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Guide technique
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approval, as a member of EOTA (European Organization for Technical Approvals).
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Introduction
The objective of this "design and execution of earthwork" guide is to assist and advise the
Construction Manager from the time of preparation of the final design up until the execution of the
earthwork.
It consists of 3 independent sections:
- section 1: design and execution of the works;
- section 2: organization of checks;
- this section 3: test procedures.
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The technical data sheets set out in this section summarizes the basic information relating to the main
tests, items of apparatus and procedures usually used for checking earthwork. For further details of their application,
reference must be made to the standards indicated on each of the sheets. The tests described may also be used, in
specific cases, for other fields of application than checks.
- Description
- Field of application
- Principle of the test
- Expression of the results
- Interpretation
- Particular features and response time.
Sheet
No. Description Standard
1 Granulometric analysis NF P 94-056
2 Water content NF P 94-050
3 Atterberg limits WL, WP, IP and IC NF P 94-051
4 The methylene blue value of a soil (MBV) NF P 94-068
5 Standard Proctor test NF P 94-093
6 IBV and CBR immersion indices NF P 94-078
7 Fragmentability of rocky material NF P 94-066
8 Degradability of rocky material NF P 94-067
9 Los Angeles test NF EN 1097 - 2
10 Wet micro Deval wear test NF EN 1097 1
11 Friability coefficient for fine aggregate P 18-576
12 Density of solid particles in a soil NF P 94-054
13 Density of a dehydrated rock NF P 94-064
14 Quick lime reactivity test NF P 98-102
15 Determination of mechanical characteristics from core samples NF P 98-232-3
NF EN 13286-41 42 43
Check on installation;
Check of plant.
Finally, a bibliography lists the main basic technical documents and normative texts applicable to the
control of execution of earthwork.
-2-
Sheet No. 1
Granulometric analysis
NF P94-056: Dry sieving method after washing
Objective:
To establish the proportions by weight of the granular elements of a material.
Field of application:
Proportion of a material between 80 m and 50 mm. For elements smaller than 80 m, reference should be made to
standard NF P94-057 (sedimentation method) and, for elements larger than 50 mm, the GTR recommends a visual
estimate.
Matriau
Principle of the test:
The test consists of separating the clumps of grains by mixing
them with water, then, once dried, classifying them using a
series of sieves and weighing the amount failing to pass >50mm 0/50mm
through each sieve. The amount failing to pass through each estimation visuelle
sieve is related to the total dry mass, in order to calculate the du Dmax et proportion %
percentage passing through by deduction (underflow).
%
%
100% 0
Expression of the results: Tamisat Refus
The proportion by weight of the elements is represented by a
granulometric graph to a semi-logarithmic scale.
50% 50%
100%
0
80m 2mm 20mm 50mm
D max
>50mm estimation visuelle du Dmax et proportion >50 mm Visual estimate of Dmax and proportion
Tamisat Underflow
Refus Rejection
Interpretation:
- 50 mm: separation between coarse soils (rubble) and fine, sandy, gravely soils;
- 2 mm: separation between gravely and sandy soils;
- Passing 80 m: this threshold gives the percentage of fines and contributes to the evaluation of their sensitivity to
water;
- 20 mm: maximum threshold allowing a Proctor test to be carried out;
- 0/50 mm: reference fraction of the identification tests allowing classification as the GTR;
- Dmax: this parameter is determining for the evaluation of the layers to be compacted, the conditions of grading and
mixing, and also the sensitivity to segregation.
The more clayey the materials, the longer the time spent soaking and stirring.
Timescale: 6 to 48 hours.
-3-
Sheet No. 2
Water content
NF P94 050 : Determination of the water content by weight of the materials oven-drying method
Objective:
Field of application:
The sample of wet material is weighed and then placed in an oven at 105C until a constant mass is obtained (thus
corresponding to the mass of the dry material).
Interpretation:
The water content enables the moisture conditions of the soil to be characterized:
- in respect of the relative difference from the water content of the OPN ( w )
w OPN
- by the consistency index: Ic = w L w n where: wL liquidity limit
Ip
IP plasticity index
wn natural water content of the fraction 0/400 m
It also enables:
- the dry density of a material to be determined from its wet density;
- an estimate to be made of the quantity of water needed to adapt its moisture conditions;
- the suitable amount of lime for the treatment of a damp material to be assessed.
The mass of the sample to be tested will depend on the Dmax of the material (e.g.: 500 g for 0/5 mm and 20 kg for
0/50 mm).
If heat-sensitive minerals are present, the measurement shall be taken at 50C instead of 105C.
There are two other methods: NF P 94 049-1 Microwave oven drying method,
NF P 94 049-2 Heating plate or radiating panel method.
These 2 methods require calibration with standard NF P 94 050 for clayey materials.
-4-
Sheet No. 3
Atterberg's limits
NF P 94-051: Determination of Atterberg's limits: liquid limit test using cassagrande apparatus plastic limit test on rolled thread.
Objective:
To characterize the clay content of a soil.
Field of application:
This test is generally applied to soils with a percentage of fines (80 m) greater than 35%.
The determination of the clay content of a soil using Atterberg's limits rather than the VBS test is to be favored when the
soil has a medium to high clay content.
Atterberg's limits enable the consistency index to be calculated, which characterizes the moisture condition of a soil (in
the case of fine soils with a medium to high clay content, with at least 80 to 90% of elements 400 m):
-5-
Ic = w L w n . where: . wn: natural water content of the fraction 0/400 m,
Ip
. Ic = 0 if wn = wL, material in a liquid state,
. Ic = 1 if wn = wP, material in a solid state.
There is another method of determining the liquidity limit: NF P 94-052-1 determination of Atterberg's limits liquidity limit,
penetration cone method.
Timescale: 3 to 5 days.
-6-
Sheet No. 4
The methylene blue value of a soil (MBV)
NF P 94-068: Measurement of the methylene blue absorption capacity of a soil or a rocky material. Determination of the methylene
blue of a soil or a rocky material by means of the stain test.
Objective:
To characterize the clay content of a material.
Field of application:
This test concerns soils and certain rocky materials. However, for materials with the highest clay content, Atterberg's
limits should preferably be measured (Ip).
Interpretation:
The MBV is a figure that expresses the overall quantity and activity of the clay contained in the material under study.
GTR uses 6 thresholds:
- 0.1: threshold of insensitivity to water (if underflow at 80 m 12%);
- 0.2: threshold above which the soil is certainly sensitive to water;
- 1.5: threshold between sandy-loamy and sandy-clayey soils;
- 2.5: threshold between slightly plastic loamy soils and loamy soils of medium plasticity;
- 6: threshold between loamy and clayey soils;
- 8: threshold between clayey and very clayey soils.
Timescale: 4 to 24 hours.
-7-
Sheet No. 5
Standard Proctor test
NF P 94-093: Determination of the compaction characteristics of a soil Standard and Modified Proctor test
Objective:
To determine the optimum dry density of a material (dOPN) and its corresponding water content.
Field of application:
This test is applied to the fraction less than 20 mm of most materials defined in standard NF P 11-300.
Photograph: Sheet_5a
Interpretation:
The curve d = f(w) enables the behavior of the material on compaction, depending on the water content, to be assessed.
The moisture condition of a material can also be characterized by the relative difference between its water content and
that of its OPN (w/wOPN)
The use of the compaction references of the material (dOPN and wOPN) is only possible when the proportion of
elements greater than 20 mm is less than 30%.
-8-
Sheet No. 6
Bearing Ratios: IBV and I.CBR after immersion
NF P94-078: CBR after immersion. Immediate CBR. Immediate bearing ratio. Measurement on sample compacted in CBR mould
Objective:
To determine the bearing ratio of a compacted soil sample in a CBR mould at Standard Proctor energy.
Fields of application:
This test is applied to the fraction less than 20 mm of most materials defined in standard NF P 11-300.
The test consists of indenting the sample of compacted material IBV measurement press
by the penetration of a cylindrical punch at a constant speed
(1.27 mm/min). The values of the forces corresponding to
indentations of 2.5 and 5 mm are measured. These values are
related to those obtained from a reference material to deduce the
value of the desired Bearing Ratio.
The Immediate Bearing Value (IBV) is obtained when the
indentation test is carried out, with no additional load, immediately
after the test sample is made.
The CBR immersion index (I.CBRi) is measured after 4 days
immersion in water. In this case, the test sample is covered with
additional loads to allow its surface to be banded and the linear
expansion of the sample is measured.
Interpretation:
IBV
This index is used to characterize the "average" to "very moist" moisture conditions of a water-sensitive soil. In addition, it
is necessary to know in advance the classification of the nature of this soil (the condition limits varying according to the
granularity and the clay content of the soils).
In the case of studies into the treatment of soil for use as embankments or on the surface of embankments, the IBVs
obtained must cover the desired threshold value. This value will depend of the classification of the soil and on the type of
construction.
The IBV enables the trafficability of a material to be assessed.
The bearing ratios can be obtained from test samples manufactured for the Standard Proctor test
-9-
Sheet No. 7
Fragmentability of rocky materials
NF P94066: Fragmentability coefficient of rocky material
Objective:
To determine the likelihood of a rocky material to fragment under the effect of the mechanical stresses to which it is
subjected during extraction and use.
Field of application:
Fragmentability is an identification criterion used by GTR to describe the classification of clayey rocks (R3), siliceous
rocks (R4) and magmatic and metamorphic rocks (R6).
Interpretation:
This parameter is aimed at the possibilities of using modified rocky materials for embankments and certain friable rocky
materials, of which the LA and MDE coefficients lack sensitivity, as a capping layer.
Timescale: day (excluding preparation of the fraction submitted for the test).
- 10 -
Sheet No. 8
Degradability of rocky materials
NF P94067: Degradability coefficient of rocky material
Objective:
To determine the likelihood of a rocky material to degrade under the combined action of climatic or hydro-geological
agents (frosts, soak/dry cycles) and mechanical constraints.
Field of application:
Degradability is an identification criterion used by GTR to describe the classification of clayey rocks (R3).
Interpretation:
This parameter is aimed essentially at the possibilities of using materials arising from clayey rocks for embankments.
GTR uses the two thresholds of 5 and 20 to classify clayey rocks:
- DG > 20 very degradable rocky material,
- 5 < DG 20 averagely degradable material,
- DG 5 slightly degradable rocky material.
Long test.
Timescale: 1 week.
- 11 -
Sheet No. 9
Los Angeles test
NF EN 1097-2: Aggregates Los Angeles test
Objective:
Measurement of the resistance of a granular fraction to fragmentation
by impact.
Field of application:
Aggregates of natural or artificial origin.
Resistance to fragmentation is a criterion of the classification of granular
soils and rocky materials.
Interpretation:
LA is one of the indicators enabling the resistance of non-treated
granular materials used as a subgrade to site traffic to be judged.
The upper limit recommended for this use is LA = 45.
Photograph: fiche_9b
The fraction submitted to the test may be the 4/6.3, 6.3/10 or 10/14
fraction
of the material.
In general, the predominant fraction of the relevant material is used.
Photograph: fiche_9c
- 12 -
Sheet No. 10
Micro Deval wear test
Objective:
Measurement of the resistance to wear of a granular fraction.
Field of application:
Aggregates of natural or artificial origin.
Resistance to wear is a criterion of the classification of granular soils and rocky materials.
Micro-Deval
The micro Deval coefficient MDE is equal to: Material before test
dry mass ( g ) of underflow at 1.6 mm after test
100
500
Interpretation:
MDE is one of the indicators enabling the resistance of non-treated Photograph: fiche_10c
granular materials used as a subgrade to site traffic to be judged.
The upper limit recommended for this use is MDE = 45.
Material after test
The fraction submitted to the test may be the 4/6.3, 6.3/10 or 10/14 fraction of the material.
In general, the predominant fraction of the relevant material is used.
Timescale: half a day (excluding preparation of the fraction submitted for the test).
- 13 -
Sheet No. 11
Objective:
Field of application:
Friability is an identification criterion used by GTR to describe the classification of fine aggregates D1, B1 and B2 for use
in a subgrade
dry mass (g) of the elements less than 0.1 mm produced during the test
FS = 100
500
Interpretation:
FS is one of the indicators enabling the resistance of non-treated sandy materials used as a subgrade to site traffic to be
judged.
The upper limit recommended for this use is FS = 60.
Timescale: half a day (excluding preparation of the fraction submitted for the test).
- 14 -
Sheet No. 12
Density of solid particles in a soil
NF P94-054: Determination of particle density Pycnometer method
Objective:
Field of application:
This test applies to any soil sample having its largest elements less than 2 mm.
The density of the solid particles of a soil is used to determine the voids ratio, the degree of saturation and the porosity.
The dry density s is equal to the dry mass of the solid particles divided by the volume of those particles. It is expressed in
t/m3.
Interpretation:
The agglomerates of particles used for the test must first be separated delicately with a pestle and mortar.
This test is used very rarely for earthwork.
- 15 -
Sheet No. 13
Dry density of a rock
NF P 94-064: Density of a dehydrated rock sample Hydrostatic weighing method
Objective:
To determine the dry density of an element of rock.
Field of application:
The dry density of a rock is an identification criterion used by GTR for the classification of chalks and certain limestone
rocks (materials R1 and R2 of standard NF P11-300).
Interpretation:
This parameter, which has the advantage of being easily measurable, is in close correlation with the fragmentability of
materials such as chalks and soft limestones. Its interpretation is aimed essentially at the possibilities of using these
materials for embankments.
- 16 -
Sheet No. 14
Quick lime reactivity test
NF P98-102: High-calcium lime for soils and roads Water reactivity test for quick lime
Objective:
To determine an overall quality characteristic of a high-calcium lime, based on a hydration test.
Field of application:
This test applies only to high-calcium lime and quick lime for use as a soil treatment.
Interpretation:
This test is an overall test of the quality of the lime, as it
takes into account the amount of free lime, the quality of
burning and the fineness of grinding.
The threshold value used is a minimum temperature of
60C reached in less than 25 minutes.
Temprature Temperature
Temps (min) Time (mins)
Chaux trs ractive Very reactive lime
Chaux moyennement ractive Averagely reactive lime
Chaux peu ractive Slightly reactive lime
- 17 -
Sheet No. 15
DETERMINATION OF MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS
FROM CORE SAMPLES
NF EN 13286-41, Simple compression test, 42, Indirect tensile test,43, Determination of modulus of elasticity
NF P 98-232-3: Diametral compression test
Objective:
To determine the strength and the modulus of simple compression, together with the indirect tensile strength (diametral
compression test or Brazilian test) of core samples taken on site.
Field of application:
These tests apply to core samples of materials treated with hydraulic binders, used in particular as subgrades.
Brazilian test
- 18 -
Sheet No. 16
Determination of the quality of compaction using the e-Q/S
method
Objective:
To determine overall compaction quality by checking the thickness of the layers and the ways in which the compaction
plant is used.
Field of application:
Average emeasured eGTR Q/Smeasured Q/SGTR Static tamper feet and other
Intense compactors:
Capping layer emeasured = eGTR Q/Smeasured Q/SGTR vaverage vGTR
This is an overall measurement, which must be accompanied by a check on the uniform distribution of working of the
compactors over the whole zone involved, a check on the calibration of the tachographs and a check on the classification
of the compactors (see sheets Nos. 26 to 28). The results must be acted upon as soon as the sequence being checked is
complete.
- 19 -
Sheet No. 17
Measurement of the density of a coarse material on site
Tarpaulin test
NF P 94-061-4: Determination of the density of a material on site Method for coarse materials (Dmax > 50 mm)
Objective:
Field of application:
The test consists of digging a cavity, on a flat horizontal surface, to receive and weigh all of the material extracted (mh).
The volume (V) of the cavity is then measured by laying a flexible film to make the sides watertight and then filling it with
water.
Once the overall water content of the material (w expressed as a %) has been determined from a sample in accordance
with the method specified in standard NF P 94-061-4, the density of the dry material (d) can then be calculated:
d= (100 h ) / (100 + w)
Interpretation:
The wet mass of the material extracted (expressed in grams) must not be less than 8 times Dmax2 (Dmax being expressed
in mm). For example, for a material of a diameter of 0-300 mm, 8 x (300)2 = 720 000 g i.e. 720 kg must be extracted.
This test can only be used if the sides of the cavity are stable.
The depth of the cavity must be between 0.75 and 1.25 times the diameter of its top.
Timescale: from day for the determination of h to 1 day for the determination of d.
- 20 -
Sheet No. 18
Measurement of density using a gammadensitometer
NF P 94-061-1: Measurement of apparent average density using a direct transmission gammadensitometer
Objective:
Measurement of the apparent average density of a material on site over a given thickness.
Field of application:
Treated or non-treated materials, of known chemical nature, used in earthwork; the thickness of the material examined
may vary from 10 to 40 cm depending on the type of measurement equipment used.
Photograph: Fiche_18
The dry density d is calculated from and the water content w, according to the expression: d = .
1 + 1,1 w
Interpretation:
In order to determine the average rate of compaction enabling the densification of the controlled layer to be qualified, the
dry density measured on site
ratio 100 is calculated, taking into account the underflow at 20 mm and the limit
reference dry density (OPN )
tolerated for the correction of the OPN reference.
- for embankments, this average rate of compaction must be 95% for at least 50% of the points checked (q4);
- for capping layers, it must be 98.5% for at least 50% of the points checked (q3).
It is advisable, also, to check the homogeneity of distribution of the density of the compacted material.
Other equipment for measuring density with a gammadensitometer, which does not comply with the standard, is also
used on sites to monitor the regularity of compaction.
Timescale: : 10 to 15 minutes
d: 6 to 48 hours.
- 21 -
Sheet No. 19
Measurement of apparent density using gamma-gamma ray
log
NF P 94-062: Measurement of density on site - Gamma-gamma ray log
Objective:
Measurement of the density on site of a horizontal layer of an embankment or capping layer material.
Field of application:
Treated or non-treated materials of which the chemical nature is known; the thickness of the layer of material examined
shall, by definition, be that covering 95% of the number of photons detected by the meter.
Interpretation:
dry density on site
The ratio 100 defines a rate of
reference dry density (OPN )
compaction that enables the densification of the material in the section
examined to be qualified.
Measurements taken successively at different levels then enable the
distribution of the density according to depth to be established.
- for embankments, the rates of compaction at the bottom of the layer must
be greater than 92% for at least 50% of the control points;
- for capping layers, it must be 96% for at least 50% of the
measurements.
- 22 -
Sheet No. 20
Plate test
NF P94 117-1: Plate test static deformation module (EV2)
Objective:
This test enables the bearing capacity of a formation level to be determined by measurement of the Plate test static
deformation module.
Field of application:
The test applies to formation levels of earthworks constructed with materials of which Dmax is less than 200 mm.
The maximum value of the EV2 module that can be measured by this test is 250 MPa.
The value of the settlement of the plate (measured at the end of the second cycle) enables the EV2 module to be
determined.
Interpretation:
For example, for earthwork sub-formation levels, GTR uses a minimum value of 20 MPa, or 35 MPa in the case of a
treated subgrade being formed.
For roadway support formation levels, and on standard sites, a minimum EV2 module of 50 MPa is used, to enable the
construction of the roadways. Higher values may be required, depending on the category of formation level, if it is
considered that they are representative of the long-term bearing capacity.
This module does not characterize the state of compaction of the soils of the formation level being examined.
- 23 -
Sheet No. 21
Measurement of dynamic deformation module using a
Dynaplaque
NF P 94-117-2: Dynamic deformation module (Dynaplaque 1 or 2 test)
Objective:
Field of application:
The test applies to formation levels of earthworks of which Dmax is 200 mm.
Dplacement - mm
Dynaplaque 2
Dynaplaque 2 example of loop recording F
- 24 -
Dplacement mm Displacement mm
Timescale: 2 to 3 minutes.
- 25 -
Sheet No. 22
Measurement of dynamic deformation module using a
Portancemtre
Objective:
Continuous measurement of a dynamic deformation module of a formation layer.
Field of application:
The test applies to formation layers of earthworks formed from materials with a Dmax of 200 mm and for which the
surface shear strength is sufficient to guarantee good trafficability for the measurement wheel (which excludes hollow or
unstable materials).
The field of measurement is from 30 to 250 MPa.
Interpretation:
The Portancemtre is currently used as an information tool
to enable anomalies to be detected.
- 26 -
Sheet No. 23
Measurement of the deflection caused by a rolling load
(Benkelman beam, deflectograph)
NF P98-200-1, 2, 3, 4 and 7: Measurement of a rolling load deflection.
Objective:
Measurement of the surface deformation of a formation layer under a defined load of 13 metric tons.
Field of application:
Earthwork sub-formation levels, roadway support formation levels.
Benkelman beam: This is a spot measurement. The lorry must have sufficient set-back to enable the tip of the beam to be
positioned vertically above the centre line of the two twin
wheels. The vertical movement is measured at the other end Poutre Benkelman
Benkelman beam
of the beam using a comparator.
Bec Tip
Comparateur Comparator
Plan de rfrence horizontal Horizontal reference plane
Thres
h ld
Objective:
Spot determination of the mass per unit of area of spread treatment product.
Field of application:
Suitable for spreaders, check on in situ treatment of embankments, surfaces of embankments and capping layers.
The test comprises placing on the soil, before the spreader passes, tarpaulins or troughs of a known area (S) and
weighing, after spreading, the quantities of treatment products (M) collected.
During the progress of the works, the value of ms is to be compared with the value set in the contract mv , this latter value
being the result of the formulation design.
As a site check, the use of sets of 3 to 5 troughs or tarpaulins (or even more) enables the accuracy of the quantity applied
to be checked, together with its dispersion, whether over a spreading strip or a day's work, if the spreader adjustments
have not been modified.
If desired, the use of twenty or more tarpaulins, set out at random (visual estimate), enables a judgment to be made on
the overall spreading rate, while the use of troughs, positioned within the wheel track, can only quantify longitudinal
dispersion.
- 28 -
Sheet No. 25
Checking the quality of compaction using a constant energy
dynamic penetrometer
XP P 94-063: Compaction quality control Constant energy dynamic penetration test method
Objective:
Field of application:
The method applies to the examination of embankments for a thickness of as much as 5 meters or more, depending on
the nature of the materials.
Pointe
The use of a penetrogram is limited to non-treated materials or to materials treated with lime at a young age.
Timescale: display of the measurements in real time and examination of 15 to 20 meters per day (excluding
identification).
- 30 -
Sheet No. 26
Objective:
To evaluate the value(s) of the eccentric moment of the vibrator of a compactor with a vibrating cylinder.
Field of application:
This method applies to all compactors with vibrating cylinders as defined in standard NF P 98-705.
Interpretation:
The value of the eccentric moment indicated by the manufacturer is deemed to be correct when the m x e
evaluated by the test falls within the interval:
The value measured Av is then considered to be equivalent to the theoretical amplitude A0.
This value, associated with M1/L (total mass applied to the generatrix of the cylinder, related to its length), enables
the classification of the vibrating compactor, as defined in the GTR, to be checked.
- 31 -
Sheet No. 27
Evaluation of the contact pressure on soil of a pneumatic-tired
compactor
NF P 98-760: Road construction and maintenance plant Pneumatic-tired compactors Evaluation of the contact pressure on soil
Objective:
To measure the area of contact of a compactor tire in order to enable an evaluation of the average value of the ground
contact pressure.
Field of application:
This method applies to all pneumatic-tired compactors as defined in standard NF P 98-705.
The test consists of positioning the tires of the compactor on a sheet of revealing paper placed on the ground.
After spraying a liquid developer on the sheet of paper all around the imprint, the non-revealed area is measured,
corresponding to the area of contact between the tire and the ground, using a planimeter.
S: contact area in cm
Interpretation:
The ground contact pressure is one of the most important parameters concerning the efficiency of pneumatic-tired
compactors.
The parameter is used to supplement the value of the load per wheel (CR) which is the criterion of classification of
pneumatic-tired compactors used by standard NF P 98-736.
The test area is formed from solid concrete and must be flat, clean and dry.
- 32 -
Sheet No. 28
Compactors Checking the calibration of tachographs
Objective:
To check the accuracy of the recording of the parameters distance covered, speed and frequency of vibration.
Field of application:
This method applies to the mechanical tachographs fitted to pneumatic-tired or damper vibrating compactors, as defined
in standard NF P 98-705.
Disc: front
The distance traveled is compared to the sum of the segments recorded, each segment representing 500 meters.
The speed of working is read directly from the disc (the values are to be divided by 10) and compared with the
calculated speed.
Interpretation:
A threshold of accuracy of 5% of the value measured is generally advised, so that the recording of the distance
can be used validly.
A threshold of accuracy of 10% of the target value of the speed is generally advised, so that the recording can be
used validly.
- 33 -
Fiche N29
Check on the spreading of a treatment product
(Method by weighing the spreader)
Objective:
To determine the overall mass per unit of area of spread treatment product.
Field of application:
The measurement of the mass per unit area of binder spread forms part of the control operations defined in the quality
assurance process for embankments and subgrades.
The mass per unit of area spread is given by ms = M/S in kg/m with an accuracy of 5%.
Interpretation:
The value ms is to be compared with the target value mv resulting from the formulation study.
The accuracy of proportioning e = 100.(ms-mv) / mv is to be compared with the value usually specified, i.e. e 5%.
- 34 -
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
Construction of embankments
and capping layers
Fascicules 1 and 2
Technical guide SETRA/LCPC
July 2000
Particular technical
soecification (CCTP)
June 2001
General technical
specification (CCTG)
Fascicule 2 General
earthwork
1979
- 35 -
STANDARDS RELATING TO TERMINOLOGY, METHODS, TESTS AND PLANT
NF EN ISO 9003 Quality systems. Model for quality assurance in final inspection and test. (X50-133). August 1994.
NF EN 13286-41 - Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures Part 41: test method for the determination of the compressive
strength of hydraulically bound mixtures. July 2003.
NF EN 13286-42 Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures Part 42: test method for the determination of the indirect
tensile strength of hydraulically bound mixtures. September 2003.
NF EN 13286-43 Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures Part 43: test method for the determination of the modulus of
elasticity of hydraulically bound mixtures. September 2003.
NF G 38-050 Textiles. Articles for industrial use: geotextiles. Identification. May 1983.
G 38-060 Textiles - Articles for industrial use. Recommendation for the use of geotextiles and related products. Installation
Specifications Control of geotextiles and related products.
G 38-063 Articles for industrial use. Recommendation for the use of geotextiles and related products. Use of geotextiles and
related products under embankments on compressible soils. February 1993.
NF EN ISO 10320 Geotextiles and related products. Identification on site. March 2000.
NF EN 963 Geotextiles and related products. Sampling and preparation of test specimens. October 1995.
NF P 11-300 Earthworks. Classification of materials for use in the construction of embankments and capping layers of road
infrastructures. September 1992.
P 18-576 Aggregates. Measurement of the friability coefficient for fine aggregate. December 1990.
NF EN 933-8 Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates Part 8: Assessment of fines Sand equivalent test.
NF P 94-040 Soils: investigation and testing. Practical method for identifying the 0/50 mm fraction of a granular material.
Determination of particle size and blue value. October 1993.
XP P 94-041 Soil: investigation and testing. Granulometric description. Wet sieving method. December 1995.
NF P 94-049-1 Soil: survey and testing. Determination of water content on a mass basis. Part 1: microwave oven drying
method. February 1996.
NF P 94-049-2 Soil: survey and testing. Determination of water content on a mass basis. Part 2: heating plate or radiating
panel method. February 1996.
NF P 94-050 Soils: investigation and testing. Determination of water content. Oven drying method. September 1995.
NF P 94-051 Soil: investigation and testing. Determination of Atterberg's limits. Liquid limit test using cassagrande
apparatus Plastic limit test on rolled thread. March 1993.
NF P 94-052-1 Soil: investigation and testing. Atterberg limit determination. Part 1: liquid limit Cone penetrometer method.
November 1995.
NF P 94-053 Soils: investigation and testing. Determination of density of fine soils. Cutting curb, mould and water
immersion methods. October 1991.
NF P 94-054 Soils: investigation and testing. Determination of particle density. Pycnometer method. October 1991.
NF P 94-056 Soil: investigation and testing. Granulometric analysis. Dry sieving method after washing. March 1996.
NF P 94-057 - Soils: investigation and testing. Granulometric analysis. Hydrometer method. May 1992.
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NF P 94-061-1 Soils: investigation and testing. Determination of density of materials on site. Part 1: method employing
gammadensitometer with point (direct transmission). October 1996.
NF P 94-061-2 Soils: investigation and testing. Determination of density of materials on site. Part 2: membrane densitometer
method. April 1996.
NF P 94-061-3 Soils: investigation and testing. Determination of density of materials on site. Part 3: method with sand. April
1996.
NF P 94-061-3 Soils: investigation and testing. Determination of density of materials on site. Part 4: method for large
materials (dmax superior to 50 mm). December 1996.
NF P 94-062 Soils: investigation and testing. Measurement of density on site. Gamma-gamma ray log. August 1997.
XP P 94-063 Soils: investigation and testing. Compaction quality control. Constant energy dynamic penetration test method.
Principle and method for calibrating penetrodensitographs. Exploitation of results. Interpretation. August 1997.
NF P 94-064 Soils: investigation and testing. Density of a dehydrated rock sample. Hydrostatic weighing method. November
1997.
NF P 94-066 Soils: investigation and tests. Fragmentability coefficient of rocky material. December 1992.
NF P 94-067 Soils: investigation and tests. Degradability coefficient of rocky material. December 1992.
NF P 94-068 Soils: investigation and testing. Measuring of the methylene blue adsorption capacity of a rocky soil.
Determination of the methylene blue of a soil by means of the stain test. October 1998.
NF P 94-078 Soils: investigation and tests. CBR after immersion. Immediate CBR. Immediate bearing ratio. Measurement on
sample compacted in CBR mould. May 1997.
NF P 94-093 Soils: investigation and testing. Determination of the compaction characteristics of a soil. Standard Proctor
test. Modified Proctor test. October 1999.
NF P 94-100 Soils: investigation and testing. Lime and/or hydraulic binder treated materials. Test for determining the
treatment ability of a soil. August 1999.
XP P 94-105 Soils: investigation and testing. Inspection of compaction quality. Method using a variable energy dynamic
penetrometer Principe and method for calibrating the penetrometer Exploitation of results Interpretation. May 2000.
NF P 94-117-1 Soils: investigation and testing. Formation level bearing capacity. Part 1: plate test static deformation module
(EV2) April 2000.
NF P 94-117-2 Soils: investigation and testing. Formation level bearing capacity. Part 2: dynamic deformation module (tests
using Dynaplaque 1 or Dynaplaque 2). February 2002.
NF P 98-102 Road foundations. High-calcium lime for soils and roads. Water reactivity test for quicklime. July 1991.
NF P 98-200-1 Road testing. Measurement of a rolling load deflection. Part 1: definitions, measurements, specific values.
July 1991.
NF P 98-200-2 Road testing. Measurement of a rolling load deflection. Part 2: determination of deflection and curvature
values using modified Benkelman beam. November 1992.
NF P 98-200-3 Road testing. Measurement of a rolling load deflection. Part 3: determination of deflection values using
deflectograph 02. September 1993.
NF P 98-200-4 Road testing. Measurement of a rolling load deflection. Part 4: determination of deflection values using
deflectograph 03. September 1993.
NF P 98-232-3 Tests relating to pavements. Determination of the mechanical characteristics of material bound with
hydraulic binders. Part 3: diametral compression test on hydraulic and pouzzolanic binder bound materials. October 1993.
NF P 98-234-2 Test relating to pavements. Frost behavior. Part 2: frost heaving test of soils or granular treated or non
treated materials with D inferior or equal to 20 mm. February 1996.
NF P 98-275-1 Test relating to pavements. Determination of the rate of binder spray. Part 1: measurement of the mean value
of spray rate and transversal homogeneity. September 1992.
NF P 98-276-1 Tests relating to pavements. Measurement of chipping aggregates rate. Part 1: test with the rate box. January
1992.
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NF P 98-701 Road construction and maintenance equipment. Material processing plants. Terminology and performances.
May 1993.
NF P 98-705 Road construction and maintenance equipment. Compactors. Terminology and commercial specifications. July
1992.
NF P 98-711 Road construction and maintenance equipment. Soils stabilization or retread: soils processing machinery,
storage of binding materials. Terminology. August 1993.
NF P 98-712 Road construction and maintenance equipment. Soils stabilization or retread process: spreader plants of
binder a pulvi-mixer. Terminology. August 1993.
NF P 98-736 Road construction and maintenance equipment. Compactors. Classification. September 1992.
NF P 98-760 Road construction and maintenance equipment. Pneumatic-tired compactors. Evaluation of the contact
pressure on soil. December 1991.
NF P 98-761 Road construction and maintenance plant. Compactors. Evaluation of the eccentric moment. December 1991.
NF P 98-771 Road construction and maintenance equipment. Driving assistance and control equipment embarked on
rollers. Terminology - Classification. December 1994.
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The purpose of the guide to Design and execution of earthworks
is to assist and advise the Construction Manager in the course of the
project up to execution of earthworks.
It consists of 3 independent fascicules:
fascicule 1: studies and execution of work;
fascicule 2: organization of checks;
fascicule 3: test methods.