Lecture From Ideas To Ontologies

From Ideas to Ontologies
Daniele Francesco Santamaria
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Catania
Lecture for the course of Web Reasoning, 2017

Part I
Daniele Francesco Santamaria - Course of Web Reasoning Department of Maths and CS - Univ. of Catania 1 / 61
Motivation
Goal of the Ontologist is to model the world observed.

Usually such a world is initially unknown.
Usually there is an expert of the domain that supports the
ontologist.
Usually such an expert is not a computer scientist.
And in particular, he has no idea about ontologies.
How the domain of discourse can be modelled?.
There are good practices that can be observed.
Good practises are not rules.
In General
The same domain can be modelled in different way.

There is no perfect model, in general.
Ontologist should consider several factors.
Balance between Performance/Redundancy and
Expressiveness.
Goodness Index: Resiliency.
Good ontology can only be expanded.
In General
Cyclic Process.
Avoid Trial/Error.
It is Expansive, Frustrating, and Error Pruning.
Good dialectic means good interaction.
Good interaction means good understanding.
Good understanding means good design.
Good design means:
Fast delivering.
Easy expansion.
High Quality.
A lot in common with Software Design.
More difficult than Database Design.
In General
Database vs Ontology.
Graph vs Table.
Static vs Dynamic.
Data Integration.
Data Expansion.
Integrity/Consistency.
Reasoning.
Querying.
User Interface.
In General
Database can be mapped into ontology.

Concerning TBox.
Table into class.
Attribute into datatype property restriction.
Foreign key into object property restriction.
Concerning ABox.
record into appropriate individual.
attribute value into appropriate literal.
foreign key value into appropriate assertion.
In General
Database can be mapped into ontology.
In General
In General
In General
Usually database mapping is not straightforward.

Ontologies are more liberal and flexible.
Modifying an ontology is not a good practice.
Example: What if a lecturer changes every year?.
Database record rewriting vs ontology rewriting.
In General
The middle-node rule.

Each instance of CourseActivity has its information.
Other solutions available depending on domain.

Phase I: Understanding the domain
Interview Experts.
Understanding goals.
Modelling the domain with UML/UML like tools.
Cyclic Phase.
Checking - Modifying Model.
First Conceptualization of the domain.
Phase I
Phase I: Example Catanias Benedictines Monastery*

The renovation of the Catanias Benedictines Monastery of San
Nicolo LArena and its adaptation to university campus performed
by the architect Giancarlo De Carlo is an important project of
cultural interest in Sicily. The monastery is in fact one of the
biggest in Europe and has been declared national monument in
1869. The history of its foundation is as much intricate as that one
of its recovery and readaptation as a university building. This is
why it is worth sketching its outlines, even if on a general scale.
*Distant Reading Through Ontologies: The Case Study of

Catanias Benedictines Monastery, submitted to JLIS
...The drawing up of Progetto Guida at the heart of the recovery of

the Monastery was a long process because of its shape, its new
usage, and the deep intertwining of historical stratifications.
During his engagement with the University of Catania, Giancarlo
De Carlo for the first time intensively tested the progettazione
tentative. Thanks to this particular operational method, the
Progetto Guida was recognized by Regione Siciliana to be of
important artistic interest. Some of the solutions adopted were
often slightly and, sometimes, substantially different if compared to
the reading of Progetto Guida. The reasons that pushed Giancarlo
De Carlo and the Ufficio Tecnico Universitario to modify the
projects in progress are traceable in the numerous archaeological
findings, in the permissions by Superintendence, and in the
decisions made by the committing university.
... As a result, the reconstruction of the history of the Benedictines

Monastery restoration and of the political, economic and social
implications on the Catania area turns out to be complicated...

The reconstruction of the relationships among the documents is
grounded on the building yard diaries, official documents drafted
by the architect to inform the Rector of the University of Catania
about the progress of works, and addressed in copy to the
Department Head Giuseppe Giarrizzo and the surveyor Antonino
Leonardi. Each report was accompanied by an introductory letter
sent to the three persons mentioned above. However, only letters
addressed to Leonardi and to professor Giarrizzo were classified.
Each report, when possible, is associated to one or two letters.
Letters are meaningful sources of information because they provide
indications and ideas by G. De Carlo which are not contained in
the reports. The building yard diaries, the letters addressed to
professor Giarrizzo, and the letters addressed to Leonardi are stored
in Archivio del Museo della Fabbrica, in the new archive of
Department Head, and in the personal archive of the surveyor
Leonardi, respectively.

Autorimessa di Piazza Vaccarini
Scavi del corpo aule nuove
Scavi ingresso principale

Livello -1 (sotterranei)
Sotterranei Cucine del settecento
Museo di Archeologia
Piano cantinato cinquecentesco Biblioteca e sala lettura

(sistemazione temporanea che poi
diviene definitiva)
Deposito dei libri

Giardino/ponte tra i contraorti/
Giardino di Via Biblioteca
ingresso Biblioteca
Palazzo Ingrassia
Piazza Dante
Cortili nord
Botteghe/stanze
Cortile ovest
Fronte meridionale
Cortile sud Aule Auditorio (ex scuderie, aule

nuove auditorium)
Livello 0 (Pianterreno)
Angolo Sud Est di via teatro Greco
Ingresso principale (ponticello di

Cortile est (ingresso principale) comunicazione/rampa di accesso)
Ingresso Scalone
Primo Chiostro (giardino interno)
(Chiostro di Levante)
Cantinato sotto il primo Chiostro
Giardino del secondo Chiostro
Monastero dei Benedettini (Chiostro di Ponente o dei marmi)
Cantinato sotto il Secondo Chiostro

(chiostro di Ponente o dei Marmi)
Daniele Francesco Santamaria - Course of Web Reasoning Department of Maths and CS(ingresso
Scalone - Univ. of Catania
principale/ 23 / 61
Phase II: Integration and Developing
Initial Schemas (partially) developed.

Ontologist should ask himself:
Relevant topic of the domain.
Relevant ontologies available on the web.
Level of Expressiveness.
Data available on the web.
Can ontologies/data be reused?.
Can ontologies/data be extended?.
Phase II: Integration and Developing
Initial Schemas (partially) developed.

Ontologist should ask himself:
Class vs Instance.
Reuse vs Specialization vs Generalization.
Public vs Private.
Single Ontology vs Multiple Ontologies.
Phase II: Example Catanias Benedictines Monastery*
Phase III: Populating Ontologies
Data Serialization.
Parsing Data.
Manual vs Automatic vs Semi-Automatic.
Online vs Offline.
Consistency check.
Data completeness.
Reasoning.
Phase III: Example Catanias Benedictines Monastery*
PelletReasoner reasoner; //the reasoner

reasoner=PelletReasonerFactory.getInstance().createReasoner(ontology);
manager.addOntologyChangeListener(reasoner);
// Sync
reasoner.flush();
reasoner.getKB().realize();
if(reasoner.isConsistent())
{ ... //Manage
Phase IV: Querying
What kind of query do you expect?.

How much easy is the interface?.
Pure SPARQL vs Meta-SPARQL.
A lot of reasearch in this field.
Phase IV: Querying Example
OntModel model;
model=ModelFactory.createOntologyModel(specs);
FileManager fm=FileManager.get();
fm.readModel(model, data);
Query q = QueryFactory.create(query);
QueryExecution qe = QueryExecutionFactory.create( q, model );
ResultSet rs = qe.execSelect();
Tools
Graphical Tools.
Reasoners: Hermit, Pellet etc.
Specifications vs Implementation.
Built-in systems.
Natural Processing Languages.
End-point SPARQL.
OWL-API.
Jena Framework.
RDFa (RDF integration on HTML pages).
Continuously Updated.
Open Research.
Fluent Editor
RDFa
RDFa
Schema.org (Microdata)
Notes
Large Domain and Team of Ontologists.

Concepts of Software Engineering.
Divide et Impera.
Round Tables.
Assigning Tickets.
Developing and Merging.
Q&A
Question Time.
Ideas for Projects.
Ideas for MSc Thesis.

Lecture From Ideas To Ontologies

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From Ideas to Ontologies

From Ideas to Ontologies

From Ideas to Ontologies

Daniele Francesco Santamaria

Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Catania

Lecture for the course of Web Reasoning, 2017

Goal of the Ontologist is to model the world observed.

The same domain can be modelled in different way.

Database can be mapped into ontology.

Database can be mapped into ontology.

Usually database mapping is not straightforward.

The middle-node rule.

Other solutions available depending on domain.

Phase I: Understanding the domain

Phase I: Example Catanias Benedictines Monastery*

*Distant Reading Through Ontologies: The Case Study of

Phase I: Example Catanias Benedictines Monastery*

...The drawing up of Progetto Guida at the heart of the recovery of

Phase I: Example Catanias Benedictines Monastery*

... As a result, the reconstruction of the history of the Benedictines

Phase I: Example Catanias Benedictines Monastery*

Phase I: Example Catanias Benedictines Monastery*

Phase I: Example Catanias Benedictines Monastery*

Phase I: Example Catanias Benedictines Monastery*

Phase I: Example Catanias Benedictines Monastery*

Phase I: Example Catanias Benedictines Monastery*

Phase I: Example Catanias Benedictines Monastery*

Scavi ingresso principale

Piano cantinato cinquecentesco Biblioteca e sala lettura

Deposito dei libri

Cortile sud Aule Auditorio (ex scuderie, aule

Ingresso principale (ponticello di

Cantinato sotto il Secondo Chiostro

Phase I: Example Catanias Benedictines Monastery*

Phase I: Example Catanias Benedictines Monastery*

Phase II: Integration and Developing

Initial Schemas (partially) developed.

Phase II: Integration and Developing

Initial Schemas (partially) developed.

Phase II: Example Catanias Benedictines Monastery*

Phase II: Example Catanias Benedictines Monastery*

Phase II: Example Catanias Benedictines Monastery*

Phase II: Example Catanias Benedictines Monastery*

Phase II: Example Catanias Benedictines Monastery*

Phase II: Example Catanias Benedictines Monastery*

Phase II: Example Catanias Benedictines Monastery*

Phase II: Example Catanias Benedictines Monastery*

Phase II: Example Catanias Benedictines Monastery*

Phase II: Example Catanias Benedictines Monastery*

Phase II: Example Catanias Benedictines Monastery*

Phase II: Example Catanias Benedictines Monastery*

Phase II: Example Catanias Benedictines Monastery*

Phase II: Example Catanias Benedictines Monastery*

Phase III: Populating Ontologies

Phase III: Example Catanias Benedictines Monastery*

Phase III: Example Catanias Benedictines Monastery*

Phase III: Example Catanias Benedictines Monastery*

Phase III: Example Catanias Benedictines Monastery*

Phase III: Example Catanias Benedictines Monastery*

Phase III: Example Catanias Benedictines Monastery*

Phase III: Example Catanias Benedictines Monastery*

Phase III: Example Catanias Benedictines Monastery*

Phase III: Example Catanias Benedictines Monastery*