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Characterizing Peak Water Demand Factor for Water Supply System Design

R. De Jager, J. Chong, Swinburne University of Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences
HES5108 Research Project

INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY DISCUSSION


This research project is about characterising peak water demand factors (Cp) for The data for our research project was obtained from the following sources: Yarra Valley Water, Suburbs in Time and Australian As can be seen in the first figure below, our regression line for the Peak Hour Factors
water system design. Bureau of Statistics. is at approximately 6.5 for populations < 2,000. This is higher than the value currently
Typically each country has a different set of peak demand factors for their water The Yarra Valley Water data comprises water usage within 12 zones in increments of 5 minutes over the course of 1 year listed in the WSAA Guidelines (5). However, the Peak Day Demand Factor is well
supply system design due to the difference in demand of water and weather Using the information given to us by Yarra Valley Water, data sets of water usage in the increments as follows were developed: within limits and is near the value listed in the WSAA Guidelines (2).
condition 10 minutes
In Australia, peak demand factors are determined by the Water Services Association 20 minutes The Second figure shows that the Peak Hour Factors are negatively skewed, ranging
of Australia (WSAA) Guideline 2002 2.3 or by the local water agency. 30 minutes from 5 4, and are much higher than those granted by WSAA (2). The Peak Day
This research project is comprised of an analysis of the water demand of 12 zones 45 minutes Factor is again within reasonable tolerance and reinforces the value chosen for PDF
within the surrounding suburbs of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 60 minutes within the WSAA Guidelines.
24 hours
This data was then analysed and compared to the various factors that are currently associated with affecting Peak Demand. While Peak Day Demand Factors are accurate to the Guidelines, they fail to take into
account peak demands at smaller timing intervals and as such is considered an
ineffective way to determine peak flow for water system design.
DATA ANALYSIS 16.00
The table below shows a brief outline of the data used in the analysis.
14.00

No. of Annual Avg. Daily Ave consumption Area of suburb population density 12.00
OBJECTIVES SUBURB
Services consumption consumption /d/ capita (km2) (people per km2)
The main objective of this research project is to investigate the appropriate peak 10.00
BOXHILL 4492 510857518.98 1399609.64 130.42 3.52 2591.34
water demand factors recommended by the WSAA Guidelines to specific varying

Cp Values
BROADMEADOWS 5825 1653490731.18 4530111.59 268.75 8.39 1186.39 8.00 Cp 5
populations.
CRAIGIEBURN 16802 2907221866.38 7964991.41 151.36 12.05 1723.91 Cp 60
Secondly, our research aims to investigate the effects of timing sampling intervals 6.00
DONCASTOR 11009 3061996381.50 8389031.18 292.16 8.89 2003.22 24 hour
on peak demand factor calculations
DONVALE 7648 1303817274.43 3572102.12 167.55 10.92 1057.51 4.00
FAWKNER 4399 65994.79 180.81 0.02 5.10 2328.63
BACKGROUND GREENSBOROUGH 7060 746311999.83 2044690.41 105.51 10.47 1890.13 2.00

Peak Day Factor can be defined as the ratio of peak day demand during a 12-month KANGAROO GROUNDS 5382 362439953.40 992986.17 57.66 5.40 311.46 0.00
period over average day demand of the same period. KEW NTH BALWYN 1070 1249378926.61 3422955.96 172.78 8.94 2216.57 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000

Peak Hour Factor can be defined as the ratio of peak hour demand on the peak day RINGWOOD* 4430 1471280746.14 4030906.15 393.44 10.06 1496.24
Number of Services

over the average hourly demand over the same 24 hours WHITTLESEA EAST 2048 339099911.78 929040.85 162.95 3.93 844.71
Peak water Demand Factors currently used in Melbourne for water supply system YARRAMBAT RES NTH 7244 1480164805.53 4055246.04 169.64 14.70 101.77
6.00

design were last revised in the year 2002, the same year that Stage 1 water
5.00
restrictions were introduced to Victoria.
DATA ANALYSIS Peak Demand Factors (PDF)
The factors given by the Water Supply Code of Australia (WSAA 2002) for the Peak 4.00
Water Demand Factors used are as followed:
The graph below shows the variance in PDFs calculated from The graph below shows the range of PDF values compared to

Cp Values
the data. the number of services within the zone. 3.00 Cp 5
Peak Day Demand = Average day demand x Peak Day Factor (PDF) CP 60
The variance shows that by assuming a sampling interval of 1 As can be seen from the graph; the number of services is
2.00 24hours
hour there is the possibility that the design could result in a negatively skewed against PDF values. As such a higher number
Where the PDF can be taken as:
lower estimation of maximum demand than is accurately of services results in a lower PDF for the zone.
1.5 For populations over 10,000 1.00
demanded when using a timing interval of 5 minutes
2 for populations below 2,000.
For example; the outlying value for Broadmeadows using 5 0.00
10,000 11,000 12,000 13,000 14,000 15,000 16,000 17,000 18,000
minute intervals is neglected when using any greater sampling Number of Services
interval, as the maximum demand will be averaged out.
Peak Hour Demand = Average hour demand x Peak Hour Factor (PHF)

Where the PHF can be taken as: 16.00 RECOMMENDATIONS / FURTHER RESEARCH
2 for populations over 10,000 14.00 BOXHILL Peak Demand Factors should be revised.
5 for populations below 2,000.
12.00
BROADMEADOWS
CRAIGIEBURN
Shorter time intervals should be taken into account.
10.00
DONCASTOR Average intervals should be considered (effect of 5 min and 10 min)
Cp Value

8.00 DONVALE More studies in suburbs surrounding Melbourne


6.00
GREENSBOROUGH
KANGAROO GROUNDS
A larger sample should be taken into account when sampling zones
4.00
KEW NTH BALWYN
2.00 RINGWOOD*
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: 0.00
WHITTLESEA EAST REFERENCES
Swinburne University of Technology 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 YARRAMBAT RES NTH Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), 2012, http://www.abs.gov.au/
Dr. Shirley Gato-Trinidad
Time Interval
WSAA 2002, Water supply code of Australia, Melbourne retail water agencies
Yarra Valley Water edition: version 1, Water Service Association of Australia.

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