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Desired Normals
F
Use the Shell Face properties F
to flip the normal directions
Better
Mesh
Quality
Failed Partial
Solution
Converged Steps
able to be post-
processed
Ways to reduce
penetration:
Increase the stiffness
Reduce the penetration
tolerance
Try the Pure Lagrange
formulation.
Supports Restarts
If a solution restart is performed from a substep of a load step including an
Increment, the increment value gets added to the solved deformation
value at the beginning of the selected restart sub-step.
Contact nodes are moved to new positions. Contact variables (for example, contact
pressure) change. The underlying continuum elements also experience a loss in
material (and volume), thus simulating the wear.
- Contact modeling
- Tips on contact setup
- Dealing With Non Convergence
Contact Formulations
1. Penalty Method
2. Lagrange Method
3. Augmented Lagrange
4. MPC bonded contacts only
Detection Method
1. Integration points
2. Nodes
3. Projection Based
39 2013 ANSYS, Inc. December 16, 2014 ANSYS Confidential
Modeling Contacts: Penalty Method
0.26e 3 43927
d = = 60 p = = 1.007
0.45e 5 43642
Penetration VS. Contact Pressure
42 2013 ANSYS, Inc. December 16, 2014 ANSYS Confidential
Modeling Contacts: Normal Lagrange
Method
Goal: Reduce contact
penetration to zero
(contact constraint)
Detect penetrating nodes
p
ANSYS Solver calculates the
contact surface traction p at the
=0 penetrating nodes to satisfy
constraint
43 2013 ANSYS, Inc. December 16, 2014 ANSYS Confidential
contact constraint.
Modeling Contacts: Normal Lagrange
Method
Advantages:
No need to define contact stiffness
Accuracy - constraint is satisfied exactly, there are no matrix conditioning problems
Disadvantages:
Extra DOFs for each contact constraint
Zero diagonal terms- iterative solvers are not applicable
Chattering- sensitivity to the variation of contact status
Over constraints may appear
Symmetric contact, self contact, boundary conditions, MPC
F
K G u F
=
G T
0
44 2013 ANSYS, Inc. December 16, 2014 ANSYS Confidential
Modeling Contacts: Normal Lagrange
Method Notes
Use Lagrange multiplier method if:
Penetration critical applications (accuracy)
Contact with predominant material nonlinearity
Contact between shells or thin layers
Large sliding problem: the convergence behavior is very good and stable
Contact at corners, edges
Suitable for solving Threaded connectors, press fit joints, seals, etc. In
which underlying stresses vary with contact stiffness
Convergence is still not achieved after several attempts by adjusting
contact stiffness
Target
Target
46 2013 ANSYS, Inc. December 16, 2014 ANSYS Confidential
Modeling Contacts: Augmented Lagrange
Method
K rr K rc ur F
K K . _ = 0
cr cc uc
To connect dissimilar mesh regions
To connect the different element types
Use MPC contact for bonded and no-separation contact as much as possible
unless overconstraints exist.
Run Over-constraint check via WB contact tool
Interface with small gap/penetration
It avoids spurious frequencies for modal analysis
Gaps are frequently encountered in CAD models
Seam Weld preparation
Suppressed auxiliary parts (e.g. seals)
Offsets of shell surfaces
Rather than modify the geometry to fill the gap, they can be accurately
ignored when using MPC Contact or a fixed joint.
Joints are recommended if convergence difficulties arise for large rotation
problems.
Target Contact
FPenalty
Penalty based methods apply In Symmetric contacts, an
penalty traction only to the addition step in each equilibrium
contact surface (Auto iteration is used to compute the
asymmetric contact - default) penalty tractions on the
59 2013 ANSYS, Inc. December 16, 2014 ANSYS Confidential
formerly target surface
Asymmetric and Symmetric Contact
Behavior - Guidelines
Symmetric contacts
Lower residual penetration
Lower number of equilibrium iterations but require more computational
time to calculate surface tractions on both surfaces
Less sensitive to mesh sizing at contact interface
Choose asymmetric contacts when the difference in stiffness (elastic modulus)
between both surfaces are > 10.
Stiff surface Target, Compliant surface Contact
Normal Lagrange and MPC methods requires Asymmetric contact where
contact traction is calculated only on the contact surface
Tip: In most cases, use auto-asymmetric contact program makes decision
Projected contact is not sensitive to the designation. However pick the refiner
surface as the contact for the best performance.
Target
Contact
Contact
Target
Pinball radius
This is one of the most important parameters to get the desired contact
result
Effective PINB : measure the largest gap in your model via Initial Contact
Tool, then specify PINB a little bit larger than the gap, e.g if the largest gap
is X, use PINB=X+X/10.
Usually, you can use large PINB to run the analysis. The contact search
time will increase.
If you introduce a large pinball, you will have risks to introduce the spurious
region.
Better
Mesh
Quality
Warning: Max. contact stiffness 1.21e16 is too big which can cause
accuracy problem, you may scale the force unit in the model.
Contact Tool:
F
F F
F
<F
a b c
Overconstrained model
Overconstraints are indicated by the presence of zero pivot
warnings. It often results in very large residual force (orders of
magnitude larger than a typically applied force) followed by very
easy convergence.
First check potential overconstraints via Contact Tool
Tips for manually removing overconstraints
Remove overlapped pairs
Merge pairs
Flip contact and target surfaces
Add multiple layers
Contact status
In these regions Parts are
not correctly connected
Contact status
90
90
2013 ANSYS, Inc. December 16, 2014 ANSYS Confidential
Procedure for Overcoming Convergence
Difficulties
Identify the problematic Once identified, possible remedies:
contact region(s) using: Check Mesh Quality.
Make sure model units are on an appropriate
Contact tracking scale
Contact results (e.g. Adjust the Contact Stiffness
status, penetration) Check for proper initial conditions/pinball.
Change to nodal detection if the problem is
Force convergence plots at a corner.
NR residuals Reduce the time step size before and during
the onset of the divergence.
Outputs
If large friction coefficient is defined(>.20)
consider using unsymmetric solver
Last resort: Add stabilization(contact or
global)
General Contact
Robustness improvement for contact modeling
Wear modeling with automatic adaptivity
CZM unification