LRFD Manual of Steel Construction - Third Edition. Table of Contents

MANUAL
of
STEEL CONSTRUCTION
Load and Resistance

Factor Design
Third Edition
vi
Copyright 2001
by
American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc.
ISBN 1-56424-051-7
All rights reserved. This book or any part thereof

must not be reproduced in any form without the
written permission of the publisher.
The information presented in this publication has been prepared in accordance

with recognized engineering principles and is for general information only. While
it is believed to be accurate, this information should not be used or relied upon
for any specific application without competent professional examination and
verification of its accuracy, suitability, and applicability by a licensed professional
engineer, designer, or architect. The publication of the material contained herein
is not intended as a representation or warranty on the part of the American
Institute of Steel Construction or of any other person named herein, that this
information is suitable for any general or particular use or of freedom from
infringement of any patent or patents. Anyone making use of this information
assumes all liability arising from such use.
Caution must be exercised when relying upon other specifications and codes
developed by other bodies and incorporated by reference herein since such
material may be modified or amended from time to time subsequent to the
printing of this edition. The Institute bears no responsibility for such material other
than to refer to it and incorporate it by reference at the time of the initial
publication of this edition.
Printed in the United States of America
First Printing: November 2001
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

vii
PREFACE
rd
This 3 Edition LRFD Manual of Steel Construction is the twelfth major update of the
AISC Manual of Steel Construction, which was first published in 1927. With this revision,
member and connection design information has been condensed back into a single
volume. It has been reorganized and reformatted to provide practical and efficient access
to the information it contains, with a roadmap format to guide the user quickly to the
applicable specifications, codes and standards, as well as the applicable provisions in
those standards.
The following specifications, codes and standards are included in or with this Manual:
1999 LRFD Specification for Structural Steel Buildings

2000 LRFD Specification for Steel Hollow Structural Sections
2000 LRFD Specification for Single-Angle Members
2000 RCSC Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts
2000 Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges
AISC Shapes Database V3 CD
The following major improvements have been made in this revision:
Workable gages for flange fasteners have been reintroduced.

The revised T, k and k1 values for W-shapes and the 0.93 wall-thickness reduction
factor for HSS have been considered.
Guidance is provided on the new OSHA safety regulations, stability bracing
requirements and proper material specification.
New information is provided on design drawing information requirements, criteria
needed for connection design, mill, fabrication and erection tolerances, faade
issues, temperature effects and fire protection requirements with summaries of
common UL assemblies.
Shape information has been updated to the current series.
Coverage of round HSS has been added.
Dimensions and properties have been added for double channels back-to-back.
Tables of surface and box perimeter, weight/area-to-perimeter ratios and surface
areas have been expanded to cover all common structural shapes.
A new section on properly specifying materials, including shapes, plates, fasteners
and other products, has been added.
New information on corrosion protection and seismic design has been added.
A new section has been added with design aids for tension members, including
explicit consideration of net section requirements to ensure connectable member
selection.
Beam selection tables are included for selection based upon Ix, Zx, Iy, and Zy.
Beam charts (Mn vs. Lb) are plotted for both W-shapes and channels.
New floor plate deflection and bending design aids have been added.
Additional beam diagrams and formulas have been added.
A new section has been added with design aids for W-shape beam-columns.
New bolt length selection tables have been added.
Bolt entering and tightening clearances have been updated.
Bolting information has been updated for consistency with the 2000 RCSC
Specification.

viii
Welding information, including the prequalified welded joint tables, has been
updated to for consistency with AWS D1.1-2000.
Information on prying action, Whitmore section and strength of coped beams has
been updated.
Selection tables for shear end-plate connections and single-plate connections have
been improved and expanded, including single-plate connections with up to 12
1
rows of bolts and up to 1 /8-in. diameter.
New information and examples for flexible moment connections has been added as
an update of Disques historic type 2 with wind moment connection design
approach.
Previous limitations on the use of moment end-plate connections have been
relaxed.
Information on the design of anchor rods has been updated, including a new table
of minimum dimensions for washers used with anchor rods.
Composite member tables have been updated to include coverage of both 4 ksi
and 5 ksi concrete.
A cross-reference between U.S. customary and Metric shapes series has been
included.
In addition, many other improvements have been made throughout this Manual.
By the AISC Committee on Manuals and Textbooks,
William A. Thornton, Chairman Barry L. Barger, Vice Chairman
Charles J. Carter Charles R. Page

Robert O. Disque Davis G. Parsons II
Marshall T. Ferrell David T. Ricker
Lanny J. Flynn Marc L. Sorenson
Mark V. Holland Scott T. Undershute
Bill R. Lindley II Gary C. Violette
Leonard R. Middleton Michael A. West
William C. Minchin Heath E. Mitchell, Secretary
Thomas M. Murray
The Committee gratefully acknowledges the following people for their contributions to this
Manual: Abbas Aminmansour, Roger L. Brockenbrough, Jennifer R. Ceccotti, Harry A.
Cole, Richard A. DeVries, Guy J. Engebretson, Areti Gertos, Louis F. Geschwindner, Jr.,
John L. Harris III, Richard C. Kaehler, Suzanne W. Kaehler, Gerald F. Loberger, Jr.,
William T. Segui, Janet S. Tuegel, and Ramulu S. Vinnakota.

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11
PART 1
DIMENSIONS AND PROPERTIES
SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
STRUCTURAL PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
W-, M-, S- and HP-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Structural Tees (WT-, MT- and ST-Shapes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Hollow Structural Sections (HSS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Steel Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Double Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Double Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
W-Shapes with Cap Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
S-Shapes with Cap Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Plate Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Crane Rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Other Structural Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
STANDARD MILL PRACTICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Hot-Rolled Structural Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Hollow Structural Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Steel Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Plate Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
TABLES OF DESIGN DIMENSIONS, DETAILING DIMENSIONS AND AXIAL,
STRONG-AXIS FLEXURAL AND WEAK-AXIS FLEXURAL PROPERTIES . . . . . 112
Table 1-1. W-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Table 1-2. M-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Table 1-3. S-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Table 1-4. HP-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Table 1-5. C-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Table 1-6. MC-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Table 1-7. Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Table 1-8. WT-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Table 1-9. MT-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

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12 DIMENSIONS AND PROPERTIES
Table 1-10. ST-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

Table 1-11. Rectangular (and Square) HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Table 1-12. Round HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Table 1-13. Steel Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Table 1-14. Double Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Table 1-15. 2C-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Table 1-16. 2MC-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Table 1-17. W-Shapes with Cap Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Table 1-18. S-Shapes with Cap Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Table 1-19. Areas of Rectangular Plates and Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Table 1-20. Weights of Rectangular Plates and Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Table 1-21. Areas and Weights of Round Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Table 1-22. AISI Standard Nomenclature for Flat-Rolled Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . 187
Table 1-23. Weights of Raised-Pattern Floor Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Table 1-24. Crane Rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
TABLES OF TORSIONAL AND FLEXURAL-TORSIONAL PROPERTIES . . . . . . 189
Table 1-25. W-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Table 1-26. M-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Table 1-27. S-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Table 1-28. HP-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Table 1-29. C-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Table 1-30. MC-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Table 1-31. Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Table 1-32. WT-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1101
Table 1-33. MT-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1106
Table 1-34. ST-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1107
Table 1-35. Double Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1108
TABLES OF SURFACE AREAS, BOX PERIMETERS AND AREAS
AND W /D AND A/P RATIOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1111
Table 1-36. W-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1111
Table 1-37. M-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1116
Table 1-38. S-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1117
Table 1-39. HP-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1118
Table 1-40. C-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1119
Table 1-41. MC-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1120
Table 1-42. Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1121

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DIMENSIONS AND PROPERTIES 13
Table 1-43. WT-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1124

Table 1-44. MT-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1129
Table 1-45. ST-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1130
Table 1-47. Round HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1138
Table 1-48. Steel Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1141
Table 1-49. Equal-Leg Double Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1142
Table 1-50. LLBB Double Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1143
Table 1-51. SLBB Double Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1145
Table 1-52. 2C-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1147
Table 1-53. 2MC-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1148
STANDARD MILL PRACTICES SUMMARY TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1149
Table 1-54. W-Shapes and HP-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1149
Table 1-55. S-Shapes, M-Shapes, and Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1151
Table 1-56. WT-, MT-, and ST-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1152
Table 1-57. Angles, Structural Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1153
Table 1-58. Angles, Bar Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1154
Table 1-60. Round HSS and Steel Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1156
Table 1-61. Rectangular Sheared Plates and Universal Mill Plates . . . . . . . . . . . 1157

P1: MRM
21
PART 2
GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
APPLICABLE SPECIFICATIONS, CODES AND STANDARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Specifications, Codes and Standards for Structural Steel Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Additional Requirements for HSS and Steel Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Additional Requirements for Single-Angle Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Additional Requirements for Bolted Joints with High-Strength Bolts . . . . . . . . . 27
Additional Requirements for Welded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Additional Requirements for Steel-to-Concrete Anchorage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Additional Requirements for Seismic Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Other AISC Reference Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
OSHA REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Columns and Column Base Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Safety Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Walking/Working Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Beams and Bracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Joists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Controlling Contractor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Fall Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Lifts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
FUNDAMENTALS OF LIMIT-STATES DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Loads, Load Factors and Load Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Nominal Strengths, Resistance Factors and Design Strengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Serviceability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
DESIGN BASIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Frame Analysis, Stability and Leaning Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Stability Bracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Approximate Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Simple-Span Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Beam Ends Supported on Bearing Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Beams and Girders Framing Continuously Over Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

P1: MRM
22 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
PROPERLY SPECIFYING MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Structural Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
W-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
M-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
S-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
HP-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Structural Tees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Rectangular (and Square) HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Round HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Steel Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Plate Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Structural Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Structural Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Raised-Pattern Floor Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Sheet and Strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Fastening Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Conventional Bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Twist-Off-Type Tension-Control Bolt Assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Washers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Compressible-Washer-Type Direct-Tension Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Anchor Rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Threaded Rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Forged Steel Structural Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Filler Metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Shear-Stud Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Other Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Steel Castings and Forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Crane Rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
CONTRACT DOCUMENT INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Design Drawings, Specifications and Other Contract Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Required Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

P1: MRM
GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 23
Information Required Only When Specified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

Approvals Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Establishing Criteria for Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Simple Shear Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Moment Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Truss Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Horizontal and Vertical Bracing Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Strut and Tie Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
TOLERANCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Mill Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Fabrication Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Erection Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Building Facade Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
CAMBER, SWEEP AND STRAIGHTENING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Beam Camber and Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Cold Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Hot Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Truss Camber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Straightening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
FIRE PROTECTION AND ENGINEERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Conventional Fire-Resistant Design and Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Rated Assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Underwriters Laboratories (UL) Assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Restrained and Unrestrained Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Compatibility of Primer and Paint on Spray-Applied Fireproofing . . . . . . . . . . 242
Fire Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Assessment of Fire Damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
CORROSION PROTECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
RENOVATION AND RETROFIT OF EXISTING STRUCTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
THERMAL EFFECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Expansion and Contraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Elevated-Temperature Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Low-Temperature Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
FATIGUE AND FRACTURE CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Avoiding Brittle Fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

P1: MRM
24 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Avoiding Lamellar Tearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

SEISMIC DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Wind Applications and Low-Seismic Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
High-Seismic Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
PART 2 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

P1: GMV
31
PART 3
DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS
SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
LOAD DETERMINATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
GROSS AREA, NET AREA AND EFFECTIVE AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Gross Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Effective Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
TENSILE DESIGN STRENGTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Yielding Limit State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Rupture Limit State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
OTHER SPECIFICATION REQUIREMENTS AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS . . . 34
Special Requirements for Heavy Shapes and Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Slenderness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Built-Up Tension Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Pin-Connected Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Eyebars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Concentrated Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Serviceability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Connection Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
DESIGN EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Example 3.1. W-Shape Tension Member Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Example 3.2. Single-Angle Tension Member Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Example 3.3. WT-Shape Tension Member Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Example 3.4. Rectangular HSS Tension Member Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Example 3.5. Round HSS Tension Member Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Example 3.6. Steel Pipe Tension Member Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Example 3.7. Double-Angle Tension Member Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
STEEL TENSION-MEMBER SELECTION TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Table 3-1. W-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Table 3-2. Single Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Table 3-3. WT-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316

P1: GMV
32 DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS
Table 3-4. Rectangular (and Square) HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316

Table 3-5. Round HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Table 3-6. Steel Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Table 3-7. Double Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316

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PART 4
DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS
SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
COMPACT, NON-COMPACT AND SLENDER-ELEMENT CROSS-SECTIONS . . . . 43
Determining the Width-Thickness Ratios of the Cross-Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Width-Thickness Limits for Compact and Non-Compact Cross-Sections . . . . . . . . 43
Effective Width Factor for Slender-Element Cross-Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Doubly Symmetric Compression Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Singly Symmetric Compression Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Point-Symmetric and Unsymmetric Compression Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
EFFECTIVE LENGTH AND COLUMN SLENDERNESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Physical and Effective Column Lengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Stiffness Reduction Factor for Inelastic Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Column Slenderness Parameter c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
COMPRESSIVE DESIGN STRENGTH FOR COMPACT AND NON-COMPACT
CROSS-SECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Doubly Symmetric Compression Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Singly Symmetric Compression Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Point-Symmetric and Unsymmetric Compression Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
COMPRESSIVE DESIGN STRENGTH FOR SLENDER-ELEMENT
CROSS-SECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Doubly Symmetric Compression Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Singly Symmetric Compression Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Point-Symmetric and Unsymmetric Compression Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
COMPOSITE COMPRESSION MEMBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Slenderness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Plastic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Built-Up Compression Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Pin-Connected Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Tapered Compression Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

P1: GIG
42 DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Serviceability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
DESIGN EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
EXAMPLE 4.1. W-shape compression member design (braced frame). . . . . . . . . . 47
EXAMPLE 4.2. W-shape compression member design (moment frame). . . . . . . . . 49
EXAMPLE 4.3. Single-angle compression member design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
EXAMPLE 4.4. WT-shape compression member design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
EXAMPLE 4.5. Rectangular HSS compression member design. . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
EXAMPLE 4.6. Steel pipe compression member design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
EXAMPLE 4.7. Double-angle compression member design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
EXAMPLE 4.8. Rectangular HSS filled with 5-ksi normal-weight concrete. . . . . . . 415
STEEL COMPRESSION-MEMBER SELECTION TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
Table 4-1. Stiffness Reduction Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
Table 4-2. W-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
Table 4-3. HP-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
Table 4-4. Single Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
Table 4-5. WT-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Table 4-6. Rectangular HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Table 4-7. Round HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Table 4-8. Steel Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Table 4-9. Equal-Leg Double Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Table 4-10. LLBB Double Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Table 4-11. SLBB Double Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
COMPOSITE COMPRESSION-MEMBER SELECTION TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Table 4-12. Rectangular HSS Filled with 4-ksi Normal-Weight Concrete . . . . . . . . 418
Table 4-13. Rectangular HSS Filled with 5-ksi Normal-Weight Concrete . . . . . . . . 418
Table 4-14. Round HSS Filled with 4-ksi Normal-Weight Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Table 4-15. Round HSS Filled with 5-ksi Normal-Weight Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Table 4-16. Steel Pipe Filled with 4-ksi Normal-Weight Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Table 4-17. Steel Pipe Filled with 5-ksi Normal-Weight Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
PART 4 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419

P1: GIG
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PART 5
DESIGN OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
GROSS AREA, NET AREA AND EFFECTIVE AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
For Flexure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
For Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
COMPACT, NON-COMPACT AND SLENDER-ELEMENT CROSS-SECTIONS
(LOCAL BUCKLING) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Determining the Width-Thickness Ratios of the Cross-Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Width-Thickness Limits for Compact and Non-Compact Cross-Sections . . . . . . . . 55
UNBRACED LENGTH (LATERAL-TORSIONAL BUCKLING) . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Classification of Spans for Flexure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Consideration of Moment Gradient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
FLEXURAL DESIGN STRENGTH FOR STRONG-AXIS BENDING . . . . . . . . . . 57
Requirements for Braced, Compact Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Additional Requirements for Unbraced Length L b Greater Than L p . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Additional Requirements for Cross-Sections with Non-Compact or Slender Flanges . . 58
Additional Requirements for Cross-Sections with Non-Compact or Slender Webs . . . 58
FLEXURAL DESIGN STRENGTH FOR WEAK-AXIS BENDING . . . . . . . . . . . 59
SHEAR DESIGN STRENGTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
STEEL W-SHAPE BEAMS WITH COMPOSITE SLABS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Concrete Slab Effective Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Shear Stud Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Flexural Design Strength for Positive Moment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
Shored and Unshored Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
Shear Design Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
Plastic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
Web Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
Plate Girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
Tapered Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510

P1: GIG
52 DESIGN OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS

Ponding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Torsion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Serviceability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
DESIGN EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
EXAMPLE 5.1. W-shape flexural member design (design strength of compact shape
in strong-axis bending). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
EXAMPLE 5.2. W-shape flexural member design (design strength of non-compact
shape in strong-axis bending). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
EXAMPLE 5.3. W-shape flexural member design (selection by moment of inertia
for strong-axis bending). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
EXAMPLE 5.4. W-shape flexural member design (selection using plots of b M p
vs. L b for strong-axis bending). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
EXAMPLE 5.5. W-shape flexural member design (determination of maximum end
reaction for strong-axis bending). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
EXAMPLE 5.6. Composite W-shape flexural member design (unshored construction). . 523
EXAMPLE 5.7. Composite W-shape flexural member design (shored construction). . . 525
EXAMPLE 5.8. Composite W-shape flexural member design (determination
of maximum end reaction for strong-axis bending). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
STEEL BEAM SELECTION TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528
Table 5-1. Beam Bending Coefficient Cb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528
Table 5-2. W-Shapes Selection by Ix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
Table 5-3. W-Shapes Selection by Z x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
Table 5-4. W-Shapes Maximum Total Factored Uniform Load . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
Table 5-5. W-Shapes Plots of b Mnx vs. L b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
Table 5-6. W-Shapes Selection by I y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
Table 5-7. W-Shapes Selection by Z y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
Table 5-8. S-Shapes Maximum Factored Uniform Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
Table 5-9. C-Shapes Maximum Factored Uniform Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
Table 5-10. MC-Shapes Maximum Factored Uniform Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
Table 5-11. C- and MC-Shapes Plots of b Mnx vs. L b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
Table 5-12. Floor Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
COMPOSITE BEAM SELECTION TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
Table 5-13. Shear Stud Connector Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531

P1: GIG
DESIGN OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS 53
Table 5-14. Composite W-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531

Table 5-15. Lower-Bound Elastic Moments of Inertia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532
BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532
Table 5-16. Concentrated Load Equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532
Table 5-17. Shears, Moments and Deflections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534
PART 5 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534

P1: GIG
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PART 6
DESIGN OF MEMBERS SUBJECT
TO COMBINED LOADING
SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
COMPACT, NON-COMPACT AND SLENDER-ELEMENT CROSS-SECTIONS . . . . 63
MEMBERS SUBJECT TO COMBINED AXIAL TENSION AND FLEXURE . . . . . . 63
MEMBERS SUBJECT TO COMBINED AXIAL COMPRESSION AND FLEXURE . . 63
MEMBERS SUBJECT TO COMBINED TORSION, FLEXURE, SHEAR
AND/OR AXIAL FORCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
COMPOSITE MEMBERS SUBJECT TO COMBINED AXIAL COMPRESSION
AND FLEXURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
DESIGN EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Example 6.1. W-shape subject to combined axial tension and flexure. . . . . . . . . . 65
Example 6.2. W-shape subject to combined axial compression and flexure
(braced frame). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Example 6.3. W-shape subject to combined axial compression and flexure
(moment frame). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Example 6.4. W-shape member design (braced frame). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
STEEL BEAM-COLUMN SELECTION TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610
Table 6-1. Median Values of b, m and n for Beam-Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610
Table 6-2. W-Shapes: Values of b, m and n for Beam-Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
PART 6 REFERENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611

P1: GIG
71
PART 7
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR BOLTS
SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR BOLTED JOINTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Fastener Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Proper Selection of Bolt Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Washer Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Bolted Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
PROPER SPECIFICATION OF JOINT TYPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Snug-Tightened Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Pretensioned Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Slip-Critical Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Combined Shear and Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Bearing Strength at Bolt Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Slip Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
ECCENTRICALLY LOADED BOLT GROUPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Eccentricity in the Plane of the Faying Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Instantaneous Center of Rotation Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Elastic Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Eccentricity Normal to the Plane of the Faying Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Case INeutral Axis Not at Center of Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Case IINeutral Axis at Center of Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711
Placement of Bolt Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712
Bolts in Combination with Welds or Rivets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712
Galvanizing High-Strength Bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712
Reuse of Bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712
Fatigue Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712
Entering and Tightening Clearances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712

P1: GIG
72 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR BOLTS
Fully Threaded ASTM A325 Bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712

ASTM A307 Bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712
ASTM A449 Bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713
DESIGN EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713
EXAMPLE 7.1. Eccentrically loaded bolt groups (IC method). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713
EXAMPLE 7.2. Eccentrically loaded bolt groups (elastic method). . . . . . . . . . . . 714
DESIGN TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
Table 7-1. Dimensions of High-Strength Fasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
Table 7-2. Bolt Length Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
Table 7-3. Entering and Tightening Clearances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
Table 7-4. Threading Dimensions for High-Strength and Non-High-Strength Bolts . . . 715
Table 7-5. Weights of High-Strength Fasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
Table 7-6. Dimensions of Non-High-Strength Bolts and Nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
Tables 7-7, 7-8 and 7-9. Weights of Non-High-Strength Fasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . 716
Tables 7-10 and 7-11. Design Shear Strength of Bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716
Tables 7-12 and 7-13. Design Bearing Strength at Bolt Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716
Table 7-14. Design Tensile Strength of Bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716
Tables 7-15 and 7-16. Design Resistance to Slip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716
Tables 7-17 through 7-24. Coefficients C for Eccentrically Loaded Bolt Groups . . . . 716
PART 7 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717

P1: GMV
81
PART 8
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR WELDS
SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR WELDED JOINTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Filler Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Flux-Cored Arc Welding (FCAW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Electroslag Welding (ESW) and Electrogas Welding (EGW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Thermal Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Air-Arc Gouging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Visual Testing (VT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Penetrant Testing (PT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Magnetic-Particle Testing (MT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Ultrasonic Testing (UT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Radiographic Testing (RT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
PROPER SPECIFICATION OF JOINT TYPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Selection of Weld Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Effective Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Groove Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Fillet Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Plug and Slot Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Design Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
ECCENTRICALLY LOADED WELD GROUPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Eccentricity in the Plane of the Faying Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Instantaneous Center of Rotation Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Elastic Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810
Eccentricity Normal to the Plane of the Faying Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811

P1: GMV
82 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR WELDS

Placement of Weld Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812
Welds in Combination with Bolts or Rivets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813
Fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813
One-Sided Fillet Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813
Welding Considerations and Appurtenances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814
Clearance Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814
Minimum Shelf Dimensions for Fillet Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814
Beam Copes and Weld Access Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816
Corner Clips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816
Backing Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816
Spacer Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817
Weld Tabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818
Tack Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818
Lamellar Tearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818
Prior Qualification of Welding Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820
Painting Welded Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820
DESIGN EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821
EXAMPLE 8.1. Eccentrically loaded weld groups (IC method). . . . . . . . . . . . . 821
EXAMPLE 8.2. Eccentrically loaded weld groups (elastic method). . . . . . . . . . . 822
DESIGN TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823
Table 8-1. ASTM Requirements for Properties Affecting Weldability of Steels . . . . . 823
Table 8-2. Condensed AWS Specifications for SMAW Electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . 823
Table 8-3. Prequalified Welded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823
Table 8-4. Electrode Strength Coefficient C1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824
Tables 8-5 through 8-12. Coefficients C for Eccentrically Loaded Weld Groups . . . . . 825
PART 8 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826

P1: GGE
91
PART 9
DESIGN OF CONNECTION ELEMENTS
SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
GROSS AREA, NET AREA AND WHITMORE SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Gross Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Net Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Whitmore Section (Effective Width) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
YIELDING LIMIT STATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Connection Elements Subject to Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Connection Elements Subject to Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Connection Elements Subject to Flexure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Coped Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
RUPTURE LIMIT STATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Connection Elements Subject to Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Connection Elements Subject to Block Shear Rupture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Connection Elements Subject to Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Connection Elements Subject to Flexure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Beams and Girders with Bolt Holes in the Tension Flange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Coped Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Connection Element Rupture Strength at Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
BUCKLING LIMIT STATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Compression Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Lateral-Torsional Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Local Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Coped Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
BEARING LIMIT STATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Bearing Strength at Bolt Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Steel-on-Steel Bearing Strength (Other Than at Bolt Holes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Bearing Strength on Concrete or Masonry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Prying Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910
Rotational Ductility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 912

P1: GGE
92 DESIGN OF CONNECTION ELEMENTS

Local Web Yielding at Beam Ends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 914
Web Crippling at Beam Ends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 914
Shims and Fillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 914
Copes, Blocks and Cuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 914
Web Reinforcement of Coped Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916
Forged Steel Structural Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916
Clevises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916
Turnbuckles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916
Sleeve Nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917
Recessed-Pin Nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917
Cotter Pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917
DESIGN EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917
EXAMPLE 9.1. Beam end coped at the top flange only. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917
EXAMPLE 9.2. Beam end coped at the top and bottom flanges. . . . . . . . . . . . . 920
DESIGN TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921
Table 9-1. Reduction in Area for Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921
Table 9-2. Section Modulus of Coped W-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921
Tables 9-3 and 9-4. Block Shear Rupture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 922
Table 9-5. Beam End Bearing Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 922
PART 9 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 922

P1: LKP
101
PART 10
DESIGN OF SIMPLE SHEAR CONNECTIONS
SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
FORCE TRANSFER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
COMPARING CONNECTION ALTERNATIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Two-Sided Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Seated Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
One-Sided Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
CONSTRUCTABILITY CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Double Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Accessibility in Column Webs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Field-Welded Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Riding the Fillet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
DOUBLE-ANGLE CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Design Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Recommended Angle Length and Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Shop and Field Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1010
EXAMPLE 10.1. All-bolted double-angle connection (beam-to-girder web). . . . . 1012
EXAMPLE 10.2. All-bolted double-angle connection (beam-to-column flange). . . 1014
EXAMPLE 10.3. Bolted/welded double-angle connection (beam-to-girder web). . . 1015
EXAMPLE 10.4. Bolted/welded double-angle connection (beam-to-column flange). 1015
EXAMPLE 10.5. All-welded double-angle connection (beam-to-column flange). . . 1016
Table 10-1. All-Bolted Double-Angle Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016
Table 10-2. Bolted/Welded Double-Angle Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1017
Table 10-3. All-Welded Double-Angle Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1018
SHEAR END-PLATE CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1055
Design Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1055
Recommended End-Plate Dimensions and Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1055
EXAMPLE 10.6. Shear end-plate connection (beam to girder web). . . . . . . . . 1056
Table 10-4. Bolted/Welded Shear End-Plate Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1058

P1: LKP
102 DESIGN OF SIMPLE SHEAR CONNECTIONS
UNSTIFFENED SEATED CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1092

Design Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1093
EXAMPLE 10.7. All-bolted unstiffened seated connection (beam-to-column web). . 1094
EXAMPLE 10.8. Bolted/welded unstiffened seated connection
(beam-to-column flange). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1096
Table 10-5. All-Bolted Unstiffened Seated Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1098
Bolted/Welded Unstiffened Seated Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1098
Table 10-6. All-Welded Unstiffened Seated Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1098
STIFFENED SEATED CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10102
Design Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10103
EXAMPLE 10.9. Stiffened seated connection (beam-to-column flange). . . . . . . 10104
EXAMPLE 10.10. Stiffened seated connection (beam-to-column web). . . . . . . . 10106
Table 10-7. All-Bolted Stiffened Seated Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10107
Table 10-8. Bolted/Welded Stiffened Seated Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10107
SINGLE-PLATE CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10112
Design Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10112
Recommended Plate Length and Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10113
EXAMPLE 10.11. Single-plate connection (beam-to-column flange). . . . . . . . . 10114
EXAMPLE 10.12. Single-plate connection (beam-to-girder web). . . . . . . . . . 10114
Table 10-9. Bolted/Welded Single-Plate Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10116
SINGLE-ANGLE CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10133
Design Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10133
Recommended Angle Length and Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10133
EXAMPLE 10.13. All-bolted single-angle connection (beam-to-girder web). . . . . 10133
EXAMPLE 10.14. Bolted/welded single-angle connection (beam-to-column flange). 10137
Table 10-10. All-Bolted Single-Angle Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10138
Table 10-11. Bolted/Welded Single-Angle Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10138
TEE CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10142
Design Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10142
Recommended Tee Length and Flange and Web Thicknesses . . . . . . . . . . . . 10143
EXAMPLE 10.15. All-bolted tee connection (beam-to-column flange). . . . . . . . 10143

P1: LKP
DESIGN OF SIMPLE SHEAR CONNECTIONS 103
EXAMPLE 10.16. Bolted/welded tee connection (beam-to-column flange). . . . . 10147

SHEAR SPLICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10149
EXAMPLE 10.17. All-bolted single-plate shear splice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10151
EXAMPLE 10.18. Bolted/welded single-plate shear splice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10153
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR SIMPLE SHEAR CONNECTIONS . . . . . . 10155
Simple Shear Connections Subject to Axial Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10155
Simple Shear Connections at Stiffened Column-Web Locations . . . . . . . . . . . 10156
Eccentric Effect of Extended Gages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10156
Column-Web Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10156
Girder-Web Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10160
Alternative Treatment of Eccentric Moment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10160
Double Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10160
Supported Beams of Different Nominal Depths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10161
Supported Beams Offset Laterally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10161
Beams Offset From Column Centerline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10161
Framing to the Column Flange from the Strong Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10161
Framing to Column Flange from the Weak Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10164
Framing to the Column Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10167
Connections for Raised Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10167
Non-Rectangular Simple Shear Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10171
Skewed Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10172
Sloped Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10183
Canted Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10185
Inclines in Two or More Directions (Hip and Valley Framing) . . . . . . . . . . 10187
EXAMPLE 10.19. All-bolted double-angle connections (beams-to-girder web). . . 10188
EXAMPLE 10.20. Offset all-bolted double angle connections (beam-to-girder web). 10191
EXAMPLE 10.21. Offset unstiffened seated connection (beam-to-column flange). . 10192
EXAMPLE 10.22. Offset single-plate connection (beam-to-column web). . . . . . 10193
EXAMPLE 10.23. Offset unstiffened seated connection (beam-to-column web). . . 10195
EXAMPLE 10.24. Skewed double-bent-plate connection (beam-to-girder web). . . 10198
PART 10 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10201

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PART 11
DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE MOMENT CONNECTIONS
SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
LOAD DETERMINATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
FLANGE-ANGLE FLEXIBLE MOMENT CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
FLANGE-PLATED FLEXIBLE MOMENT CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
DESIGN EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
EXAMPLE 11.1. Flange-angle flexible moment connections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
EXAMPLE 11.2. Flange-plated flexible moment connection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1113
PART 11 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1117

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PART 12
DESIGN OF FULLY RESTRAINED (FR)
MOMENT CONNECTIONS
SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
FR MOMENT CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Load Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Design Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Temporary Support During Erection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Welding Considerations For Fully Restrained Moment Connections . . . . . . . . . . 125
Flange-Plated FR Moment Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Directly Welded Flange FR Moment Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Extended End-Plate FR Moment Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Shop and Field Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Design Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1210
Four-Bolt Unstiffened Extended End-Plate Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1210
Eight-Bolt Stiffened Extended End-Plate Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1212
FR MOMENT SPLICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1213
Location of Moment Splices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1213
Force Transfer in Moment Splices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1213
Flange-Plated FR Moment Splices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1214
Directly Welded Flange FR Moment Splices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1215
Extended End-Plate FR Moment Splices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1217
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1217
FR Moment Connections to Column-Web Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1217
Recommended Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1218
Ductility Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1218
FR Moment Connections Across Girder Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1222
Top Flange Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1223
Bottom Flange Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1223
Web Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1223
DESIGN EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1224
EXAMPLE 12.1. Bolted flange-plated FR moment connection
(beam-to-column flange). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1224

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122 DESIGN OF FULLY RESTRAINED (FR) MOMENT CONNECTIONS
EXAMPLE 12.2. Welded flange-plated FR moment connection

EXAMPLE 12.3. Directly welded flange FR moment connection
EXAMPLE 12.4. Four-bolt unstiffened extended end-plate FR moment connection
EXAMPLE 12.5. Eight-bolt stiffened extended end-plate FR moment connection
PART 12 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1238

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PART 13
DESIGN OF BRACING CONNECTIONS
AND TRUSS CONNECTIONS
SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
BRACING CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Diagonal Bracing Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Force Transfer in Diagonal Bracing Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
The Uniform Force Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Special Case 1, Modified Working Point Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Special Case 2, Minimizing Shear in the Beam-to-Column Connection . . . . . . . 136
Special Case 3, No Gusset-to-Column Web Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Analysis of Existing Diagonal Bracing Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Design Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1311
TRUSS CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1311
Members in Trusses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1311
Minimum Connection Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1313
Panel-Point Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1313
Design Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1314
Support Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1314
Design Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1314
Truss Chord Splices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1317
DESIGN EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1317
EXAMPLE 13.1. Bracing connection design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1317
EXAMPLE 13.2. Bracing connection design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1332
EXAMPLE 13.3. Truss panel-point connection design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1338
EXAMPLE 13.4. Truss support connection design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1341
PART 13 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1348

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141
PART 14
DESIGN OF BEAM BEARING PLATES, COLUMN BASE
PLATES, ANCHOR RODS AND COLUMN SPLICES
SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
BEAM BEARING PLATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Force Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Recommended Bearing-Plate Dimensions and Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Design Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
COLUMN BASE PLATES FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Force Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Recommended Base-Plate Dimensions and Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Design Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Finishing Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Holes for Anchor Rods and Grouting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Grouting and Leveling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
COLUMN BASE PLATES FOR AXIAL TENSION, SHEAR OR MOMENT . . . . . . 148
ANCHOR RODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Minimum Edge Distance and Embedment Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Washer Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1410
Hooked Anchor Rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1410
Headed or Threaded and Nutted Anchor Rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1410
Anchor-Rod Nut Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1410
COLUMN SPLICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1410
Fit-Up of Column Splices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1411
Lifting Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1412
Column Alignment and Stability During Erection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1413
Force Transfer in Column Splices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1414
Flange-Plated Column Splices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1415
Directly Welded Flange Column Splices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1417
Butt-Plated Column Splices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1417
DESIGN EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1417
EXAMPLE 14.1. Beam bearing plate design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1417
EXAMPLE 14.2. Column base plate design for axial compression. . . . . . . . . . . 1420
PART 14 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1424

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PART 15
DESIGN OF HANGER CONNECTIONS, BRACKET
PLATES AND CRANE-RAIL CONNECTIONS
SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
HANGER CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
BRACKET PLATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
CRANE-RAIL CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Bolted Splices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Welded Splices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Hook Bolt Fastenings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Rail Clip Fastenings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Rail Clamp Fastenings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Patented Rail Clip Fastenings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
DESIGN EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
EXAMPLE 15.1. Hanger connection design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
EXAMPLE 15.2. Bolted bracket plate design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1513
EXAMPLE 15.3. Welded bracket plate design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1515
DESIGN TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1517
Table 15-1. Preliminary Hanger Connection Selection Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1517
Table 15-2. Net Elastic Section Modulus Snet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1517
FORGED STEEL STRUCTURAL HARDWARE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1517
Table 15-3. Dimensions and Weights of Clevises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1517
Table 15-4. Clevis Numbers Compatible with Various Rods and Pins . . . . . . . . . 1517
Table 15-5. Dimensions and Weights of Turnbuckles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1517
Table 15-6. Dimensions and Weights of Sleeve Nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1518
Table 15-7. Dimensions and Weights of Recessed-Pin Nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1518
Table 15-8. Dimensions and Weights of Cotter Pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1518
PART 15 REFERENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1518

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PART 16
SPECIFICATIONS AND CODES
LRFD SPECIFICATION FOR STRUCTURAL STEEL BUILDINGS,

DECEMBER 27, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1-i
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1iii
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1v
Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1xv
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1xxiii
Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.11
Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1163
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1279
LRFD SPECIFICATION FOR STEEL HOLLOW STRUCTURAL SECTIONS,
NOVEMBER 10, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.2i
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.2iii
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.2vii
Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.2xi
Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.21
Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.223
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.249
LRFD SPECIFICATION FOR SINGLE-ANGLE MEMBERS,
NOVEMBER 10, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.3i
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.3iii
Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.31
Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.39
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.319
SPECIFICATION FOR STRUCTURAL JOINTS USING ASTM A325 OR A490 BOLTS,
JUNE 23, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.4i
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.4iii
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.4v
Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.4vii
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.4ix
Specification and Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.41
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.475

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162 SPECIFICATIONS AND CODES
CODE OF STANDARD PRACTICE FOR STEEL BUILDINGS AND BRIDGES,

MARCH 7, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.5i
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.5iii
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.5vi
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.5ix
Specification and Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.51
Notes:
The above documents are available for free download in *.pdf format at www.aisc.org. While
not included in this Manual, the AISC Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings,
April 15, 1997 and Seismic Provisions Supplement No. 2, November 10, 2000 are available
for free download in *.pdf format at www.aisc.org. Information about AISC Certification of
steel fabricators and steel erectors is available at www.aisc.org/quality.html.

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PART 17
MISCELLANEOUS DATA AND
MATHEMATICAL INFORMATION
SI EQUIVALENTS OF STANDARD U.S. SHAPE PROFILES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

Table 17-1. W-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Table 17-2. M-, S- and HP-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Table 17-3. Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Table 17-4. Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Table 17-5. WT-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Table 17-6. MT- and ST-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1710
Table 17-7. Rectangular HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1711
Table 17-8. Round HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1715
Table 17-9. Steel Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1717
MISCELLANEOUS DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1718
Table 17-10. Wire and Sheet Metal Gages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1718
Table 17-11. Coefficients of Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1719
Table 17-12. Weights and Specific Gravities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1720
Table 17-13. Weights of Building Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1722
Table 17-14. U.S. Weights and Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1723
SI UNITS FOR STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1724
Table 17-15. Base SI Units for Steel Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1724
Table 17-16. SI Prefixes for Steel Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1724
Table 17-17. Derived SI Units for Steel Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1724
Table 17-18. Summary of SI Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1724
Table 17-19. SI Equivalents of Fractions of an Inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1725
Table 17-20. SI Bolt Designation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1725
Table 17-21. SI Steel Yield Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1725
Table 17-22. SI (Metric) Weights and Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1726
Table 17-23. SI Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1727

P1: GIG
172 MISCELLANEOUS DATA AND MATHEMATICAL INFORMATION
GEOMETRIC AND TRIGONOMETRIC DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1729

Bracing Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1729
Properties of Parabola and Ellipse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1730
Properties of the Circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1731
Properties of Geometric Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1732
Trigonometric Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1739

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LRFD Manual of Steel Construction - Third Edition. Table of Contents

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MANUAL

Load and Resistance

American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc.

All rights reserved. This book or any part thereof

The information presented in this publication has been prepared in accordance

Printed in the United States of America

First Printing: November 2001

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

1999 LRFD Specification for Structural Steel Buildings

The following major improvements have been made in this revision:

Workable gages for flange fasteners have been reintroduced.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

By the AISC Committee on Manuals and Textbooks,

William A. Thornton, Chairman Barry L. Barger, Vice Chairman

Charles J. Carter Charles R. Page

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

12 DIMENSIONS AND PROPERTIES

Table 1-10. ST-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

DIMENSIONS AND PROPERTIES 13

Table 1-43. WT-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1124

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

22 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

PROPERLY SPECIFYING MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 23

Information Required Only When Specified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

24 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Avoiding Lamellar Tearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

32 DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS

Table 3-4. Rectangular (and Square) HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

42 DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

52 DESIGN OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS

Concentrated Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

DESIGN OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS 53

Table 5-14. Composite W-Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

72 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR BOLTS

Fully Threaded ASTM A325 Bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

82 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR WELDS

OTHER SPECIFICATION REQUIREMENTS AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS . . . 811

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

92 DESIGN OF CONNECTION ELEMENTS

Concentrated Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

102 DESIGN OF SIMPLE SHEAR CONNECTIONS

UNSTIFFENED SEATED CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1092

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION