INDEX:

o WHAT IS A CYCLONE

o HARMFUL EFFECTS OF CYCLONES

o DEVELOPMENT OF A CYCLONE

o REQUIRMENTS FOR THE FORMATION OF A CYCLONE

o PRECAUTIONS TO TAKE BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER A

CYCLONE.

o CASE STUDY

o HOW TO PREVENT CYCLONES

o THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CYCLONES

o TROPICAL CYCLONES

o RANG OF LIFE OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF CYCLONES

 AKNOWLEGMENTS

Sites: http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/at-least-10000-
likely-dea/

http://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-
topics/hazards/cyclone/basics/what

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclogenesis

http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/about/tc-checklist.shtml

http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/can-tropical-cyclones-
be-stopped/

http://jayhobgood.com/?page_id=774

http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/faq/

http://www.ausstormscience.com/tropical-cyclones/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone

https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20140904064124
AAmgvrC

http://tevin-agoo.blogspot.com/2012/03/conclusion.html
 WHAT IS A CYCLONE:

In meteorology, a cyclone is an area of closed, circular fluid motion

rotating in the same direction as the Earth. This is usually
characterized by inward spiraling winds that rotate counterclockwise
in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern
Hemisphere of the Earth. A system of winds rotating inwards to an
area of low barometric pressure, with an anticlockwise (northern
hemisphere) or clockwise (southern hemisphere) circulation; a
depression. A tropical cyclone is a low-pressure system, which
develops in the tropics and is sufficiently intense to produce
sustained gale force winds of at least 63km/h. If the sustained wind
reaches hurricane force of at least 118km/h the system is defined as
a severe tropical cyclone. In other parts of the world they are called
hurricanes or typhoons. Tropical cyclones can cause significant
phenomena, which can adversely, and sometimes favorably impact
on communities and the environment. The most common features are
destructive winds and heavy rainfall that can lead to flooding. Storm
surge, or coastal inundation by seawater, is a lesser known
phenomenon but can be the most dangerous element of a cyclone.
Though rare in Australia, tornadoes have been reported during
cyclone events.

HARMFUL EFFECTS OF A CYCLONE:

Effects of tropical cyclones. The main effects of
tropical cyclones include heavy rain, strong wind, large storm surges
at landfall, and tornadoes. The destruction from a
tropical cyclone depends mainly on its intensity, its size, and its
location. The main effects of tropical cyclones include heavy rain,
strong wind, large storm surges at landfall, and tornadoes. The
destruction from a tropical cyclone depends mainly on its intensity, its
size, and its location. Tropical cyclones act to remove forest canopy
as well as change the landscape near coastal areas, by moving and
reshaping sand dunes and causing extensive erosion along the
coast. Even well inland, heavy rainfall can lead to mudslides and
landslides in mountainous areas. Their effects can be sensed over
time by studying the concentration of the Oxygen-18 isotope within
caves within the vicinity of cyclones' paths.
DEVELOPMENT OF A CYCLONE:
Tropical cyclogenesis is the development and strengthening of
a tropical cyclone in the atmosphere. The mechanisms through which
tropical cyclogenesis* occurs are distinctly different from those
through which mid-latitude cyclogenesis occurs. Tropical
cyclogenesis involves the development of a warm-core cyclone, due
to significant convection in a favorable atmospheric
environment. There are six main requirements for tropical
cyclogenesis: sufficiently warm sea surface temperatures,
atmospheric instability, high humidity in the lower to middle levels of
the troposphere, enough Coriolis force to develop a low pressure
center, a preexisting low level focus or disturbance, and low
vertical wind shear.
* Cyclogenesis is the development or strengthening of cyclonic
circulation in the atmosphere (a low pressure area). Cyclogenesis is
an umbrella term for at least three different processes, all of which
result in the development of some sort of cyclone, and at any size
from the microscale to the synoptic scale.

REQUIRMENTS FOR THE FORMATION OF CYCLONE:

There are six main requirements for tropical cyclogenesis:
sufficiently warm sea surface temperatures, atmospheric
 instability, high humidity in the lower to middle levels of
the troposphere, enough Coriolis force to sustain a low
pressure center, a preexisting low level focus or disturbance,
and low vertical wind shear. While these conditions are
necessary for tropical cyclone formation, they do not
guarantee that a tropical cyclone will form.
Low level disturbance - Whether it be a depression in
the intertropical covergence zone (ITCZ), a tropical wave, a
broad surface front, or an outflow boundary, a low level feature
with sufficient vorticity and convergence is required to begin
tropical cyclogenesis. Even with perfect upper level conditions
and the required atmospheric instability, the lack of a surface
focus will prevent the development of organized convection and
a surface low.[3] Tropical cyclones can form when smaller
circulations within the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone merge.
ROLE OF MAXIMUM POTENTIAL INTENSITY (MPI) - Kerry
Emanuel created a mathematical model around 1988 to
compute the upper limit of tropical cyclone intensity based on
sea surface temperature and atmospheric profiles from
the latest global model runs. Emanuel's model is called
the maximum potential intensity, or MPI. Maps created from this
equation show regions where tropical storm and hurricane
formation is possible, based upon the thermodynamics of the
atmosphere at the time of the last model run. This does not
take into account vertical wind shear.

PRECAUTIONS TO TAKE BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER A

CYCLONE.

Before the cyclone season

Check with your local council or your building control authority to
see if your home has been built to cyclone standards.
Check that the walls, roof and eaves of your home are secure.
Trim treetops and branches well clear of your home (get council
permission).
 Preferably fit shutters, or at least metal screens, to all glass
areas.
Clear your property of loose material that could blow about and
possibly cause injury or damage during extreme winds.
In case of a storm surge/tide warning, or other flooding, know
youre nearest safe high ground and the safest access route to it.
Prepare an emergency kit containing:
o A portable battery radio, torch and spare batteries;
o Water containers, dried or canned food and a can opener;
o Matches, fuel lamp, portable stove, cooking gear, eating
utensils; and
o A first aid kit and manual, masking tape for windows and
waterproof bags.
Keep a list of emergency phone numbers on display.
Check neighbors, especially if recent arrivals, to make sure they
are prepared.

When the cyclone strikes

Disconnect all electrical appliances. Listen to your battery radio
for updates.
Stay inside and shelter {well clear of windows) in the strongest
part of the building,
i.e. cellar, internal hallway or bathroom. Keep evacuation and
emergency kits with you.
If the building starts to break up, protect yourself with mattresses,
rugs or blankets under a
strong table or bench or hold onto a solid fixture, e.g. a water
pipe.
Beware the calm 'eye'. If the wind drops, don't assume the
cyclone is over; violent winds
will soon resume from another direction. Wait for the official 'all
clear'.
If driving, stop - but well away from the sea and clear of trees,
power lines and streams. Stay in the vehicle.

After the cyclone

Don't go outside until officially advised it is safe.
Check for gas leaks. Don't use electric appliances if wet.
Listen to local radio for official warnings and advice.
 If you have to evacuate, or did so earlier, don't return until
advised. Use a recommended route and don't rush.
Beware of damaged power lines, bridges, buildings, trees, and
don't enter floodwaters.
Heed all warnings and don't go sightseeing. Check/help
neighbors instead.
Don't make unnecessary telephone calls
CASE STUDY
Tropical cyclones, or hurricanes as they are known in the regions
bordering the Atlantic Ocean, are among nature's fiercest
manifestations, capable of releasing as much energy as 10,000
nuclear bombs. Hurricane Katrina leveled New Orleans and the
Mississippi Gulf Coast leaving more than 1,800 people dead;
Typhoon Morakot killed more people and did more damage to Taiwan
than any other storm there in recorded history; and Cyclone Nargis
devastated Myanmar and resulted in at least 146,000 fatalities. This
Cyclone hit headlines, More than 22,000 Dead, 40,000 Missing
from Myanmar Cyclone.
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More than 22,000 people were reported dead and 41,000 more were
missing after a cyclone tore through the Southeast Asian country of
Myanmar late Friday night and early Saturday morning. Over 10
hours, winds traveling up to 150 miles per hour struck Yangon,
Myanmar's largest city, and dumped 20 inches of rain on the harbor
town, formerly known as Rangoon. According to published reports,
the country's foreign minister fears the final death toll may rise as
high as 50,000. That would make the storm -- Tropical Cyclone
Nargis -- one of Myanmar's most deadly natural disasters and the
second largest in the region after the tsunami of 2004, which took
nearly 200,000 lives.

Nargis is a cyclone because it arose in the Indian Ocean. What

differentiates cyclones from hurricanes and typhoons is where they
arise. All are storms with wind speeds of more than 74 miles per
hour. If one is born in the Atlantic Ocean or east of the international
date line in the Pacific, it's called a hurricane; in the northwest Pacific,
it's a typhoon; in the Southwest Pacific and Southeastern Indian
Ocean, it becomes a severe tropical cyclone; in the north Indian, it's a
severe cyclonic storm; and in the southwest Indian, it is referred to as
a tropical cyclone. They can carry as much energy as 10,000 nuclear
bombsmaking them nature's most destructive storms. These
storms typically begin to crop up in the Northern hemisphere around
this time of year, as ocean waters warm. Nowadays, there is a raging
debate over whether climate change, and the overall rise in global
temperature it is supposed to bring, will cause tropical cyclones
to develop more often and become more powerful in the future.

HOW TO PREVENT CYCLONS

Nobody wants to here this, but There is no known way to prevent
either cyclones or hurricanes from happening - they are forces of
nature that are beyond our control. We can minimize impact by storm
proofing our homes as much as possible, and to ensure that during
storm season, there is a week's supply of food and water, but also by
accepting that there comes a point where one has to abandon the
house and head for safer ground. There may be some points of
preventing cyclones but they are out of our hands, Cyclones could be
prevented if the Earth did not 1) have an atmosphere and big oceans.
2) Rotate on its axis and 3) experience strong Incoming Solar
Radiation. So maybe there are some points to prevent cyclones, but
they are too big for humans to handle or to do. Maybe they invent
some new technology, but for now, all we can do is help minimize the
harm done.

THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CYCLONES

Cyclone Types

Meteorologists typically assign large low pressure systems to one of

three types.

1. Tropical Cyclones

2. Extratropical Cyclones

3. Subtropical Cyclones
A tropical cyclone is a warm-core, non-frontal low pressure system of
synoptic scale that develops over tropical or subtropical
oceans. Tropical cyclones tend to have a more circular shape with
spiral bands of showers and thunderstorms rotating around the center
of circulation. More intense tropical cyclones may develop a clear
area at the center known as an eye. Rising motion in the
thunderstorms near the center may create a cirrus canopy of
diverging air at the top of the circulation. Tropical cyclones may be
called tropical depressions, tropical storms, hurricanes or typhoons
depending on their intensity and location.

An Extratropical cyclone is a cold-core synoptic scale low pressure

system whose primary source of energy is baroclinic (the difference
between warm and cold air). It will often be associated with
fronts. The development of an extratropical cyclone is often linked to
a trough in the middle and upper troposphere. Extratropical cyclones
are the primary large-scale storm systems in the middle and higher
latitudes. They may also be called mid-latitude cyclones.

A subtropical cyclone is a low pressure system that develops over

subtropical oceans and initially has a non-tropical circulation
structure, but it exhibits some elements of the cloud patterns
associated with tropical cyclones. It is often considered a hybrid
system with some characteristics of tropical cyclones and some
characteristics of extratropical cyclones.

It is important to remember that these types are just names

meteorologists use to characterize low pressure systems. A low
pressure system may change structure as it moves from one
environment to another and meteorologists may change its type. For
example, often when a tropical cyclone moves to higher latitude and
a colder environment it makes a transition to an extratropical cyclone.

TROPICAL CYCLONES

A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by

a low-pressure center, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement
of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain. Depending on its location
and strength, a tropical cyclone is referred to by names such
as hurricane, typhoon, tropical storm, cyclonic storm, tropical
depression, and simply cyclone.
Tropical cyclones typically form over large bodies of relatively warm
water. They derive their energy through the evaporation of water from
the ocean surface, which ultimately recondenses into clouds and rain
when moist air rises and cools to saturation. This energy
source differs from that of mid-latitude cyclonic storms, such
as nor'easters and European windstorms, which are fueled primarily
by horizontal temperature contrasts. The strong rotating winds of a
tropical cyclone are a result of the conservation of angular
momentum imparted by the Earth's rotation as air flows inwards
toward the axis of rotation. As a result, they rarely form within 5 of
the equator. Tropical cyclones are typically between 100 and
2,000 km in diameter.
Tropical refers to the geographical origin of these systems, which
form almost exclusively over tropical seas. Cyclone refers to their
cyclonic nature, with wind blowing counterclockwise in the Northern
Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. The
opposite direction of circulation is due to the Coriolis effect.

HOW LONG DOES A CYCLONE LAST

The lifetime of a cyclone is determined by how favourable the

atmospheric environment is, movement, sea surface temperatures.
While most cyclones undergo a life-cycle of 3-7 days some weak
ones only briefly reach gale force while others can be sustained for
weeks if they remain in a favourable environment. The longest
being Hurricane Ginger (1971) that lasted for 30 days. More
recently Hurricane Ivan (2004), that moved through the Gulf of
Mexico crossing the Alabama coast, was a very long lasting intense
hurricane having estimated winds of at least 200 km/h for over 7
days.

RANGE OF LIFE OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF CYCLONE

Tropical cyclones have a distinct life cycle. For cyclones that
reach at least severe (category 3 or higher having wind gusts
of at least 165 km/h) the life-cycle may be divided into four
stages. For non-severe cyclones, their development is
constrained by one or more of a number of factors such as
being located in an unfavourable atmospheric environment,
movement over cooler water or making landfall.

1. The formative stage

On satellite images the disturbance appears as an unusually

active, but poorly organised, area of convection
(thunderstorms). The circulation centre is usually ill-defined
but sometimes curved cumulus cloud bands spiralling
towards an active area of thunderstorms indicate the location
of the centre. Initially the amount of convection near the
centre is dependent upon the normal diurnal cycle of tropical
convection, increasing overnight and subsiding during the
day. As development occurs the convection persists
throughout the day. The strongest surface winds may be well
removed from the centre, tend to occur in disorganised
squalls and are often confined to one quadrant, for example
the northwesterly monsoon winds to the north of the centre.
Apart from local squalls the maximum wind is usually less
than gale force. When formative stage tropical cyclones move
inland they produce little or no damage on landfall but are
often associated with heavy rain and sometimes flooding over
northern Australia.

2. The immature stage

In this stage the area of convection persists and becomes

more organised. Intensification occurs simultaneously. The
minimum surface pressure rapidly drops below 1000 hPa and
convection becomes organised into long bands spiralling
inwards. Gale-force winds develop with the strengthening
pressure gradient, and the maximum winds (which now may
be storm-force or more) are concentrated in a tight band
close to the centre. The circulation centre is well defined and
subsequently an eye may begin to form. In satellite images
several well organised curved bands of active convection may
be seen spiralling in towards a central dense mass of clouds
covering the focal point of the banding, or surrounding the
centre. The eye (if it exists) may be masked by a canopy of
cirrus cloud, which itself may contain curved
striationsassociated with the outflow at the top of the tropical
cyclone. The immature tropical cyclone can cause
devastating wind and storm surge effects upon landfall,
although damage is usually confined to a relatively small
area. In this stage of development very rapid intensification
can occur and the associated structural changes observed
when the cyclone is under radar surveillance can sometimes
be confusing.

3. The mature stage

During this stage the tropical cyclone acquires a quasi-steady

state with only random fluctuations in central pressure and
maximum wind speed. However, the cyclonic circulation and
extent of the gales increase markedly. Asymmetries in the
wind field may also become more pronounced. In satellite
images the cloud field is highly organised and becomes more
symmetrical. The more intense cyclones are characterised by
a round central dense overcast containing a well-centred,
distinct round eye. The surrounding convective bands are
tightly coiled and quasi-circular. Typically a cyclone spends
just a day or so at maximum intensity until it begins to
weaken, unless the cyclone remains in a highly favourable
environment.

4. The decay stage

The warm core is destroyed during this stage, the central

pressure rises, and the belt of maximum wind expands away
from near the centre. Decay may occur very rapidly if the
system moves into an unfavourable atmospheric or
geographic environment, but sometimes only the tropical
 characteristics are modified while the cyclonic circulation
moves on to higher latitudes.

In satellite images the decaying stage is characterised by the

weakening of organised convection near the centre and
disappearance of major curved convective bands. The low-
level circulation centre may still be very well defined by
narrow bands of low clouds. Those cyclones that cross the
coast and weaken over land may continue to produce heavy
rain a considerable distance inland.

CONCLUSION
My opinion based on the work I have done is that I have learned that a
Tropical cyclone can damage your life severely but overtime it will get
better, and it can be formed from a simple thunderstorm then gradually
draw more energy to itself to attain the name Tropical Cyclone a deadly
natural disaster/hazard like bushfires or floods. The interesting bit of all is
that from a simple thunderstorm you need cooperation from both the
ocean and the atmosphere to form a complete Tropical Cyclone which is
deadly no matter where it is because if it is in the ocean there will be big
waves cause by this hazard and if it were in a continent with people nearby
the wind which is fast will cause great damage to everything around it.

My opinion based on the work that I have done is that I have

learnt that a tropical cyclone can damage your life severly but
over time it will get better, and it can be
An extra tropical cyclone near Iceland on September 4, 2003