Professional Documents
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Protocols
are needed for
communication between any
two devices.
Inwhat format will the messages
be transmitted?
At what speed should messages
be transmitted?
What to do if errors take place?
What to do if parts of a message
are lost?
Protocols in daily life 7
Letters
Dear Sir
Yours faithfully
Open Systems Interconnect 8
(OSI) Model
Who made:
International Standards Organization (ISO)
A Model of How Protocols and Networking
Components Could be Made
Open means the concepts are non-proprietary;
can be used by anyone.
OSI is not a protocol. It is a model for understanding
and designing a network architecture that is flexible
and robust.
Open Systems Interconnect 9
(OSI) Model
The OSI model describes how data flows from one
computer, through a network
The OSI model divides the tasks involved with
moving information between networked computers
into 7 smaller, more manageable sub-task .
A task is then assigned to each of the seven OSI
layers.
Each layer is reasonably self-contained so that the
tasks assigned to each layer can be implemented
independently.
OSI Model: Layered Approach 10
With and Without OSI 11
Model
7-layer OSI model 12
Peers
Layered Approach 14
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
The Layers of the OSI Model 18
Some Mnemonics
Layer
The commonly used protocols at the physical
layer are
V.35:
A synchronous communication method
developed by the International
Telecommunication Union
Data Link Layer 23
Layer
HDLC (High-Level Data ISDN (Integrated
Link Control). A serial Services Digital
communication that is Network). A digital
usually vendor specific. communication
PPP (Point-to-Point method used over
Protocol). A low-speed copper wire.
serial protocol. Frame Relay
802.3 and 802.2
Network Layer 29
Session
A segment is defined as all network
devices, that are on the same Transport
building / area Network
Data Link
Physical
Network Layer 30
Layer
IP (Internet Protocol). A routed protocol used in
the TCP/IP suite, made famous by the Internet.
IPX (Internet Packet eXchange). A routed
protocol used in the IPX/SPX protocol suite usually
used in Novell environments.
RIP (Routing Information Protocol). One of the
many routing protocols implemented on Cisco
routers.
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First). Another routing
protocol used by routers.
Transport Layer
34
A Half-duplex Example:
The initial Hello establishes the protocol and the method of
communication, half-duplex.
After we discuss the new products that Cisco is introducing
and how they will make our lives better (the data transfer),
We then conclude our conversation by saying Good-bye.
Session Layer 37
H5 H5
syn syn syn syn syn syn
Application
Encryption transform data into
an unintelligible format at the Presentation
sending end for data security
Decryption at the receiving Session
end Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Application Layer 41
To allow access to
Application network resources
To translate, encrypt
and compress data Presentation
To establish, manage
Session & terminate sessions
Ensure data is
delivered in order Transport
To move packets from
Network source to destination
Data is encapsulated (Shortest path)
into frames Data Link
To transmit bits over a
Physical medium & provide
electrical specs.
Data Encapsulation Using the 44
OSI Model
QUESTION???
7 Application AH Hello
6 Presentation PH AH Hello
5 Session SH PH AH Hello
4 Transport TH SH PH AH Hello
3 Network NH TH SH PH AH Hello
1 Physical Bits
Encapsulation & 46
Decapsulation
Layer PDU Name
7.) Application Data
6.) Presentation Data
5.) Session Data
4.) Transport Segment
3.) Network Packet
2.) Data Link Frame
1.) Physical Bits