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Most of the genes needed by the mitochondria and chloroplast Own consumption
have been subverted by the nuclear genome, but some still remain Histones
in M and Cl RuBisCO
Needed by the lipid bilayer
Cholesterol
Channels
Transporters
B lymphocytes which produce antibody
immunoglobins
Cells of the pancreas which secrete digestive enzymes as
well as hormones
Trypsin
Lyases
Nucleases
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Interconnected, close membrane-bounded vesicles that form canals
Especially important in the synthesis of lipids and proteins
2 types
o Smooth ER
For synthesis of fatty acids and lipids
Calcium sequestration; seen in specific cell types such as the
muscles
Abundant in the hepatocytes o Outer membrane of the nucleus continuous with the Rough ER
Its enzymes detoxify hydrophobic chemicals such as toxins and
carcinogens by converting them into more water soluble form Golgi Apparatus
o Rough ER
Stacks of many flattened vesicles near the nucleus
With ribosomes on the surface for protein synthesis Proteins from the ER unloaded into the three regions of the golgi apparatus in
Proteins being made by the ribosomes are threaded through the sequence
ER membrane and are packaged out to the plasma membrane, or o Cis ---> Medial ---> Trans
to other organelles, or to the outside (if secretory cells) o Here the proteins are modified; each region has specific enzymes to
RER many and important in cells where much secretory proteins modify the secretory and membrane proteins accordingly
are needed o After reaching the trans region, secretory proteins are transported via
Secretory products: transport vesicles
Pepsinogen Some coated with "clathrin" are called coated vesicle
Amylase
Acetylcholine
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Some vesicles transport proteins for use within the cells or the cell The Nucleus
membrane Is the largest organelle
Usually place of glycosylation and phosphorylation (kinase) Distinguishing feature of the eukaryotic cell
o Collagen Parts:
Movement of proteins through golgi apparatus o Nuclear envelope
o Chromosomes (with nucleolus)
Nucleolus manufactures ribosomal RNA
Granular part and fibrillar part
o Nucleoplasm
o Nuclear matrix
Well trabeculated part
Supported by nuclear lamin
hutchinson's progeria syndrome
o Manifests in children looking old
o The cisternal maturation model o Nuclear lamin deficiency
As a new cis cisterna is formed it transverses the golgi stack, Double membrane
changing as it matures by accumulating medial, then trans o Outer membrane continuous with RER
enzymes through vesicles that move from later to earlier cisternae Two nuclear membranes seemingly fuse at the nuclear pore complex ---->
Proteins travel with the cisternae passage for RNA to exit nucleus; proteins from cytosol can enter nucleus after
o Vesicular transport model synthesis
Cisternae stay put but proteins travel along the way and modify as
they travel through the layer
No transportation of enzymes
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Nuclear pore complex
o Adjust to accomodate
Nucleolus
o Where most rRNAs are synthesised;
Ribosomal proteins also added
Completed or partly completed ribosomes exit via nuclear pore
Nuclear membrane strengthened by nuclear lamins