Notes from reports and maam that are not in contraction of heart but saturation may occur

the slides: and lead to decrease of rate

Skeletal muscle Cardiac Cycle

-our report, maam just asked about molecular -oxygenated and deoxygenated do not mix due
pathway of skeletal contraction to trabeculae

The Cardiac Muscle Vagal stimulation

regular heartbeat: -destroying vagus nerve will cause tachycardia

P-Atrial depolarization: atrial contraction -accelerated idioventricular rhythm: why there

is increase in heart rate when heart recovers
Q- Ventricular depol: ventricular contraction

R-ventricular depolarization Effect of chemical stimulation

o Acetycholine: strength of beat not
S-ventricular depolarization affected even if there is decrease in
heart rate and frequency
T- repolarization of ventricles
o Adrenaline: increases contraction and
chemical control heart rate
o Atropine: increase contraction and
Acetylcholine: decrease amplitude, heart rate heart rate, for patients with
slower, efflux bradychardia

Atropine: relaxation prolonged, amplitude Refractory period

decrease
-period of delay in between stimuli
Adrenaline: increase amplitude of heartbeat
o Extrasystole
Refractory period of the heart
-may lead to arrhythmias (brady or
-all diastolic shocks have pre-mature tachycardia)
contractions
o Compensatory pause
-early systole no premature contraction
-provides momentum of another
Effect on inorganic ions and other contraction
substances
o Frank starling mechanism
-ringers normalize heart rate
-blood ejected proportional to distention of
-sodium chloride increase heart rate blood prior to contraction
-potassium chloride decrease heart rate -more stretch, more force in contraction
-calcium chloride increase heart rate but -not sure basta yun rinig ko na sabi niya he
eventually decrease heart rate due to calcium he he bat ako nagnotes he he
ions moving through calcium ion channels in
cardiac cells which allows sustenance of Heart Block
 -bradycardia
1st degree: slow but no heartbeat missed,
not much effect will be seen, 1 to 1 ratio
2nd degree: electrical signal slowed -- some
does not reach ventricle. Has 2 types
1. Mobitz type 1- electrical signal
delayed, until heartbeat skips a
beat
2. Mobitz type 2- some people who
have this have device to serve as
pacemaker
3rd degree: electrical signals do not reach
ventricle, independent contraction of atrium sa
ventricle, may lead to cardiac arrest
Q&A
o 3 types of effects of stimulus sa
heartbeat
1. chronotropic- bradycardia and tachycardia
2. inotropic
3. dromotropic
-bradycardia and heart block diff
-heart block conduct electrical impulses
o Heart block
1. complete: 1st and 2nd degree
2. incomplete: 3rd degree
o Vagal escape
-when sinus venosus stops, ventricle will takes
its place, idioventricular rhythm enhance
heartbeat and will bring back heartbeat that
decreased to normal heart rate
o All or none law
-no maximal threshold dapat
o What is significance of double pithing
-deactivate impulses of brain and spinal cord to
make sure impulses from heart is the only thing
you record
-to make sure frog feels no pain because it will
affect data
o Abt their results
-when shock applied in later diastole,
magnitude of contraction increase, it means
that its near resting potential of the membrane
bec nakarecover na siya
o May difference ba itsura ng action
potential ng skeletal sa cardiac
-SEARCH THIS NIGGAS and know what the
peak thingies mean
Smooth muscles
Smooth muscles
-non-striated unlike skeletal and cardiac bec
actin and myosin filamens not arranged into
sarcomere but into bundles of thick filaments in
dense bodies
-multiunitary: neurogenic meaning they rely on
neural stimulus
Smooth muscle contraction
-diff with skeletal, no troponin but has
caldesmon which is bound to actin, hindi
makabind actins a myosin, walang contraction,
para magkacontraction, you have to depolarize
membrane for calcium that will bind to
calmodulin (forms complex), binds to
caldesmon and removes it from actin, causing
contraction
o Myosin-light chain dependent
mechanism
-increased calcium levels complex with myosin
light chain which will change conformation of
myosin head para makabind sa actin kahit may
nakaharang (what lol)
-alternately, imbes na sa caldesmon mag bind,
you can also bind to myosin light chain kinase
which phosphorylates myosin light chain
Results
o Chemicals
-exposure of organs to acetycholine increase
rate
-exposure of organs to adrenaline decrease rate
o Vagus nerve stimulation
-acetycholine for heart decreases heart rate due
to lowering ca levels which weaken heart
contraction
-acetycholine for stomach open calcium
channels and increase contraction rate
-interstitial cells of cajal stand as pacemaker of
stomach
o Response of skeletal, cardiac, and
smooth muscles to muscles
Acetycholine:
-contraction of skeletal muscle: acetycholine
cause opening, Na come in, cause
depolarization, open voltage gated channel,
calcium enter and cause contraction
-contraction of smooth muscle: receptor open,
calcium enter, contract
-contraction of cardiac muscle: bind to receptor
na nagpapababa ng amp levels gthat cause
decrease calcium in tissue kasi di nagbubukas
lahat ng ion channels
Adrenaline:
-skeletal muscle need more blood and directs
blood from GI tract to skeletal muscles
Q&A
o Does skeletal have tropomyosin?
-yes
o There was a question I didnt hear it
-When complexed to calcium,it will bind
to caldesmon
o What are the specific receptors of
acetycholine na makikita sa different
types of muscles
Acetycholine: Cholinergic receptors
-Skeletal muscle has nicotinic
-Smooth and Cardiac has muscarinic
(smooth especially GI tract is M3 dominant
while cardiac is M2 dominant)
Adrenaline: Adrenergic receptor
-Skeletal: increase activity
-Cardiac increase
-Smooth slows down
-Beta 2 adrenoreceptors more at heart,
alpha adrenoreceptorsat GI tract, a lot of
beta 1 adrenoreceptors at skeletal
o Under what autonomic nervous system
ang vagus nerve
-parasympathetic (WAG DAW MALITO
MGA BES)
Reflex Action in the frog
Reflex
-autonomic reflex arc no interneuron
-motor neuron of of autonomic has 2 synapse,
somatic has 1
CNS control posture and breathing
-posture of frog controlled by CNS specifically
by cerebellum which control resting posture
-eyes controlled by respiratory center in pons of
brain
-muscle tone controlled by hind brain
Righting reflex
-propioceptor allow brain to perceive location
and orientation of muscle
-eh basta ang labo niya ditto eh anuna move pa
ng head and eyes pa more
Blink reflex
-stimulus travel thru eye, trigeminal nerve,
medulla oblongata, alpha motor neurons,
contraction of orbicularis oculi, only present in
normal frog
Auditory palpebral reflex
-loud sounds travel thru tympanum, auditory
nerve, inferior colliculus (auditory center), alpha
motor neurons, contraction of orbicularis-oculi
Stretch reflex/myotactic reflex
-when muscle extended, muscle spindle detect
this, travel to type 1A afferent nerves, synapse
with alpha motor neurons then contract muscle
-example of this is patellar reflex; part under
patella, muscle is extended there, magsstretch
and biceps femoris
-only seen in normal frog
Golgi tendon reflex
-when muscle contract, may reflex na mag
eextend siya, inhibitory response to prevent
damage
Flexor-crossed-extensor reflex/Flexor-
withdrawal reflex
-response to painful stimulus
-for example may hinawakan kang mainit na
bagay, reflex is to stay away from it, muscles
will contract for you to move
-nociceptors are pain receptors, will travel to A-
delta or C sensory nerve fibers (A delta is fast-
felt actual pain, C fibers is slow-emphasis of
pain)
Wipe/Scratch reflex
-pruriceptive nerves detect irritation
(parang subtype of noriceptor), thru C
sensory nerve fiber, type 1 Afferent nerves,
alpha motor neurons, scratching motion
-theory is that it can cause minor injury in
the body, body thinks that, that aprt of the
body is in danger and will cause
inflammatory response
Clasp/ Quieting reflex
-increase chance of fertilization
-has hormonal component such as andorgens
like testosterone
Reflex action and reflex time
-frog can absorb water for mucus secretion
-action potential; plasma membrane more
positive inside than outside
-fastest reflex time observed at 1%HCl, proton
disprupt pH of frogs skin
-procaine is local anesthetic and inhibit
activation of voltage sodium channels, no
depolarization will occur, no action potential
will drive reflex action
-sodium bicarbonate and water used to stabilize
skin condition
Synapses
-site between 2 neurons where it is close
enough to enable action potential
-presynaptic neuron synthesize neuro
transmitters or chemical messengers to send
signal to next neuron, neurotransmitter travel
to postsynaptic neuron
-synaptic fatigue occurs when all
neurotransmitters have travelled but
presynaptic neuron does not synthesize
neurotransmitters at same rate

Q&A

o Why si there reflex inhibition, what is its

significance?

-prevent muscle damage

o Read on different kinds of reflex

o Flexion withdrawal, whats the effector
organ?
-hindlimb
o Known if reflex is present in the
different kinds of frogs
o Respiration present ba sa spinal
-yes but slower since may neurons pa
rin sa spinal cord
o Is Amplexus present in spinal yes
because there are still neurons in spinal
cord

BRING BLUE BOOK, EXAM ON MONDAY 3-5PM

MWA MA