2/14/2017

DC MACHINES

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DC Machines: Introduction
DC machines are a special category of
rotational electrical machines, which
deliver/consume electrical energy in DC form
They are broadly classified as (i) Generator
and (ii) Motor
Broad constructional features of a DC Machine
is discussed next.

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DC Machines: Appearance

DC Machine

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DC Machines: Construction

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DC Machines: Principle of Operation

The field of the machine is excited (either by a separate source or by
residual magnetism)
In case of a generator the rotor is rotated by an external agent called
prime-mover (e.g. a diesel engine, an AC motor etc.)
Upon rotation, the armature conductors cut the field flux and EMF is
induced in the armature conductors.
This EMF appears across the rotor terminals via commutator brush
arrangement. If a load is connected across the terminals, it will draw a
current, which will generate a torque to oppose the rotation.
In case of a motor, the rotor is supplied from an external DC source (with
the field excited). As a result, the rotor conductors draw current and
produce torque, which in turn causes rotation of the rotor.
This rotation of the rotor (of motor) causes an EMF to develop in the rotor
conductors (by flux cutting). This EMF will oppose the DC source voltage
(Lenzs Law).

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DC Machines: Principle of Operation

DC Generator: Principle of Operation (apply Flemings Right Hand Rule)

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DC Machines: Principle of Operation

DC Motor: Principle of Operation (apply Flemings Left Hand Rule)

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DC Machines: Rotor Windings Lap

Winding

Lap Winding principle: No. of

parallel paths equals no. of poles
of the machine

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DC Machines: Rotor Windings Lap

Winding

Developed diagram of a simple lap winding (4-pole, 12 slots)

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DC Machines: Rotor Windings Wave

Winding

Wave Winding principle: No. of

parallel paths always equals two
irrespective of the no. of poles of
the machine

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DC Machines: Rotor Windings Lap

Winding

Developed diagram of a simple wave winding (4-pole, 21 slots)

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DC Machines: EMF Equation

Let a DC generator with P poles, speed N RPM, have Z rotor-conductors,
arranged in a parallel paths.

Hence, the average terminal EMF available is given by:

Z .. (1)
E g eav
a
If be the flux per pole of the machine, then in one full rotation, total
flux, cut by a single conductor = P
Hence, rate of flux cutting by a single conductor = Flux cut in unit time (1 sec). Thus,
N
eav P .. (2)
60
Hence, Z PN Z
E g eav
a 60 a
ZN P
Thus, the EMF Equation is given by: Eg .. (3)
60 a
N.B.: In case of generator, this EMF drives current through the load. In case
of motor, this EMF opposes the source EMF and is called back EMF
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DC Machines: Torque Equation

Let a DC motor with P poles, speed N RPM, have Z rotor-conductors, arranged in
a parallel paths. Let it generate a back EMF Eb while drawing an armature current
Ia. Let the corresponding electro-magnetic torque generated be Te.
Hence, mechanical power developed by the motor:
2NTe .. (1)
Pm
60
However, by Lenzs Law, such energy conversion (from electrical to mechanical) can
take place only when current is injected against the back EMF generated. Thus,
ZN P
Pm Eb I a Ia .. (2)
60 a
Hence, equating (1) and (2), it follows that:

2NTe ZN P
Ia N.B.: In case of motor, this torque drives rotates
60 60 a
the rotor and the load. In case of generator, this
1 ZP .. (3)
Te I a electro-magnetic torque opposes the mechanical
2 a
torque from the prime-mover.

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DC Machines: Types

Separately excited machine Shunt machine Series machine

Compound (long shunt) machine Compound (short shunt)

machine
Note:
1. All these types are applicable for both motors and generators.
2. For generators, armature current flows from Eo to Vt; for motors it is from Vt to Eo.
3. In all cases, additional rheostats may be placed in series or shunt to the field winding
to control field-excitation.
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DC Machines: Equations for Shunt

Machines
Ia IL
As a generator:
Eo Vt I a ra
Ia I f I L
Home Work:
If + Try to write the electrical
Vt I f R f equations for the other
Eo K e type of machines
Te K T I a
IL
Ia
As a motor:
Eo Vt I a ra
If + Ia IL I f
Vt I f R f
Eo K e
Te K T I a
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DC Machines: Characteristic Curves

Open Circuit Characteristics (OCC)

Test circuit for determining open circuit characteristics (left); a few sample OCC for a
DC machine, drawn at two different speeds (right)

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DC Machines: Characteristic Curves

EMF vs. Speed Curve

Test circuit for determining open circuit characteristics (left); a few sample EMF vs.
Speed curves for a DC machine, drawn at two different field excitations (right)

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DC Machines: Starting a Self-Excited

Shunt Generator

DC Self Excited Shunt Generator OCC of the generator and field resistance line,
showing the mechanism of self-excitation; the
dotted orange line is the critical resistance line
In case of a separately excited generator, the field is electrically isolated from the
armature. Hence, the field must be connected to an separate source to enable
generation. In such a case, intersection of two curves is not a necessary condition
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DC Machines: Starting of DC
Separately Excited Motor
At starting, is zero; hence Eo is also zero
However, when the switch to the armature circuit
is turned on, full Vt is applied to the circuit
Hence, a large current flows at start, which
gradually recedes as speed builds up
If machine has a large J, then it slowly speeds up,
and the large current lasts for a considerable time
(several seconds)
This may damage the armature winding
Hence, special starting techniques are required

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DC Machines: Starting of DC
Separately Excited Motor
Assuming operation in the linear zone:
Eo kI f .........(1)
Eo I a ra Vt ........(2)
Te kI f I a .......(3)
d
Te TL J B......(4)
dt
Combining (1) (4), the basic equation of
motion for the motor is deduced as follows:
Vt rT
a e 2 ......(5)
kI f ( kI f )

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DC Machines: Starting of DC
Separately Excited Motor
Initially, contactors K1,
K2 & K3 are all OPEN
Hence, full resistance
comes across the
armature circuit to
limit the current
Then, as speed builds
up, the contactors are
CLOSED ONE BY ONE
The current fluctuates
between two limits
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DC Machines: Speed Control of DC

Separately Excited Motor
Principally, two methods of speed control exists:
(a) Armature voltage control, and (b) Field
weakening control
In armature voltage control, the terminal voltage
Vt is varied to control the speed from 0 to rated
value (also called constant torque zone); here
field-flux stays at rated value
In field weakening control, the field current
(hence, the field flux) is reduced to control speed
from rated to about 1.3 times rated value (this
zone is called constant power zone)

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DC Motors: Armature Voltage Control

Terminal voltage Vt is being

varied to control speed

Vt rT Variation of torque-speed characteristics

a e 2 ......(5) as Vt is varied; the thick black curve is
kI f ( kI f ) for rated input voltage; field flux & load
torque remain constant
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DC Motors: Field Weakening Control

Field current If is being varied

to control speed Variation of torque-speed characteristics
as If is varied; the thick black curve is for
rated If; terminal voltage & load torque
Vt rT remain constant; speed increases only
a e 2 ......(5) for low values of load torque
kI f ( kI f )

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DC Machines: Applications
DC Generators are used in old sub-stations to convert from AC to
DC. An AC motor is fed from available 3-phase AC lines; this AC
motor is mechanically coupled to the DC generator. Hence, the DC
generator also rotates, thereby producing DC output voltage
DC Motors are used in Calcutta Tramways to drive trams along the
tracks. In such cases, both starting and speed control methods are
applied. Usually, the motors in use are DC series motors.
DC Motors are also used to drive the coaches of Calcutta Metro
Railways. These are large (high power output / heavy duty) traction
motors, running from 750 V DC supply.
DC Machines are being replaced by more reliable and cheaper AC
motors for most applications.

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