BUILDING DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ARCHITECHTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING

UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY MARA SHAH ALAM

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY III (BCM 514)

ASSIGNMENT PART 2 (B)

Prepared By : MOHD HAIZAIRI B. RAZALI

No. Matrix : 2013620178
Class : AP246 4C
Prepared For : Prof Madya Sr Hj Jamaludin Bin Mohd Aris
 PART B

1. SOIL NAILING

Project lebuh raya usaha sama Berhad (PLUS Berhad) is widening the existing dual-3-lane
carriageway into dual 4-lane carriageway from Shah Alam interchange to Jalan Duta Toll
Plaza, Bukit Lanjan to Rawang interchange and Nilai Utara interchange to Seremban
interchange (including south bound toward Port Dickson interchange). The total length of the
widening project is 63.3 km. the project is scheduled to be completed in December 2014
Methods

Step 1. Excavate Step 2. Drill nail holes

small cut

Step 3. Install and grout nail Step 4. Place temporary pacing (include
(includes strip drain shotcrete, reinforcement, bearing plate,
installation hex nut and washers installation

Step 5. Construction of Step 6. Place final facing on

subsequent level permanent wall s (including
building of toe drain
Step 1 Excavation.

Initial excavation is carried out to a depth for which the face of the excavation has the
ability to remain unsupported for a short period of time, typically on the order of 24 to
48 hours. The depth of the excavation lift is usually between 1 and 2m (3 and 6 ft) and
reaches slightly below the elevation where nails will be installed. The width of the
excavated platform or bench must be sufficient to provide access to the installation
equipment.

Step 2.Drilling Nail Holes

Drill holes are drilled to a specified length, diameter, inclination, and horizontal
spacing from this excavated platform.

Step 3. Nail Installation and Grouting

Nail bars are placed in the pre-drilled hole. The bars are most commonly solid,
although hollow steel nails can be also used have seen increased usage. Centralizers
are placed around the nails prior to insertion to help maintain alignment within the
hole and allow sufficient protective grout coverage over the nail bar. A grout pipe
(tremie) is also inserted in the drill hole at this time. When corrosion protection
requirements are high, corrugated plastic sheathing can also be used to provide an
additional level of corrosion protection. The drill hole is then filled with cement grout
through the tremie pipe. The grout is commonly placed under gravity or low pressure.
If hollow self-drilling bars are used (only as temporary structures), the drilling and
grouting take place in one operation. Prior to Step 4 (facing placement), geocomposite
drainage strips are installed on the excavation face approximately midway between
each set of adjacent nails. The drainage strips are the nunrolled to the next wall lift.
The drainage strips extend to the bottom of the excavation where collected water is
conveyed via a toe drain away from the soil nail wall.

Step 4.Construction of Temporary Shotcrete Facing.

A temporary facing system is then constructed to support the open-cut soil section
before the next lift of soil is excavated.The most typical temporary facing consists of a
lightly reinforced shotcrete layer commonly 100 mm (4 in.) thick. The reinforcement
typically consists of welded wiremesh (WWM), which is placed at approximately the
middle of the facing thickness (see lower part of Figure 2.1). The length of the WWM
must be such that it allows at least one full mesh cell to overlap with subsequent
WWM panels. Following appropriate curing time for the temporary facing, a steel
bearing plate is placed over the nail head protruding from the drill hole. The bar is
 then lightly pressed into the first layer of fresh shotcrete. A hex nut and washers are
subsequently installed to secure the nail head against the bearing plate. The hex nut is
tightened to a required minimum torque after the temporary facing has sufficiently
cured. This usually requires a minimum of 24hours. If required, testing of the installed
nails to measure deflections (for comparisonto a pre-specified criterion) and proof load
capacities may be performed prior to proceeding with the next excavation lift. Before
proceeding with subsequentexcavation lifts, the shotcrete must have cured for at least
72 hours or have attained atleast the specified 3-day compressive strength [typically
10.5 MPa (1,500 psi).

Step 5. Construction of Subsequent Levels.

Steps 1 through 4 are repeated for the remaining excavation lifts. At each excavation
lift, the vertical drainage strip is unrolled downward to the subsequent lift. A new
panel of WWM is then placed overlapping at least one full mesh cell. The temporary
shotcrete is continued with a cold joint with the previous shotcrete lift. At the bottom
of the excavation, the drainage strip is tied to a collecting toe drain.

Step 6. Construction of a Final, Permanent Facing.

After the bottom of the excavation is reached and nails are installed and load tested, a
final facing may be constructed. Final facing may consist of cast-in-place (CIP)
reinforced concrete, reinforced shotcrete, or prefabricated panels. The reinforcement
of permanent facing is conventional concrete bars or WWM. When CIP concrete and
shotcrete are used for the permanent facing, horizontal joints between excavation lifts
are avoided to the maximum extent possible
Advantages of Soil Nail Walls

Soil nail walls exhibit numerous advantages when compared to ground anchors and
alternative top-down construction techniques. Some of these advantages are described below:

Construction

requires smaller ROW than ground anchors as soil nails are typically shorter;

less disruptive to traffic and causes less environmental impact compared to other
construction techniques;

provides a less congested bottom of excavation, particularly when compared to braced

excavations;

there is no need to embed any structural element below the bottom of excavation as with
soldier beams used in ground anchor walls;

installation of soil nail walls is relatively rapid and uses typically less construction materials
than ground anchor walls;

easy adjustments of nail inclination and location can be made when obstructions (e.g.,
cobbles or boulders, piles or underground utilities) are encountered; on the other hand, the
horizontal position of ground anchors is more difficult to modify almost making adjustments
in the field costly;

because significantly more soil nails are used than ground anchors, adjustments to the design
layout of the soil nails are more easily accomplished in the field without compromising the
level of safety;

overhead construction requirements are smaller than those for ground anchor walls because
soil nail walls do not require the installation of soldier beams; this is particularly important
when construction occurs under a bridge;

soil nailing is advantageous at sites with remote access because smaller equipment is
generally needed; and

the number of contractors with qualifications and experience in soil nail wall construction is
increasing each year.

Performance

soil nail walls are relatively flexible and can accommodate relatively large total and
differential settlements;

measured total deflections of soil nail walls are usually within tolerable limits; and

soil nail walls have performed well during seismic events owing to overall system flexibility.
Cost

soil nail walls are more economical than conventional concrete gravity walls when
conventional soil nailing construction procedures are used;

soil nail walls are typically equivalent in cost or more cost-effective than ground anchor
walls when conventional soil nailing construction procedures are used; and

shotcrete facing is typically less costly than the structural facing required for other wall
systems.

Some of the potential disadvantages of soil nail walls are listed below:

soil nail walls may not be appropriate for applications where very strict deformation control
is required for structures and utilities located behind the proposed wall, as the system requires
some soil deformation to mobilize resistance; post tensioning of soil nails can overcome this
shortcoming in most cases, but this step increases the project cost

the occurrence of utilities may place restrictions on the location, inclination, and length of
soil nails in the upper rows;

soil nail walls are not well-suited where large amounts of groundwater seeps into the
excavation because of the requirement to maintain a temporary unsupported excavation face;

permanent soil nail walls require permanent, underground easements; and

construction of soil nail walls requires specialized and experienced contractors

2. GABION WALL

The location at the Km 21 Lebuh Raya Utara Lembah Klang (NKVE)

methods

Gabion consists rectangular steel wire mesh basket, which when filled with small
rocks, forms a section that can be placed into a man-made wall. Dozens of gabions can
be locked together and stacked upon each other. Their function provides a barrier to
retard and slow erosion processes caused by water or excessive seepage on steep or
mild slopes. Gabions have several beneficial advantages to the environment, while
they also produce some obvious drawbacks

Advantages of gabion wall

1. Handling and Construction

The construction materials for gabion walls are easy to transport to sites, easy to
unload and place. The rock fill comes in various sizes and colors to accommodate the
volume and design of each wall, making them customized for each application. The
gabions can be placed to follow a grade along a wall, form the banks of stream beds
and reinforce dunes in coastal areas. The tops of gabion walls can taper to follow any
change in landscape elevation. Speed of construction remains fast.

2. Endurance
Gabion walls resist breakage and separation, due to the flexibility of their wire mesh
construction. They can endure repeated wave pounding and stream flow without
disintegration. The gravel and rocks used in gabion construction are natural to the
environment and can endure years of wear through water erosion. The galvanized wire
used in the mesh resists corrosion and rust.
3. Application
Gabion walls can be used in the formation of pond and damn walls, as well as
cladding for building structures. Cement caps can be placed on top of gabion walls,
similar to the way sidewalks cap the top of wall structures. Gabions can be used to
fashion interconnected beds for slope stabilization, riverbanks and drainage channels.
They provide protection against hill and mud slides, where the topsoil is loose and has
no root foundation.

4. Drainage
Due to the pebble and gravel construction of gabion walls, the permeability remains
good, allowing sufficient natural drainage of runoff, while decreasing the water
velocity by breaking it up and dispersing the pressure over a wide are

Disadvantages of gabion wall

1. Aesthetics
Gabion structures have suffered a reputation for being unsightly and unnatural in river,
pond and beach settings. The front-facing walls appear bland and mechanical in
design, rather than form natural-looking rock barriers. Large gabion walls constructed
on tourist beaches serve as a distraction, where very thick and long walls must be used
to protect large beach areas.

2. Maintenance
If the rocks shift or become worn down inside the metal baskets as a result of heavy
water and wave activity, the entire wall must be disassembled to reached the damaged
area. For very tall gabion stacks, any damage to the lower areas requires the removal
of the upper wall elevations, which can be costly and time-consuming.

3. Wall Assembly and Cost

Although gabion walls offer a good economic choice for most applications, they
remain more expensive to install than natural vegetated slopes or riprap. Gabion walls
require heavy equipment to construct, since mechanical lifting is required to set heavy
walls sections in place.

4. Endurance
In instances of high velocity streams and wave interaction, gabion wall wire mesh
baskets can abrade and tear open, spilling the rock fill.

5. Inspection
Gabion walls must be inspected on a regular basis to insure their integrity. They must
also be immediately inspected and evaluated after any storm, which has caused
heavier than normal water flow.
 1. GRAVITY RETAINING WALL

Gravity walls are earliest known retaining structures. They are built from solid concrete or
rock rubble mortared together. The lateral forces from backfill is resisted by the weight of
wall itself, and due to their massive, they develop little or no tension. Therefore, they are
usually not reinforced with steel. Gravity walls are economical for heights up to 3m (10feet)

Methods

Install base material, level, and compact level blocks, adjust where needed

Install AB fieldstone facing units, level and adjust install AB fieldstone anchoring units

Install and compact wall rock and backfill soils sweep to remove excess materials for
proper placement of the next course

Compact wall rock and backfill soils install filter fabric and string line to
starting on the blocks place AB Caps
Step 1: Site Preparation and Excavation

Remove surface vegetation and organic soils.

Per the approved plan, excavate base trench a minimum of 24 in. (610 mm) wide and
12 in. (300 mm) deep.*
Remove unsuitable soils and replace with compactable materials.
Buried block should be a minimum of 6 in. (150 mm). Check plans to see how much
buried block is required.
Compact and level trench.

Step 2: Install Base Material

Per the approved plans, place a minimum of 6 in. (150 mm) of wall rock in the base
trench and rake smooth.*
Compact and level base material.
Site Soils Engineer should verify that a proper base is established.

Step 3: Install Base Course

Begin at the lowest retaining wall elevation. Place retaining wall blocks on base
material, check and adjust for level and alignment of each unit.
Drain pipe is required for retaining walls over 4 ft. (1.2 m) tall or are constructed in
silty or clay soils. See approved plans for location and specifications. Refer to design
details on an alternate drain location.

Step 4: Install Wall Rock and Backfill Materials

Fill the hollow cores and a minimum of 12 in. (300 mm) behind the retaining wall with
wall rock.
Use approved soils to backfill behind the wall rock and in front of the base course.
Use a plate compactor to consolidate the area behind the block. Compact in lifts of 8
in. (200 mm) or less.

Step 5: Install Additional Courses

Remove all excess material from the top surface of retaining wall blocks. This can
be done when installing the next course of block, by sliding the block into place.
Stack the next course of blocks so that the vertical seams are offset from the blocks
below by at least 3 in. (75 mm) or 1/4 the length of the block.
Check and adjust for level, alignment and the wall batter as the retaining wall
stacks up.
Fill the block cores and behind the block with wall rock a minimum of 12 in. (300
mm). Use approved soils to backfill behind the wall rock.
From course 2 and above use a plate compactor to compact directly on the blocks
as well as the area behind the blocks. Compact in lifts of 8 in. (200 mm) or less.
Complete the retaining wall to required height. See finishing details for
information on retaining wall ending options.
Use 8 in. (200 mm) of impermeable fill on the last lift to finish off wall.
*For walls under 4 ft. (1.2 m), an 18 in. (460 mm) wide by 10 in. (250 mm) deep
trench with 4 in. (100 mm) of wall rock base material is acceptable.
Advantages

1. Cheap and simple to build no specialized equipment is needed for construction.

2. The reinforced concrete wall takes up little space.
3. The gravity wall can look attractive if built from natural stone.

Disadvantages

1. Limited height.
2. Space needed behind wall for construction and backfilling.
3. Not suitable for soft soils due bearing failure.
4. The gravity wall is prone to sliding failure often requires key and propping.