Introduction 1

Notation
a velocity of sound A area of cross-section
c fluid velocity
cp specific heat at constant pressure
cv specific heat at constant volume D hydraulic mean diameter
mean coefficient of friction F impulse function
h enthalpy, actual deflection k constant
L length of the pipe line
1 magnified value of manometer deflection
Lmax maximum pipe length required for choking conditions

 mass flow rate M Mach number
P power p pressure
p pressure rise or drop pr pressure ratio
Qmax maximum heat transfer Q volume flow rate
R Gas constant s entropy
t temperature in C T temperature in K
v specific volume w mass flow rate
Z altitude s change of entropy
Mach angle, manometer inclination
= cp /cv wave angle
deflection or half wedge angle coefficient of viscosity
density (M) Prandtl-Meyer function
efficiency

Subscripts
0 Stagnation state x upstream of normal shock
y downstream of normal shock A upstream of oblique shock
2 downstream of oblique shock s isentropic

Superscripts
* corresponding to choking conditions (M = 1)

O
*t corresponding to k = (isothermal flow)

2 Gas Tables for Compressible Flow Calculations

Introduction
This section is designed to help the user to make the best use of the data given in the tables.
Detailed explanation of the various theories behind the formulae mentioned in this section are not
included; the user is expected to be aware of these while using the tables. However, some explana-
tory notes and figures have been included.

1. Gas dynamic properties of some gases and vapours

It is well known that the specific heats (cp and cv) of gases and vapours vary with temperature.
Therefore, the values of the ratio of specific heats, Gas constant and the maximum mass flow
parameters also vary with temperature. These have been tabulated for a range of temperatures at
given values of pressure.
Only some of the commonly used gases and vapours have been chosen for these tables.

Formulas

= ...(1.1)

p = ...(1.2)

a= RT ...(1.3)

+1 1/2

w T0 2 1
=
A* p 0 R + 1 ...(1.4)

2. Properties of standard atmosphere

Values of temperature, velocity of sound, pressure, density and dynamic viscosity of air are tabu-
lated against altitude in the range of 0 to 20,000 meters.
The lapse rate in temperature is 0.65C for each 100 meters of altitude upto an altitude of
11,000 meters.
Kinematic viscosity (/) can be determined with the help of the last two columns.

3. Isentropic flow of perfect gases

Subsonic and supersonic isentropic flows in nozzles and diffusers are shown in figures 1 and 2
respectively. Pressures corresponding to the choking and stagnation states in both the cases are
also shown.

Assumptions
(a) One dimensional isentropic flow,
(b) Perfect gas with constant specific heats and molecular weight.
Introduction 3

p0

M=0

M<1 p*

M = M* = 1
p

M>1

Fig. 1. Isentropic Accelerating Flow

Fig. 2. Isentropic Decelerating Flow

4 Gas Tables for Compressible Flow Calculations

Formulas

rN = rNH = ...(3.1)

r O
=
rN O + O k P ...(3.2)
P


=
r FG IJ O F O k IJ
= GO + P O

N rN H K H P K ...(3.3)

O O

=
r FG IJ O F O k IJ
= GO + P O
N rN H K H P K ...(3.4)

+O P
k
kH = H = P ...(3.5)
O P
O+ k
P

+O
_ O LMF P I FGO + O k IJ OP b g
P O

NGH + OJK H P K Q
P
H
= ...(3.6)
_ k

d O + k P
=
dH F O k IJ
P b + Og GO + P
...(3.7)
k
H P K
+O
FG P IJ b g
P O

_


=
H + OK ...(3.8)
H
_ N kO +
O P
k
P

4. Normal shocks in perfect gases

A normal shock from state X to state Y is shown in figure 3.

Assumptions
(a) One dimensional flow with normal shocks,
(b) Constant area duct,
(c) Perfect gas with constant specific heats and molecular weight,
(d) Adiabatic flow.
Introduction 5

Formulas

rN = rN ...(4.1)

LM P + k OP P

OP

=M
MM P k OPPP
O
k ...(4.2)
P
N O Q

py 1 + M 2x 2 1
= = M 2x ...(4.3)
px 1 + M 2y +1 +1

O P O+
O P
k
P FG
k P O
IJ FG IJ
r
= P
O+k
=
P O H KH K ...(4.4)
r O + O k P

+O
P
kP
b g
P P O b g
Fr I
=G J

OP

Hr K
...(4.5)

r
= ...(4.6)
r

= O+
FG
O P
k
IJ O
N PH K ...(4.7)

N F O k IJ
= GO + P O
H P K ...(4.8)

N N
= ...(4.9)
N N

= N ...(4.10)
p N

N N
= ...(4.11)

6 Gas Tables for Compressible Flow Calculations

Fig. 3. Normal Shock, Fanno and Rayleigh Lines

5. Oblique shocks in perfect gases

An oblique shock wave is inclined at an angle to the direction of upstream flow. Figure 4 shows an
oblique shock wave at the corner of a wall. Supersonic flow passing through an oblique shock
(wave angle = ) is deflected through an angle (). The same picture is obtained when a super-
sonic flow is deflected through an angle () either over a wedge or a wall corner.

Fig. 4. Flow Through Oblique Shock Wave

Figure 4 shows the upstream and downstream Mach numbers corresponding to a normal shock.
Introduction 7

Assumptions
(a) Perfect gas with constant specific heats and molecular weight,
(b) Adiabatic flow,
(c) Absence of body forces,
(d) Absence of external work.

Formulas

M12 sin 2 2 cot

tan = ...(5.1)
2 + M12 ( + cos 2)
k = kO ...(5.2)

b
k = k P g ...(5.3)
Table 5.1 is used to determine the wave angle for given values of upstream Mach numbers and
deflection.
Table 5.2 enables calculations of properties downstream of the oblique shock through normal
shock tables. The gas property ratios corresponding to Mach number Mx can be found from Table
4.2.

6. Flow of perfect gases with friction (Fanno flow)

A Fanno line is shown on h-s co-ordinates in figure 3.
Friction in the passage leads to increase in entropy and takes the process towards the choking
conditions (M = M* = 1).

Assumptions
(a) One dimensional flow with friction,
(b) Constant area duct,
(c) Perfect gas with constant specific heats and molecular weight,
(d) Adiabatic flow.

Formulas

rN = rNH = ...(6.1)

O +O
=
H k
P O+
FG
O P
k
IJ
HP K ...(6.2)

H +O
= =k
H
P O+
O P
k
FG IJ
P H K ...(6.3)
8 Gas Tables for Compressible Flow Calculations

r +O
=
r H
P O+
FG
O P IJ
HP
k
K ...(6.4)

+O
LM P FGO + O k IJ OP b
P P O g
N
= M
O H P KP
HN kM
MN b + Og PPQ
...(6.5)

d O + k P
=
dH LM b g FG
k P +O O+
O
kP
IJ OP OP
...(6.6)
N H P KQ
R
j O k P + O
= +
+ O kP b g
b k P P
P O+
O P
k
FG IJ ...(6.7)
P H K
+O
H +O P
= kP
O P
P kP O + k ...(6.8)
P

7. Isothermal flow of perfect gases with friction

The combined effect of friction and heat transfer in long ducts can be considered to produce an
isothermal flow model.
H H H H
e
H
Here the reference values of the properties J J J rN J N >>j are taken at the j
Mach number
O
kH =

Assumptions
(a) One dimensional flow with friction and heat transfer,
(b) Constant area duct,
(c) Perfect gas with constant specific heats and molecular weight,
(d) Isothermal flow.
Introduction 9

Formulas

O
H
=k ...(7.1)

H k
= = ...(7.2)
H

rN
=
P
O+
FG
O P
k
IJ
H
rN Q O PH K ...(7.3)

N
=k
O LM P FGO + O k IJ OPP O
H
N N Q O H P K Q ...(7.4)

L max 1 M 2
4f
D
=
M2
(
+ ln M 2 ) ...(7.5)

8. Flow of perfect gases with heat transfer (Rayleigh flow)

A Rayleigh line is shown in figure 3. Heat addition increases the entropy and takes the process
towards the choking conditions (M = M* = 1). This behaviour imposes a limit to heat addition;
therefore for a given initial Mach number there is a fixed value of the maximum possible heat
transfer (Qmax). This has been tabulated in Table 8.4.

Assumptions
(a) One dimensional flow with heat transfer,
(b) Constant area frictionless duct,
(c) Perfect gas with constant specific heats and molecular weight.

Formulas

p 1+
*
= ...(8.1)
p 1 + M2

1 2 1
2 1+ M
p0 1 + 2
= ...(8.2)
* 2
p0 1 + M +1

2
T 1+
*
= 2
M2 ...(8.3)
T 1+ M
10 Gas Tables for Compressible Flow Calculations

rN
b g FGH P O k IJK
P O + kP O + P

= ...(8.4)
rNH P P
eO + k j
H O + k P
= =
H b g
O + kP
...(8.5)

+O
H F O+ I

= k P GH
O + k P
JK ...(8.6)

d = d H = ...(8.7)

P
o
=
e j
kP O
b g
r P + O kP
...(8.8)

9. Prandtl-Meyer functions with Mach angles

Supersonic flow of a gas along a wall turning in the clock-wise direction is shown in figure 5.
Mach wave and the Mach angle () are also shown.

Fig. 5. Prandtl-Meyer Expansion

Assumptions
(a) Perfect gas with constant specific heats and molecular weight,
(b) Isentropic flow.
Introduction 11

Formulas

O
= ...(9.1)
k
+O O P
b g
k =
O
O
+O
e j
k O O k P O ...(9.2)

10. Approximate velocities and Mach numbers of air

At low velocities (M < 0.30) correct values of the velocity of a gas can be determined by measur-
FG
ing the dynamic head N =
O P IJ
. Conversely the value of the dynamic head required for
H P K
obtaining a given velocity can also be determined.
Knowledge of the temperature of the gas along with the dynamic head gives the value of
Mach number.
P
=

b
pr N g ...(10.1)

k=
bprg OP ...(10.2)

For lower velocities dynamic head is measured in millimeters of water (mmW.G.) on a verti-
cal or inclined tube manometer. At higher velocities dynamic head is more conveniently measured
in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg).
Tables 10.1 and 10.2 give approximate velocities and Mach numbers at the prescribed values
of pressure and temperature; the approximation is less realistic at higher Mach numbers on ac-
count of increasing deviation of the actual flow from incompressible flow conditions. Therefore,
at higher Mach numbers Table 10.2 gives only rough estimates of the velocity and Mach number.
On account of this discrepancy the use of Table 10.3 is recommended at higher Mach numbers.

11. Measurement of low pressures on inclined manometers

Low pressures and velocities of gases can be measured by magnifying the actual manometer
deflection (h) many times. This is done by inclining the manometer tube/tubes by angles shown in
Table 11.
Actual (h) and magnified (A) values of the deflection are shown in figure 6.

Fig. 6. Actual (h) and Magnified (A) Values of Deflections in Inclined Tube Manometer
12 Gas Tables for Compressible Flow Calculations

12. Static pressure drop (pr = outlet pressure/inlet pressure) in gas pipe lines
Compressors are required to raise the pressure of gases to compensate for the pressure drop in long
pipe lines. In these tables values of static pressure drop in the pipe lines have been tabulated with
the assumption of isothermal flow. The flow has been further assumed to start with a low Mach
number of M1 = 0.02. Pressure drop has been expressed as pressure ratio
= P O L
Following relations have been used to compute the values of the pressure ratio:

= kO J J J j b ...(12.1)

= NLNP PSNN R j b ...(12.2)

Following values of the parameters have been covered:

= OLQJ OJ R
= NLNNP J NLNNPSJ NLNNQNJ NLNNQSJ NLNNRNJ NLNNSN
j b = ON P ON S
These values of the pressure drop can be employed to obtain the magnitudes of the compressor
power.

13. Isentropic compressor power

The ideal power required to drive a compressor is given by:

c h
n =  rP rO = g >

n =  rO b g
O
O ...(13.1)

The pressure ratio is given by

p r = exit pressure entry pressure = p 2 p1 = (T2s T1 ) ( 1)
...(13.2)
For the sake of generality following values have been used in the calculations:
= OLN 'h ' i

rO = QNN>i
The actual power (for a given pressure ratio) can be calculated by multiplying the values in
the table by the factor k given by:

' = rO N rO = rO QNN N ...(13.3)

where, T1 = actual temperature of the gas at entry
0 = overall efficiency of the compressor and motor (prime mover) together.
Introduction 13

14. Approximate values of pumping power for fans and blowers

Fans and blower of various sizes are required to raise the pressure of a gas from a few millimeters
of W.G. to large values. Table 14 presents approximate values of the power requirement of fans
and blowers in a wide range.
Power requirement for a specific application corresponding to values of Q and p which do
not appear in the tables can also be found with the help of available data.
Following formulas have been used:
o =  ...(14.1)

n = o N ...(14.2)
Overall efficiency 0 = 0.65 (assumed)
n = o TTLPTO 'u ...(14.3)
Q is in m3/s ; p is in mm W.G.

15. Dimensions and units

Principal dimensions and units occurring in gas dynamics are given in Table 15.1. Table 15.2
gives the conversion of some units.