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a square matrix in terms of permutations of the matrix elements. If A is an nn matrix, where ai,j is
the entry in the ith row and jth column of A, the formula is
where sgn is the sign function of permutations in the permutation group Sn, which returns +1 and
1 for even and odd permutations, respectively.
Another common notation used for the formula is in terms of the Levi-Civita symbol and makes
use of the Einstein summation notation, where it becomes
Directly evaluating the Leibniz formula from the definition requires operations in
generalthat is, a number of operations asymptotically proportional to n factorial
because n! is the number of order-n permutations. This is impractically difficult for large n.
Instead, the determinant can be evaluated in O(n3) operations by forming the LU
case and the determinants of the triangular matrices L and U are simply the products
of their diagonal entries. (In practical applications of numerical linear algebra, however,
explicit computation of the determinant is rarely required.) See, for example, Trefethen &
Bau (1997).
Also, let denote the -th column vector of the identity matrix.
.
As is multilinear, one has
From alternation it follows that any term with repeated indices is zero. The sum
can therefore be restricted to tuples with non-repeating indices, i.e.
permutations:
as is required to be equal to .
Therefore no function besides the function defined by the Leibniz
Alternating: