Heat Mass Transfer (2012) 48:653661

DOI 10.1007/s00231-011-0914-5

ORIGINAL

Time varying NTU method for heat exchanger analysis

with mass discharge
P. Regulagadda G. F. Naterer I. Dincer

Received: 5 June 2010 / Accepted: 25 September 2011 / Published online: 13 October 2011
Springer-Verlag 2011

Abstract Transient operation of a co-current heat P Pressure (kPa)

exchanger is analyzed in this paper, using a new predictive Pe Perimeter (m)
formulation for laminar and turbulent flows with mass Pr Prandtl number
discharge from the heat exchanger. The model includes Re Reynolds number
time-varying mass discharge due to pressure regulated gas T Temperature (C or K)
outflow. The temperature variations of the working fluid, t Time (s)
heating fluid and the wall are predicted and validated tcycle Total time of the heat exchanger operation (s)
against past data. It is found that the temperature of the x Length of a heat exchanger section (m)
working fluid rises sharply to a peak and then gradually
decreases over time, due to mass discharge effects. The Greek symbols
wall temperature decreases exponentially, and the tem- c Ratio of final and initial mass flow rates
perature of the heating fluid falls sharply, and then grad- q Density (kg/m3)
ually decreases. A benchmark case of a step change in the D Difference
mass flow rate of the incoming fluid is analyzed and k1,2 Roots of characteristic equations
compared against past data for validation, after which e Heat exchanger effectiveness
results are presented and discussed for transient step
Superscripts
changes of the incoming mass flow rate.
* Dimensionless form
0 Initial condition at t = t0
List of symbols
? Condition at t = t?
A Heat transfer area (m2)
Cp Specific heat (kJ/kg K) Subscripts
f, g Functions f Working fluid
h Heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 K) h Heating fluid
L Length of the heat exchanger (m) in Inlet
m Mass (kg) out Outlet

m Mass flow rate (kg/s) r Residence
N Dimensionless parameter w Wall
NTU Number of transfer units
Nu Nusselt number
1 Introduction

P. Regulagadda  G. F. Naterer (&)  I. Dincer
Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science,
University of Ontario Institute of Technology,
2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, ON L1H 74K, Canada
e-mail: Greg.Naterer@uoit.ca
The worlds population is expected to increase significantly
by the middle of the twenty-first century, and the global
energy demand is likely to grow by up to an order
of magnitude by 2050 [1]. If current trends of greenhouse

123
654
gas emissions continue over the next century, then sig-
nificant increases of atmospheric concentration of carbon
dioxide will have a harmful impact on the environment.
Through the development of more effective and efficient
utilization of energy in industrial applications, these
harmful effects can be reduced. Heat exchangers repre-
sent one of the major components of industrial energy
systems. This paper develops new models of transient
heat exchanger operation to improve their thermal perfor-
mance.
Numerous past studies have examined the steady state
modelling of heat exchangers. However, few studies have
examined the transient operation and modelling of heat
exchanger performance. Das and Murugesan [2] reported
the transient response of working fluids in plate heat
exchangers. A model was developed with Laplace trans-
formations to predict the transient response of a multi-pass
plate heat exchanger. The simulations of the heat exchan-
ger accounted for axial heat transfer within the fluid, and a
phase lag effect, which causes a delay at the distribution
port. They also considered back mixing of various con-
figurations. A parametric study was performed for the
number of plates and NTUs. Tan and Spinner [3] studied
the dynamics of a shell and tube heat exchanger, with a
finite tube wall heat capacity and finite shell side resis-
tance. The transient response of the tube side fluid to
velocity fluctuations was investigated. The authors also
predicted the thermal response to shell and fluid side
temperature disturbances.
Naterer and Lam [4] investigated the transient response
of a two-phase heat exchanger to step changes in inlet
temperature. They developed an integral method to predict
these transient effects. The methodology was extended to
cases involving a varying convection coefficient, due to
phase change of the fluid. The authors showed that the fluid
temperature stabilizes more rapidly for smaller values of
the ratio of thermal capacities of the fluid. It was also
shown that the outlet fluid temperature rises more rapidly
for cases involving higher vapour fractions. The model was
successfully validated against numerical simulations.
Dincer [5] developed a predictive model to investigate
the transient heat transfer between a brick and air flow
within a fluidized bed combustor. Radiation heat transfer
was included, in addition to convective heat transfer. The
analytical model was compared against experimental
results and good agreement was obtained. Karamavaruc
et al. [6] reported the transient heat transfer across a tube in
a bubbling fluidized bed chamber. A numerical and ana-
lytical approach was developed. The analytical model
yielded more accurate results than the numerical method.
Yin and Jensen [7] developed an analytical model for
the transient thermal response to temperature changes in a
heat exchanger. The transient responses of the fluid and the
123
Heat Mass Transfer (2012) 48:653661
wall to step changes in temperature and mass flow rates
were investigated. Armstrong et al. [8] investigated the
thermodynamic optimization and control of a heat engine
with transient heat exchangers. They predicted the torque
output for strokes at different pressure differentials. Mar-
noch et al. [9] analyzed the heat engine performance for
multiple pressure vessel configurations, and pressure reg-
ulated gas outflows from each pressure vessel. An analyt-
ical model was developed to predict the transient power
output and number of strokes.
Zumbrunnen [10] developed a model to predict the
effects of a time varying heat flux or temperature on the
convective heat transfer in a steady, planar stagnation flow.
Numerical solutions were developed for ramp-up and
sinusoidal changes in the heat flux or temperature. The
transient response was mainly affected by the velocity
gradient in the free-stream, and to a lesser extent by the
Prandtl number. Sucec [11] developed an analytical solu-
tion for forced convection over a flat plate. A method of
Laplace transformations was used, and the fluid tempera-
ture was varied in a sinusoidal manner with time. Gebhart
[12] formulated a numerical model for the transient
response to a varying surface energy input.
Integral methods are often used to solve transient heat
transfer problems [13, 14]. Pirompugd et al. [15] developed
an integral reduction technique for analysing heat and mass
transfer in wavy finned tube heat exchangers, under various
operating conditions. It was found that the sensible heat
and mass transfer depend on the inlet relative humidity and
fin spacing. Wu et al. [16] analyzed a compact, recupera-
tive heat exchanger that consisted of discrete pairs of car-
bon foam block, packed between thin sheets of stainless
steel. The design achieved a heat exchanger effectiveness
of over 80%, using four pairs of carbon blocks. With 50
pairs of carbon blocks, an effectiveness of 98% was
reached. Rag and Sobhan [17] analyzed a micro heat pipe,
with a predictive model that incorporated the longitudinal
temperature variation, frictional effects and phase change
during the process.
Khan et al. [18] used entropy generation minimization
to examine flow losses in a cross-flow heat exchanger
with tube banks. The performance of both inline and
staggered tube arrangements was reported. Haseli et al.
[19] analyzed the thermal effectiveness of a baffled shell
and tube heat exchanger along the shell and condensa-
tion paths, including the leakage of air as a non-con-
densing gas. Other past studies [2023] have outlined
additional methods for analyzing the performance of heat
exchangers. However, none of these past studies have
considered the combined effects of transient heat
exchanger operation and exiting gas outflow from the
heat exchanger, which occurs in applications such as
pressure vessels of heat engines [8, 9]. This paper
Heat Mass Transfer (2012) 48:653661 655

develops a new analytical formulation for transient heat oTw     

 
exchanger operation with mass discharge, for applica- N1 N2 Tw  1 N 3 Tw  T f 0 3
ot
tions to industrial, aerospace, automotive and other oTf oTf
applications.  N3 Tw  Tf 4
ot ox
Integrating Eqs. 3 and 4 over the length of the heat
2 Problem formulation exchanger, x 0 ! 1, then Eq. 3 becomes
0 1
Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1
o
Consider the problem configuration of co-current flow N1  Tw dx N2 Tw  1dx N3 @ Tw dx  Tf dx A
ot
illustrated in Fig. 1. In this section, a new integral formu- 0 0 0 0

lation will be developed for transient operation of the heat 5

exchanger, including mass discharge. Longitudinal and
Equation 4 becomes
transverse heat conduction through the wall and fluids will
0 1
be assumed negligible, relative to convection. Also, heat Z1 Z1 Z1
o
losses to the surroundings will be assumed negligible. With Tf dx Tf 1  Tf 0 N3 @ Tw dx  Tf dx A
ot
reference to Fig. 1, consider a differential control volume 0 0 0

(CV1) of thickness dx within the wall. Within this control 6

volume, the transient change of wall temperature balances
In order to evaluate the integrals in Eqs. 5 and 6, the spatial
the heat transfer from the heating fluid minus the heat
distribution forms of both the wall and the working fluid
transfer to the working fluid. The energy balance equation
temperatures are assumed as:
can be written as:
 
oTw   Tf Tf0 Tf1  Tf0 f t 7
mw Cpw hh Ah Th  Tw  hf Af Tw  Tf 1
ot  
Tw Tw0 Tw1  Tw0 gt 8
Consider control volume CV2. The energy balance
equation can be written as The assumed behaviour of Eqs. 7 and 8 must satisfy three
  conditions as follows. At t 0; Tf Tf0 ; Tw Tw0 ; at
oTf : : oTf
qf PdxCpf mf Cpf Tf  mf Cpf Tf dx t ! 1; Tf Tf1 ; Tw Tw1 and at x 0; Tf 0. In
ot   ox
hf Pdx Tw  Tf 2 Eqs. 7 and 8, f t and gt are functions of time, so the
partial differential equations will be reduced to first-order
Then define dimensionless parameters as follows: dimen- linear differential equations in the next section.
TT
sionless temperature T  T 1 Tf ;inf ;in ; dimensionless length
h
x Lx ; dimensionless time t ttr ; and dimensionless
hA 3 Heat transfer model for constant step change in mass
parameters N1 m:mmw Cp w
; N2 mh: fhCp
Ah
; N3 m: fCpf . Here N1 is
Cp f f f f flow rate
the ratio of the wall thermal capacitance to the single phase
fluid thermal capacitance, N3 is the number of transfer units Initially, the system is at steady state. The inlet temperature
for the working fluid (NTUf) and N2 = NTUf (hh Cph)/(hf of the heating fluid is maintained constant. Thus, the initial
Cpf) is the NTUs multiplied by the thermal resistance ratio. and final temperature distributions of the working fluid and
Re-writing Eqs. 1 and 2 in terms of the dimensionless the wall are obtained by solving Eqs. 3 and 4, yielding:
parameters, 0 
Tf0 1  eNTU x 9
 
NTU 0 NTU 0 x
x
dx q = h (Tw(x,t) -Tf(x,t))
Tw0 1  e 10
N20
heating fluid in heating fluid out
Th,in CV3 Th,out
N0N0 h0h Ah h0f Af
wall CV1 where NTU 0 N 02N3 0 ; N20  ; and N30 : . Then at
working fluid out 2 3 m0 Cpf m0 Cpf
working fluid in
Tf,in CV2 Tf,out time zero, the mass flow rate of the working fluid suddenly
time varying
mass discharge undergoes a step change. Thus, the temperature distri-
L from heat
exchanger butions of the working fluid and the wall must satisfy:
1 
Fig. 1 Schematic for the analytical model of the heat exchanger Tf1 1  eNTU x
11

123
656 Heat Mass Transfer (2012) 48:653661

 
NTU 1 NTU 1 x 0
e0 1  eNTU ; e1 1  eNTU :
1

Tw1 1 e 12
N21
h1 Af
and
N1N1 h1 A
where NTU 1 N 12 N3 1 ; N21 m:1h Cph ; and N31 m:1f Cp .
2 3 f f of
When the mass flow rate of the working fluid undergoes C1 f t C2 gt C3 19
ot
a step change, it is necessary to consider the effect of this  1 1  1   0 
N3 e N3 0 e e1
change on the dimensionless parameters N1, N2 and N3. For C1   1 e  ;
N21 NTU 0 NTU 0 NTU 1
laminar flow within a pipe of constant cross section,
Nu = constant. Therefore, h1 0 19a
f hf and
 
N31 N21 m_ 0 1 N31 e0 e N31 e1 e 0 1
13 C2   ; 19b
N30 0
N2 m_ 1 c N20 NTU N21
0 NTU 1
  0  , !
1
where c mm__ 0 . When the flow is turbulent, the Colburn 1 e e0 0 e0 e1
C3  N3 e  ;
equation [7] is N20 NTU 0 NTU 0 NTU 1

Nu 0:023Re0:8 Pr 1=3 14 19c

0 1
Therefore, e0 1  eNTU ; e1 1  eNTU :
 1 0:8  1 0:8  1 0:8 These two differential equations, when subjected to the
h1 Re u m_
s
c0:8 initial, final and boundary conditions, can be solved to
h0s Re0 u0 m_ 0
yield:
or  
k2 C3 k1 t k1 C3 k2 t
 1   1 0:2 f t  1  20
N21 h1s m_ m_ 1 k2  k1
0 0:2 15
N20 hs m_ 0 m_ 0 c g t  1
 
Substituting the values from Eqs. 912 into Eqs. 7 and 8, k2 C3 k1  C1 k1 t k1 C3 k2  C1 k2 t

the following equations are obtained for the temperature C2 k2  k1
distributions of the working fluid and the wall, 21
 0 
 0  1 
p
2
Tf 1  eNTU x eNTU x  eNTU x f t 16 where,
C D C1 D2 4C1 D1
k1 1 2 ;
p 2
  k2
2
C1 D2  C1 D2 4C1 D1
. Substituting Eqs. 20 and 21
NTU 0 NTU 1 x 2
Tw 1 0
e into Eqs. 7 and 8, the temperature distribution for the
 N02  working fluid and the wall are obtained.
NTU NTU 1 x NTU 1 NTU 1 x
e  e gt 17
N20 N21
Substituting Eqs. 16 and 17 into Eqs. 5 and 6 4 Formulation with a transient change of mass flow
respectively, two first-order differential equations of the rate
following form are obtained:
og When the mass flow rate of the working fluid suddenly
D 1 f t  D 2 g t  D 3 ; 18 changes with time, the parameters of Eqs. 13 and 15
ot
become time dependent. Therefore, the two first-order
where differential Eqs. 18 and 19 become:
   0 
e0 e1 e e1 og
D1 N31  N 1  ; 18a D 1 f t  D 2 g t  D 3 22
NTU 0 NTU 1 N20 N21 ot

D2 N31 N21 N1 18b where
  0           0 
e e0 1 e
0
e0 e1 e0 e1 e e1
D3 N31  N N1  ; D1 N31  N1  ;
N20 NTU 0 2
N20 N20 N21 NTU 0 NTU 1 N20 N21
18c 22a

123
Heat Mass Transfer (2012) 48:653661 657

 energy balance across the wall. In the next section, sample

e0 e1 1  e0 NTU 0
D2   0 0  1 1 results will be presented and discussed for a number of
N2 N2 N2 N2 N20
   different heat exchanger configurations, flow conditions
1  e1 NTU 1 e0 e1 N 1 N21
 1 N1 0
 1 3 ; and mass discharge effects.
N2 N2 N2 N1
22b
    5 Results and discussion
1 e0 e 0
e0 2 1e0 NTU 0
D3 N3  N1 
NTU 0 N20 N20 N20 The transient behaviour of the heat exchanger is caused by
!
 0   0  the time varying change of mass flow rate of the working
e e e1
N21 N1  ; fluid within the heat exchanger. Consider a problem
N20 N20 N21 whereby the working fluid is bled into the heat exchanger
22c and the shell side of the heat exchanger is filled with the
0 1
working fluid. The heating fluid is then allowed to flow
e0 1  eNTU ; e1 1  eNTU through the tubes and it heats the working fluid, causing its
and pressure to rise. After a predetermined pressure is reached,
an outlet valve is opened and the working fluid exits the
of heat exchanger.
C1 f t C2 gt C3 23
ot For purposes of validation, the predictive model for
where the case of a step change of mass flow rate in the pre-
 vious section is compared against Yin and Jensens data
e0 2 e1  
C1  0 NTU 0
1 NTU 1
2 e1  e0 : [7] in Fig. 2. The values of the problem parameters are
NTU 0 NTU  0 the same as those used in Ref. [7] for verification
e e1 e e1
N31   ; purposes N1 300; N20 6:0; N30 6:0. The predicted
NTU 0 NTU 1 NTU 0 NTU 1 temperature of the working fluid is shown in Fig. 2a.
23a The plot compares the results of the present model with
   Yin-Jensens data for a constant step change of mass
N31 e0 N31 e1 e0
e 1
C2   ; 23b flow rate. The working fluid temperature in the present
N20 N21 NTU 0 NTU 1
   model is analogous to the temperature of the single
1
0 phase fluid in Yin and Jensens data. Close agreement
C3 1  e 2  0
 0 NTU0 NTU 0  between the predicted results and Yin and Jensens data
e e e0 e1 is observed. The plots show the effects of different
N1
3   ;
NTU 0 N20 NTU 0 NTU 1 values of c on the temperature distribution of the
23c working fluid. It can be observed that the transient
0 1
response of the working fluid is rapid. The temperatures
e0 1  eNTU ; e1 1  eNTU obtained for values of c less than 1 (when the mass flow
rate is reduced) are higher. There is an increasing trend,
The two differential equations, when subjected to the
as compared to conditions when the mass flow rate of
initial, final and boundary conditions, can be solved to
the working fluid is increased.
yield:
 
A validation plot of the temperature variation of the wall
k2 C3 k1 t k1 C3 k2 t with time is shown in Fig. 2b. The plot also compares the
f t  1  24
k2  k1 results of the base model with Yin and Jensens data, and
close agreement is again obtained. The plots show the
g t  1
  effects of different values of c on the temperature distri-
k2 C3 k1  C1 k1 t k1 C3 k2  C1 k2 t
 bution of the wall. The response of the wall temperature is
C2 k2  k1 faster than that of the working fluid. Similar to the tem-
25 perature profiles of the working fluid, the wall temperature
p
C1 D2 C1 D2 2 4C1 D1 shows an increasing trend when the mass flow rate of the
where, k1 ;
p 2
working fluid is reduced. Also, it shows a decreasing trend
C1 D2 2 4C1 D1
C1 D2 
k2 2 . Substituting Eqs. 24 and 25 when the flow rate is increased.
into Eqs. 7 and 8, the temperature distributions for the The wall temperatures are highly influenced by heat
working fluid and the wall are obtained. The temperature transfer between the working and heating fluids. When the
distribution of the heating fluid is obtained by an overall flow rate is low, the working fluid has more time to absorb

123
658
Fig. 2 Constant step change case with a Tf;out versus t for N1 300;

N20 N30 6:0 and b Tw;out versus t for N1 300; N20 N30 6:0
heat from the heating fluid. This leads to higher wall
temperatures. On the other hand, higher mass flow rates
allow the working fluid to continuously absorb more heat
from the heating fluid. This leads to better heat transfer
across the wall, resulting in lower wall temperatures, as
seen in Fig. 2b.
The next set of results will show predictions for the case
of a time varying change of the mass flow rate. The
problem parameters are N1 = 300, N20 6:0 and N03 6:0.
The heat exchanger operation is transient, due to the
change of mass flow of the working fluid with respect to
time. The time varying response for laminar flow of the
working fluid is shown in Fig. 3. The variation of the
123
Heat Mass Transfer (2012) 48:653661
working fluid temperature with time is shown in Fig. 3a.
The temperature of the working fluid rises sharply and
reaches a peak, after which it gradually drops. This plot is
useful to predict when the maximum temperature will be
attained. It can be observed that smaller values of c (larger
flow rates) produce higher temperatures. This trend with c
occurs because higher flow rates result in better heat
transfer between the fluids. This allows higher tempera-
tures of the working fluid to be obtained, with more ther-
mal energy available to be converted into power output in
applications like heat engines [8, 9].
The change of wall temperature with time for laminar
flow of the working fluid is shown in Fig. 3b. The wall
temperature reaches its maximum at the end of the heat
exchanger charging and heating period, due to stagnation
of the working fluid. During mass discharge when the
working fluid starts flowing out of the heat exchanger, the
wall temperature drops due to the reduction in temperature
of the working fluid, resulting from the drop in pressure
within the heat exchanger. The decrease of wall tempera-
ture follows an exponential decline. The temperature dis-
tribution of the heating fluid is shown in Fig. 3c. The
heating fluid temperature drops sharply, which corresponds
with the sharp rise in temperature of the working fluid.
After a certain point, the decline in the temperature is more
gradual, corresponding to the gradual variation in the
temperature of the working fluid. In order to ensure that
the maximum heat can be recovered from the heating fluid,
the outlet temperature should be as low as possible. For the
highest mass flow rates of the working fluid, the tempera-
ture drop of the working fluid is smaller.
The time varying response when the flow of the working
fluid is turbulent is shown in Fig. 4. The variation of the
working fluid temperature with time, when the flow of the
working fluid is turbulent, is shown in Fig. 4a. It can be
observed that the trend is similar to that of the laminar flow
plot. However, due to turbulence, the maximum tempera-
ture obtained is lower, and the peak is reached later in the
cycle. The transient variation of the wall temperature with
time for turbulent flow of the working fluid is shown in
Fig. 4b. It is observed that the slope of the lines is steeper
than the laminar flow plots. The decrease of temperature is
more rapid than the laminar flow condition. Also, the
temperature of the wall for different conditions is lower
than that of the laminar flow condition. The plot of the
variation of the heating fluid temperature with time for
turbulent flow of the working fluid is shown in Fig. 4c. The
flow of the heating fluid is assumed to remain laminar. The
drop in temperature of the heating fluid after the com-
mencement of operation is less steep, as compared to the
laminar flow case. After the initial steep drop in tempera-
ture, the temperature continues to decrease at a more rapid
rate, as compared to the laminar flow case.
Heat Mass Transfer (2012) 48:653661 659

Fig. 3 Laminar flow results for a Tf versus t for N1 300;

Fig. 4 Turbulent flow results for a Tf versus t for N1 300;
N20 6:0; N30 6:0, b Tw versus t for N1 300; N20 6:0; N30 6:0
and c Th versus t for N1 300; N20 6:0; N30 6:0 N20 6:0; N30 6:0, b Tw versus t for N1 300; N20 6:0; N30 6:0
and c Th versus t for N1 300; N20 6:0; N30 6:0

123
660 Heat Mass Transfer (2012) 48:653661

Figure 5 shows the response for laminar flow with val-

ues of N20 and N30 changed. In this case, the problem
parameters are N1 = 300, N20 9:0 and N30 9:0. If the
heat transfer coefficient and the specific heat are assumed
to remain constant, then N20 and N30 depict the ratios of the
heat transfer area to the mass flow rate. In this problem, the
values of these ratios are increased from 6.0 to 9.0, so for
the same mass flow rate, the heat transfer area is increased.
The effects of this change on the working fluid are shown
in Fig. 5a. The peak temperature is achieved faster, and for
higher mass flow rates, there is no decrease in the tem-
perature after reaching the peak. Instead, the temperature
shows a gradual increase. For lower mass flow rates, the
temperature decrease after reaching the peak is more
gradual, due to enhanced heat transfer, aided by the
increase in the heat transfer area. This plot shows the
usefulness of the model for optimizing the heat exchanger
design. This plot is a useful tool for a heat exchanger
designer, as the designer can vary the mass flow rate,
keeping the heat transfer area constant and checking the
effects of various changes on the system performance.
Figure 5b shows the variation of the temperature of the
wall at the outlet with time for different mass flow rates,
with values of N20 and N30 changed. The larger heat transfer
area enables higher temperatures to be achieved, and the
decline in the wall temperature at the outlet with time is
more gradual. Higher temperatures are also obtained. For
higher mass flow rates, the wall temperature at the outlet
shows an increasing trend, as opposed to the decreasing
trend shown previously. Similar variations of the temper-
ature of the heating fluid with time are shown in Fig. 5c.
The steep drop of temperature in the heating fluid corre-
sponds to a steep rise in the temperature of the working
fluid. It can also be observed that the decline in temperature
after the steep fall is more gradual, when compared with
the previous cases. For higher flow rates, similar to the
behaviour of the working fluid, the temperature stabilizes
and shows a gradual variation.

6 Conclusions

This paper has developed a new predictive model of tran-

sient heat transfer in a heat exchanger with pressure reg-
ulated gas outflow from the heat exchanger. It was found
that the temperature of the working fluid rises steeply to a
peak, and afterwards gradually declines over the duration
of the cycle. The temperature distribution of the wall and
heating fluid were also predicted. The wall temperature Fig. 5 Laminar flow results for a Tf versus t for N1 300; N20
decreases exponentially with time, and the temperature of 9:0; N30 9:0 b Tw versus t for N1 300; N20 9:0; N30 9:0 and
the heating fluid falls sharply, and later falls more gradu- c Th versus t for N1 300; N20 9:0; N30 9:0
ally over the duration of the cycle. The performance of the

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Heat Mass Transfer (2012) 48:653661
heat exchanger decreases when the flow becomes turbulent.
The temperatures attained are lower, and the peak tem-
perature of the fluid is also reached later in the cycle.
It was found that the temperature responses of the
working fluid, wall and heating fluid become slower, and
the fluids and wall do not respond as quickly to fluctua-
tions, as compared to laminar flow. The effects of a larger
heat transfer area for a varying mass flow rate were also
reported. This increase leads to better performance of the
heat exchanger. The temperatures are much higher and the
peak temperature is obtained faster. The new predictive
model can be used for different working and heating fluids,
as well as different materials of construction of the wall.
Acknowledgments Financial support of this research from the
Ontario Centres of Excellence (OCE) and Marnoch Thermal Power
Inc. are gratefully acknowledged.
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