43 Element14 India Pvt Ltd. ..................................... 1 PCBs, Assemblies & Sub Assemblies Advance Tech Services Pvt Ltd .......................... 21
Techno Power .................................................. 129 LWI Electronics Inc. ........................................... 23 Circuit Systems India Ltd ................................. 101 Anritsu India Pvt Ltd .......................................... 25
Toradex Systems (India) Private Limited ............11 Mouser Electronics (India) Private Sahasra Electronics Pvt Ltd .............................115 Crown Electronic Systems................................ 127
Toshiba India Pvt. Ltd ......................................... 63 Limited .............................................................. 7 Cyronics Instruments Pvt Ltd.............................. 36
Murata Electronics India Pvt Ltd ........................ 33 Plugs, Sockets & Connectors
Dinteck ............................................................. 128
Batteries & Power Supplies Perfect Radios ................................................. 127 Anand Enterprises ........................................... 128
FLIR Systems ............................................ 71, 121
Auro Controls ..................................................... 59
Arham Electronics & Electricals Renesas Electronics India Pvt. Ltd. .................... 31 Keysight Technologies India Pvt Ltd ................. 2, 5
Jai Mata Electronics ........................................ 128
(Nimra Products) .......................................... 127 S.M Semiconductors ........................................ 129 Meco Meters Pvt Ltd .............................. 51, 53, 55
Punith Electronics .............................................116
BB Battery India Co. Pvt Ltd .............................. 61 SMD Electro Components ................................ 125
Minoo Impex .................................................... 121
Brite Systems .................................................. 127 Stead Electronics (India) Pvt Ltd .......................118
NANJING GLARUN ATTEN Technology
Reseller and Distributors
Digital Promoters (I) Pvt Ltd ............................. 127
Digi-Key Electronics ............................................ 3 Co. Ltd ............................................................. 93
Elektro Power Systems ................................... 129 Display Systems
Element14 India Pvt Ltd ....................................... 1 NI Systems (India) Pvt Ltd ................................ 133
Exide Industries Ltd ............................................ 45 Micromax Instruments ..................................... 127
LWI Electronics Inc. ........................................... 23 Rishabh Instruments Pvt Ltd .............................. 99
Good Will Instrument Co. Ltd .......................... 132
Mouser Electronics (India) Private Limited ........... 7 Rohde & Schwarz .............................................. 29
Kandhari Photo Electronics P Ltd .................... 128 Educational Training Kits
Scientific Mes Technik Pvt Ltd ............................ 13
Keshav Electronics .......................................... 123 Advance Technologies ..................................... 127
Safety & Security Products SIGLENT Technologies Co. Ltd ........................ 109
Minmax Technology Co. Ltd .............................. 35 Ifabex Technologies ......................................... 128
Schurter Electronics (I) Pvt Ltd .........................119 Tangent Test Technologies ................................ 57
Mornsun Guangzhou Science & Technology ISOFT ...............................................................118
Tektronix India Pvt Ltd ...................................... 134
Co. Ltd. ........................................................... 91
Sensors & Transducers
Zeal Manufacturing Co. ................................... 120
National Controlling & Equipments ................... 128 Industrial & Manufacturing Equipment
PIC GmbH ......................................................... 41
NECS Power Conditioners ............................... 125 Furukawa (Thailand) Co. Ltd .............................. 15
Training and Certification Institutes
PSI Enterprises ................................................ 129 Inde Enterprises ................................................ 39 Services
ERT Tech. Services .......................................... 128
Rajmane Telectric P Ltd ..................................... 59 Indium Corporation ............................................ 71 KMTS Engineering Pvt Ltd ............................... 128
Sakthi Accumulators Private Ltd ...................... 128 Indus Robotics & Automation Research Ifabex Technologies .......................................... 128
Raj Electronics ................................................. 129
Shavison Electronics Pvt. Ltd. ..........................113 Pvt Ltd .......................................................... 120
Srishti Electronics ............................................ 128 Max Technology & Co. ....................................... 37 Transformers
Solar Products
Sahasra Electronics Pvt Ltd .............................115 Raj Electronics ................................................. 129 GT Magnetics Pvt Ltd ........................................116
Cabinets, Enclosures & Accessories Systellar Innovations ........................................118 Jai Mata Electronics ........................................ 128
electronica 2016.......................................................................................77 Mouser Electronics (India) Private Limited ................................................7 Stead Electronics (India) Pvt. Ltd. (www.steadresistors.com) .............. 118
Electronics Relays (India) Pvt Ltd..........................................................123 Murata Electronics India Pvt Ltd .............................................................33 Systellar Innovations (www.systellar.in)................................................. 118
Elektro Power Systems..........................................................................129 NANJING GLARUN ATTEN Technology Co. Ltd ....................................93 Tangent Test Technologies.......................................................................57
Element14 India Pvt Ltd.............................................................................1 National Controlling & Equipments ........................................................128 Techno Power (www.technopowersystems.com)..................................129
ERT Tech.Services.................................................................................128 NECS Power Conditioners ....................................................................125 Tektronix India Pvt Ltd. (www.tektronix.com).........................................134
Exide Industries Ltd (www.exide4u.com) ................................................45 NI Systems (India) Pvt Ltd (www.ni.com) ..............................................133 Toradex Systems (India) Private Limited (www.toradex.com) ................ 11
FLIR Systems (www.flir.com)...........................................................71, 121 Perfect Radios........................................................................................127 Toshiba India Pvt. Ltd...............................................................................63
Furukawa (Thailand) Co. Ltd. ..................................................................15 PIC GmbH (www.pic-gmbh.com) ............................................................41 Universal Electronic Agencies (www.easternradio.co.in) ...................... 116
Good Will Instrument Co. Ltd (www.goodwill.com.tw) ..........................132 Piyush Electronics & Electricals (P) Ltd.................................................125 Zeal Manufacturing Co. (zeal-services.com) .........................................120