Google: From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

6/19/2017 GoogleWikipedia
Google
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
GoogleisanAmericanmultinationaltechnologycompany
specializinginInternetrelatedservicesandproducts.These Google
includeonlineadvertisingtechnologies,search,cloud
computing,software,andhardware.Googlewasfoundedin
1998byLarryPageandSergeyBrinwhiletheywerePh.D.
studentsatStanfordUniversity,inCalifornia.Together,they
ownabout14percentofitsshares,andcontrol56percentofthe
stockholdervotingpowerthroughsupervotingstock.They
incorporatedGoogleasaprivatelyheldcompanyonSeptember
4,1998.Aninitialpublicoffering(IPO)tookplaceonAugust
19,2004,andGooglemovedtoitsnewheadquartersin
MountainView,California,nicknamedtheGoogleplex.In
August2015,Googleannouncedplanstoreorganizeitsvarious
interestsasaconglomeratecalledAlphabetInc.Google,
Alphabet'sleadingsubsidiary,willcontinuetobetheumbrella
companyforAlphabet'sInternetinterests.Uponcompletionof
therestructure,SundarPichaibecameCEOofGoogle,replacing
Google'sheadquarters,theGoogleplex,inAugust
LarryPage,whobecameCEOofAlphabet.
2014
Rapidgrowthsinceincorporationhastriggeredachainof Type Subsidiary
products,acquisitions,andpartnershipsbeyondGoogle'score Industry Internet
searchengine(GoogleSearch).Itoffersservicesdesignedfor Computersoftware
workandproductivity(GoogleDocs,SheetsandSlides),email Computerhardware
(Gmail/Inbox),schedulingandtimemanagement(Google
Founded September4,1998
Calendar),cloudstorage(GoogleDrive),socialnetworking
(Google+),instantmessagingandvideochat(Google MenloPark,California[1][2]
Allo/Duo),languagetranslation(GoogleTranslate),mapping Founders LarryPage
andturnbyturnnavigation(GoogleMaps/Waze),videosharing SergeyBrin
(YouTube),notetaking(GoogleKeep),andphotoorganizingand Headquarters Googleplex,MountainView,
editing(GooglePhotos).Thecompanyleadsthedevelopmentof
California,U.S. [3]
theAndroidmobileoperatingsystem,theGoogleChromeweb
browser,andChromeOS,alightweightoperatingsystembased Areaserved Worldwide
ontheChromebrowser.Googlehasmovedincreasinglyinto Keypeople SundarPichai(CEO)
hardwarefrom2010to2015,itpartneredwithmajorelectronics LarryPage(CEOAlphabet
manufacturersintheproductionofitsNexusdevices,andin Inc.)
October2016,itreleasedmultiplehardwareproducts(including SergeyBrin(PresidentAlphabet
theGooglePixelsmartphone,Homesmartspeaker,Wifimesh Inc.)
wirelessrouter,andDaydreamViewvirtualrealityheadset).The Products ListofGoogleproducts
newhardwarechief,RickOsterloh,stated:"alotofthe
innovationthatwewanttodonowendsuprequiringcontrolling Numberof 57,100(Q22015)
employees
theendtoenduserexperience".Googlehasalsoexperimented
withbecominganInternetcarrier.InFebruary2010,it Parent AlphabetInc.
announcedGoogleFiber,afiberopticinfrastructurethatwas (2015present)
installedinKansasCityinApril2015,itlaunchedProjectFiin Subsidiaries Listofsubsidiaries

theUnitedStates,combiningWiFiandcellularnetworksfrom
Website www.google.com(https://www.g
oogle.com)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google 1/35
differentprovidersandin2016,itannouncedtheGoogle Footnotes/references
StationinitiativetomakepublicWiFiaroundtheworld,with [4]
initialdeploymentinIndia.
Alexa,acompanythatmonitorscommercialwebtraffic,listsGoogle.comasthemostvisitedwebsiteintheworld.
SeveralotherGoogleservicesalsofigureinthetop100mostvisitedwebsites,includingYouTubeandBlogger.
Googlehasbeenthesecondmostvaluablebrandintheworldfor4consecutiveyears,buthasreceivedsignificant
criticisminvolvingissuessuchasprivacyconcerns,taxavoidance,antitrust,censorship,andsearchneutrality.
Google'smissionstatement,fromtheoutset,was"toorganizetheworld'sinformationandmakeituniversally
accessibleanduseful",anditsunofficialsloganwas"Don'tbeevil".InOctober2015,themottowasreplacedin
theAlphabetcorporatecodeofconductbythephrase"Dotherightthing".
Contents
1 History
1.1 Financing,1998andinitialpublicoffering,2004
1.2 Growth
1.3 2013onward
1.4 Acquisitionsandpartnerships
1.4.1 20002009
1.4.2 2010present
1.5 Googledatacenters
1.6 Alphabet
2 Productsandservices
2.1 Advertising
2.2 Searchengine
2.3 Enterpriseservices
2.4 Consumerservices
2.4.1 Webbasedservices
2.4.2 Software
2.4.3 Hardware
2.5 Internetservices
2.6 Otherproducts
2.7 APIs
2.8 Otherwebsites
3 Corporateaffairsandculture
3.1 Employees
3.2 Officelocationsandheadquarters
3.2.1 MountainView
3.2.2 NewYorkCity
3.2.3 OtherU.S.cities
3.2.4 Internationallocations
3.3 Doodles
3.4 EastereggsandAprilFools'Dayjokes
3.5 Philanthropy
3.6 Taxavoidance
3.7 Environment
3.8 Lobbying
3.9 Litigation
4 Criticismandcontroversy
5 Seealso
6 References
7 Furtherreading
8 Externallinks
History
GooglebeganinJanuary1996asaresearchprojectbyLarryPageand
SergeyBrinwhentheywerebothPhDstudentsatStanfordUniversity
inStanford,California.[6]
Whileconventionalsearchenginesrankedresultsbycountinghow
manytimesthesearchtermsappearedonthepage,thetwotheorized
aboutabettersystemthatanalyzedtherelationshipsamong
websites.[7]TheycalledthisnewtechnologyPageRankitdetermined
Google'soriginalhomepagehadasimple awebsite'srelevancebythenumberofpages,andtheimportanceof
designbecausethecompanyfounderswere thosepages,thatlinkedbacktotheoriginalsite.[8][9]
inexperiencedinHTML,themarkup
languageusedfordesigningwebpages. [5] PageandBrinoriginallynicknamedtheirnewsearchengine
"BackRub",becausethesystemcheckedbacklinkstoestimatethe
importanceofasite.[10][11][12]Eventually,theychangedthenameto
Google,originatingfromamisspellingoftheword"googol",[13][14]thenumber1followedby100zeros,which
waspickedtosignifythatthesearchenginewasintendedtoprovidelargequantitiesofinformation.[15]Originally,
GoogleranunderStanfordUniversity'swebsite,withthedomainsgoogle.stanford.eduandz.stanford.edu.[16][17]
ThedomainnameforGooglewasregisteredonSeptember15,1997,[18]andthecompanywasincorporatedon
September4,1998.Itwasbasedinthegarageofafriend(SusanWojcicki[6])inMenloPark,California.Craig
Silverstein,afellowPhDstudentatStanford,washiredasthefirstemployee.[6][19][20]
Financing,1998andinitialpublicoffering,2004
ThefirstfundingforGooglewasanAugust1998contributionof$100,000fromAndyBechtolsheim,cofounder
ofSunMicrosystems,givenbeforeGooglewasincorporated.[22]Atleastthreeotherangelinvestorsinvestedin
1998:Amazon.comfounderJeffBezos,StanfordUniversitycomputerscienceprofessorDavidCheriton,and
entrepreneurRamShriram.AuthorKenAulettaclaimsthateach(includingBechtolsheim)invested$250,000,[23]
butothersourceshavereporteda$100,000level.[22]
Aftersomeadditional,smallinvestmentsthroughtheendof1998toearly1999,[23]anew,$25millionroundof
fundingwasannouncedonJune7,1999,[24]withmajorinvestorsincludingtheventurecapitalfirmsKleiner
PerkinsCaufield&ByersandSequoiaCapital.[22]
Earlyin1999,BrinandPagedecidedtheywantedtosellGoogletoExcite.TheywenttoExciteCEOGeorgeBell
andofferedtosellittohimfor$1million.Herejectedtheoffer.VinodKhosla,oneofExcite'sventurecapitalists,
talkedtheduodownto$750,000,butBellstillrejectedit.[25]
Google'sinitialpublicoffering(IPO)tookplacefiveyearslater,onAugust19,2004.AtthattimeLarryPage,
SergeyBrin,andEricSchmidtagreedtoworktogetheratGooglefor20years,untiltheyear2024.[26]
AtIPO,thecompanyoffered19,605,052sharesatapriceof$85pershare.[27][28]
SharesweresoldinanonlineauctionformatusingasystembuiltbyMorgan
StanleyandCreditSuisse,underwritersforthedeal.[29][30]Thesaleof$1.67bn
(billion)gaveGoogleamarketcapitalizationofmorethan$23bn.[31]ByJanuary
2014,itsmarketcapitalizationhadgrownto$397bn.[32]Thevastmajorityofthe
271millionsharesremainedunderthecontrolofGoogle,andmanyGoogle
employeesbecameinstantpapermillionaires.Yahoo!,acompetitorofGoogle's,
alsobenefittedbecauseitowned8.4millionsharesofGooglebeforetheIPOtook
place.[33]
TherewereconcernsthatGoogle'sIPOwouldleadtochangesincompanyculture.
Reasonsrangedfromshareholderpressureforemployeebenefitreductionstothe
factthatmanycompanyexecutiveswouldbecomeinstantpapermillionaires.[34]As
areplytothisconcern,cofoundersBrinandPagepromisedinareporttopotential
investorsthattheIPOwouldnotchangethecompany'sculture.[35]In2005,articles Google'sfirstproduction
inTheNewYorkTimesandothersourcesbegansuggestingthatGooglehadlostits
server. [21]
anticorporate,noevilphilosophy.[36][37][38][39]Inanefforttomaintainthe
company'suniqueculture,GoogledesignatedaChiefCultureOfficer,whoalso
servesastheDirectorofHumanResources.ThepurposeoftheChiefCultureOfficeristodevelopandmaintain
thecultureandworkonwaystokeeptruetothecorevaluesthatthecompanywasfoundedon:aflatorganization
withacollaborativeenvironment.[40]Googlehasalsofacedallegationsofsexismandageismfromformer
employees.[41][42]In2013,aclassactionagainstseveralSiliconValleycompanies,includingGoogle,wasfiledfor
alleged"nocoldcall"agreementswhichrestrainedtherecruitmentofhightechemployees.[43]
ThestockperformedwellaftertheIPO,withshareshitting$350forthefirsttimeonOctober31,2007,[44]
primarilybecauseofstrongsalesandearningsintheonlineadvertisingmarket.[45]Thesurgeinstockpricewas
fueledmainlybyindividualinvestors,asopposedtolargeinstitutionalinvestorsandmutualfunds.[45]GOOG
sharessplitintoGOOGClassCsharesandGOOGLclassAshares.[46]ThecompanyislistedontheNASDAQ
stockexchangeunderthetickersymbolsGOOGLandGOOG,andontheFrankfurtStockExchangeunderthe
tickersymbolGGQ1.ThesetickersymbolsnowrefertoAlphabetInc.,Google'sholdingcompany,sincethefourth
quarterof2015.[47]
Growth
InMarch1999,thecompanymoveditsofficestoPaloAlto,California,whichishometoseveralprominent
SiliconValleytechnologystartups.[48]Thenextyear,againstPageandBrin'sinitialoppositiontowardan
advertisingfundedsearchengine,[49]Googlebegansellingadvertisementsassociatedwithsearchkeywords.[6]In
ordertomaintainanunclutteredpagedesignandincreasespeed,advertisementsweresolelytextbased.Keywords
weresoldbasedonacombinationofpricebidsandclickthroughs,withbiddingstartingatfivecentsperclick.[6]
ThismodelofsellingkeywordadvertisingwasfirstpioneeredbyGoto.com,anIdealabspinoffcreatedbyBill
Gross.[50][51]WhenthecompanychangednamestoOvertureServices,itsuedGoogleoverallegedinfringements
ofthecompany'spayperclickandbiddingpatents.OvertureServiceswouldlaterbeboughtbyYahoo!and
renamedYahoo!SearchMarketing.ThecasewasthensettledoutofcourtGoogleagreedtoissuesharesof
commonstocktoYahoo!inexchangeforaperpetuallicense.[52]
In2001,GooglereceivedapatentforitsPageRankmechanism.[53]ThepatentwasofficiallyassignedtoStanford
UniversityandlistsLawrencePageastheinventor.In2003,afteroutgrowingtwootherlocations,thecompany
leasedanofficecomplexfromSiliconGraphics,at1600AmphitheatreParkwayinMountainView,California.[54]
ThecomplexbecameknownastheGoogleplex,aplayonthewordgoogolplex,thenumberonefollowedbya
googolzeroes.TheGoogleplexinteriorsweredesignedbyCliveWilkinsonArchitects.Threeyearslater,Google
boughtthepropertyfromSGIfor$319million.[55]Bythattime,thename"Google"hadfounditswayinto
everydaylanguage,causingtheverb"google"tobeaddedtotheMerriamWebsterCollegiateDictionaryandthe
OxfordEnglishDictionary,denotedas:"tousetheGooglesearchenginetoobtaininformationonthe
Internet".[56][57]Thefirstuseof"Google"asaverbinpopculturehappenedontheTVseriesBuffytheVampire
Slayer,in2002.[58]
In2005,TheWashingtonPostreportedona700percentincreaseinthirdquarterprofitforGoogle,largelythanks
tolargecompaniesshiftingtheiradvertisingstrategiesfromnewspapers,magazines,andtelevisiontothe
Internet.[59]InJanuary2008,allthedatathatpassedthroughGoogle'sMapReducesoftwarecomponenthadan
aggregatedsizeof20petabytesperday.[60][61][62]In2009,aCNNreportabouttoppoliticalsearchesof2009noted
that"morethanabillionsearches"arebeingtypedintoGoogleonadailybasis.[63]InMay2011,thenumberof
monthlyuniquevisitorstoGooglesurpassedonebillionforthefirsttime,an8.4percentincreasefromMay2010
(931million).[64]
2012wasthefirstyearthatGooglegenerated$50billioninannualrevenue,topping2011's$38billiongenerated.
ThenCEOLarryPagecommentedinJanuary2013,"Weended2012withastrongquarter...Revenueswereup
36%yearonyear,and8%quarteronquarter.Andwehit$50billioninrevenuesforthefirsttimelastyearnota
badachievementinjustadecadeandahalf."[65]
2013onward
Googleannouncedthelaunchofanewcompany,calledCalico,on
September19,2013,tobeledbyApple,Inc.chairmanArthurLevinson.In
theofficialpublicstatement,Pageexplainedthatthe"healthandwell
being"companywouldfocuson"thechallengeofageingandassociated
diseases".[66]
Googlecelebratedits15yearanniversaryonSeptember27,2013,andin
2016itcelebratedits18thbirthdaywithananimatedDoodleshownonweb ScreenshotoftheGooglehomepage
[67]
browsersaroundtheworld. althoughithasusedotherdatesforits in2015
officialbirthday.[68]ThereasonforthechoiceofSeptember27remains
unclear,andadisputewithrivalsearchengineYahoo!Searchin2005hasbeensuggestedasthecause.[69][70]
TheAllianceforAffordableInternet(A4AI)waslaunchedinOctober2013Googleispartofthecoalitionof
publicandprivateorganisationsthatalsoincludesFacebook,Intel,andMicrosoft.LedbySirTimBernersLee,the
A4AIseekstomakeInternetaccessmoreaffordablesothataccessisbroadenedinthedevelopingworld,where
only31%ofpeopleareonline.GooglewillhelptodecreaseInternetaccesspricessotheyfallbelowtheUN
BroadbandCommission'sworldwidetargetof5%ofmonthlyincome.[71]
Thecorporation'sconsolidatedrevenueforthethirdquarterof2013wasreportedinmidOctober2013as$14.89
billion,a12percentincreasecomparedtothepreviousquarter.[72]Google'sInternetbusinesswasresponsiblefor
$10.8billionofthistotal,withanincreaseinthenumberofusers'clicksonadvertisements.[73]
AccordingtoInterbrand'sannualBestGlobalBrandsreport,Googlehasbeenthesecondmostvaluablebrandin
theworld(behindAppleInc.)in2013,[74]2014,[75]2015,[76]and2016,withavaluationof$133billion.[77]
InSeptember2015,GoogleengineeringmanagerRachelPotvinrevealeddetailsaboutGoogle'ssoftwarecodeat
anengineeringconference.SherevealedthattheentireGooglecodebase,whichspanseverysingleserviceit
develops,consistsofover2billionlinesofcode.Allthatcodeisstoredonacoderepositoryavailabletoall25,000
Googleengineers,andthecodeisregularlycopiedandupdatedon10Googledatacenters.Tokeepcontrol,Potvin
saidGooglehasbuiltitsown"versioncontrolsystem",called"Piper",andthat"whenyoustartanewproject,you
haveawealthoflibrariesalreadyavailabletoyou.Almosteverythinghasalreadybeendone."Engineerscanmake
asinglecodechangeanddeployitonallservicesatthesametime.Theonlymajorexceptionsarethatthe
PageRanksearchresultsalgorithmisstoredseparatelywithonlyspecificemployeeaccess,andthecodeforthe
AndroidoperatingsystemandtheGoogleChromebrowserarealsostoredseparately,astheydon'trunonthe
Internet.The"Piper"systemspans85TBofdata.Googleengineersmake25,000changestothecodeeachday,
andonaweeklybasischangeapproximately15millionlinesofcodeacross250,000files.Withthatmuchcode,
automatedbotshavetohelp.Potvinreported,"Youneedtomakeaconcertedefforttomaintaincodehealth.And
thisisnotjusthumansmaintainingcodehealth,butrobotstoo.Botsaren'twritingcode,butgeneratingalotofthe
dataandconfigurationfilesneededtorunthecompanyssoftware."Notonlyisthesizeoftherepository
increasing,"Potvinexplained,"buttherateofchangeisalsoincreasing.Thisisanexponentialcurve."[78][79]
AsofOctober2016,Googleoperates70officesinmorethan40countries.[80]Alexa,acompanythatmonitors
commercialwebtraffic,listsGoogle.comasthemostvisitedwebsiteintheworld.[81]SeveralotherGoogle
servicesalsofigureinthetop100mostvisitedwebsites,includingYouTube[82]andBlogger.[83]
Acquisitionsandpartnerships
20002009
In2001,GoogleacquiredDejaNews,theoperatorsofalargearchiveof
materialsfromUsenet.[84][85]GooglerebrandedthearchiveasGoogle
Groups,andbytheendoftheyear,ithadexpandedthehistorybackto
1981.[86][87]
InApril2003,GoogleacquiredAppliedSemantics,acompanyspecializing
LarryPageandSergeyBrinin2003 inmakingsoftwareapplicationsfortheonlineadvertisingspace.[88][89]The
AdSensecontextualadvertisingtechnologydevelopedbyApplied
SemanticswasadoptedintoGoogle'sadvertisingefforts.[90][87]
In2004,GoogleacquiredKeyhole,Inc.[91]Keyhole'seponymousproductwaslaterrenamedGoogleEarth.
in2005.GoogleacquiredUrchinSoftwareinApril2005,usingtheirUrchinonDemandproduct(alongwithideas
fromAdaptivePath'sMeasureMap)tocreateGoogleAnalyticsin2006.
InOctober2006,GoogleannouncedthatithadacquiredthevideosharingsiteYouTubefor$1.65billionin
Googlestock,[92][93]andthedealwasfinalizedonNovember13,2006.[94][95]
OnApril13,2007,GooglereachedanagreementtoacquireDoubleClickfor$3.1billion,transferringtoGoogle
valuablerelationshipsthatDoubleClickhadwithWebpublishersandadvertisingagencies.[96]
InadditiontothemanycompaniesGooglehaspurchased,thefirmhaspartneredwithotherorganizationsfor
research,advertising,andotheractivities.In2005,GooglepartneredwithNASAAmesResearchCentertobuild
1,000,000squarefeet(93,000m2)ofoffices.[97]
In2005GooglepartneredwithAOL[98]toenhanceeachother'svideosearchservices.In2006GoogleandFox
InteractiveMediaofNewsCorporationenteredintoa$900millionagreementtoprovidesearchandadvertisingon
thethenpopularsocialnetworkingsiteMySpace.[99]
In2007,GooglebegansponsoringNORADTracksSanta,displacingtheformersponsorAOL.NORADTracks
SantapurportstofollowSantaClaus'progressonChristmasEve,[100]usingGoogleEarthto"trackSanta"in3D
forthefirsttime.[101][102]
In2008,GoogledevelopedapartnershipwithGeoEyetolaunchasatelliteprovidingGooglewithhighresolution
(0.41mmonochrome,1.65mcolor)imageryforGoogleEarth.ThesatellitewaslaunchedfromVandenbergAir
ForceBaseonSeptember6,2008.[103]Googlealsoannouncedin2008thatitwashostinganarchiveofLife
Magazine'sphotographs.[104][105]
2010present
In2010,GoogleEnergymadeitsfirstinvestmentinarenewableenergyproject,putting$38.8millionintotwo
windfarmsinNorthDakota.Thecompanyannouncedthetwolocationswillgenerate169.5megawattsofpower,
enoughtosupply55,000homes.Thefarms,whichweredevelopedbyNextEraEnergyResources,willreduce
fossilfueluseintheregionandreturnprofits.NextEraEnergyResourcessoldGoogleatwentypercentstakein
theprojecttogetfundingforitsdevelopment.[106]InFebruary2010,theFederalEnergyRegulatoryCommission
FERCgrantedGoogleanauthorizationtobuyandsellenergyatmarketrates.[107]Theorderspecificallystatesthat
GoogleEnergyasubsidiaryofGoogleholdstherights"forthesaleofenergy,capacity,andancillaryservices
atmarketbasedrates",butacknowledgesthatneitherGoogleEnergynoritsaffiliates"ownorcontrolany
generationortransmission"facilities.[108]ThecorporationexercisedthisauthorizationinSeptember2013whenit
announceditwouldpurchasealltheelectricityproducedbythenotyetbuilt240megawattHappyHerefordwind
farm.[109]
Alsoin2010,GooglepurchasedGlobalIPSolutions,aNorwaybasedcompanythatprovideswebbased
teleconferencingandotherrelatedservices.ThisacquisitionenabledGoogletoaddtelephonestyleservicestoits
listofproducts.[110]OnMay27,2010,Googleannouncedithadalsoclosedtheacquisitionofthemobilead
networkAdMob.ThisoccurreddaysaftertheFederalTradeCommissioncloseditsinvestigationintothe
purchase.[111]Googleacquiredthecompanyforanundisclosedamount.[112]InJuly2010,Googlesignedan
agreementwithanIowawindfarmtobuy114megawattsofenergyfor20years.[113]
OnApril4,2011,TheGlobeandMailreportedthatGooglebid$900millionfor6000NortelNetworks
patents.[114]
OnAugust15,2011,Googlemadeitslargesteveracquisitiontodatewhenitannouncedthatitwouldacquire
MotorolaMobilityfor$12.5billion[115][116]subjecttoapprovalfromregulatorsintheUnitedStatesandEurope.In
apostonGoogle'sblog,GoogleChiefExecutiveandcofounderLarryPagerevealedthattheacquisitionwasa
strategicmovetostrengthenGoogle'spatentportfolio.Thecompany'sAndroidoperatingsystemhascomeunder
fireinanindustrywidepatentbattle,asAppleandMicrosofthavesuedAndroiddevicemakerssuchasHTC,
Samsung,andMotorola.[117]ThemergerwascompletedonMay22,2012,aftertheapprovalofPeople'sRepublic
ofChina.[118]
ThispurchasewasmadeinparttohelpGooglegainMotorola'sconsiderablepatentportfolioonmobilephonesand
wirelesstechnologies,tohelpprotectGoogleinitsongoingpatentdisputeswithothercompanies,[119]mainly
AppleandMicrosoft,[117]andtoallowittocontinuetofreelyofferAndroid.[120]Aftertheacquisitionclosed,
GooglebegantorestructuretheMotorolabusinesstofitGoogle'sstrategy.OnAugust13,2012,Googleannounced
planstolayoff4000MotorolaMobilityemployees.[121]OnDecember10,2012,Googlesoldthemanufacturing
operationsofMotorolaMobilitytoFlextronicsfor$75million.[122]Asapartoftheagreement,Flextronicswill
manufactureundisclosedAndroidandothermobiledevices.[123]OnDecember19,2012,GooglesoldtheMotorola
HomebusinessdivisionofMotorolaMobilitytoArrisGroupfor$2.35billioninacashandstocktransaction.Asa
partofthisdeal,Googleacquireda15.7%stakeinArrisGroupvaluedat$300million.[124][125]
InJune2013,GoogleacquiredWaze,a$966milliondeal.[126]WhileWazewouldremainanindependententity,its
socialfeatures,suchasitscrowdsourcedlocationplatform,werereportedlyvaluableintegrationsbetweenWaze
andGoogleMaps,Google'sownmappingservice.[127]
OnJanuary26,2014,GoogleInc.announcedithadagreedtoacquireDeepMindTechnologies,aprivatelyheld
artificialintelligencecompanyfromLondon.DeepMinddescribesitselfashavingtheabilitytocombinethebest
techniquesfrommachinelearningandsystemsneurosciencetobuildgeneralpurposelearningalgorithms.
DeepMind'sfirstcommercialapplicationswereusedinsimulations,ecommerceandgames.AsofDecember
2013,itwasreportedthatDeepMindhadroughly75employees.[128]ThetechnologynewswebsiteRe/code
reportedthatthecompanywaspurchasedfor$400millionthoughitwasnotdisclosedwheretheinformationcame
from.AGooglespokesmanwouldnotcommentoftheprice.[129][130]ThepurchaseofDeepMindaidsinGoogle's
recentgrowthintheartificialintelligenceandroboticscommunity.[131]
OnJanuary29,2014,GoogleannounceditwassellingitsMotorolaMobilityunittoChinabasedLenovo,for
$2.91bn.ThecompanykepttheextensivepatentcollectionusedtodevelopAndroidproducts,consideredthemost
valuablepartoftheoriginaldeal.[132]Nonetheless,thesalepricewassignificantlylessthanthe$12.5billion
GooglehadboughtMotorolaMobilityfor.The$2.91bnpricetagconsistedof$660millionincash,$750millionin
Lenovoordinaryshares,anda$1.5billion3yearpromissorynote.[133]InMarch2014,Googleconfirmedithad
purchasedtheremnantsofgamingstartup,GreenThrottleGames,whichdevelopedaBluetoothgamingcontroller
forAndroid.[134]
OnSeptember10,2015,GoogleannouncedtoformstrategicpartnershipwithMobvoitobringAndroidWearto
mainlandChina.[135]InOctober2015,GoogleinvestedinaChinabasedartificialintelligence(AI)company,
Mobvoi.ThefundingwillenabletheCompanytofurtherenhanceitscoreAItechnologies,anddevelopnew
consumerproductsempoweredbyAI.[136]
Googledatacenters
Asof2016,GoogleownedandoperatedninedatacentersacrosstheU.S.,twoinAsia,andfourinEurope.[137]
In2011,thecompanyhadannouncedplanstobuildthreedatacentersatacostofmorethan$200millioninAsia
(Singapore,HongKongandTaiwan)andsaidtheywouldbeoperationalwithintwoyears.[138][139]InDecember
2013,GoogleannouncedthatithadscrappedtheplantobuildadatacenterinHongKong.[140]
InOctober2013,TheWashingtonPostreportedthattheU.S.NationalSecurityAgencyintercepted
communicationsbetweenGoogle'sdatacenters,aspartofaprogramnamedMUSCULAR.[141][142]This
wiretappingwasmadepossiblebecauseGoogledidnotencryptdatapassedinsideitsownnetwork.[143]Google
beganencryptingdatasentbetweendatacentersin2013.[144]
Googlesmostefficientdatacenterrunsat95F(35C)usingonlyfreshaircooling,requiringnoelectrically
poweredairconditioningtheserversrunsohotthathumanscannotgonearthemforextendedperiods.[145]
AnAugust2011reportestimatedthatGooglehadabout900,000serversintheirdatacenters,basedonenergy
usage.Thereportdoesstatethat"Googleneversayshowmanyserversarerunninginitsdatacenters."[146]
InDecember2016,Googleannouncedthatstartingin2017,itwillpowerallofitsdatacenters,aswellasallofits
offices,from100%renewableenergy.ThecommitmentwillmakeGoogle"theworldslargestcorporatebuyerof
renewablepower,withcommitmentsreaching2.6gigawatts(2,600megawatts)ofwindandsolarenergy".Google
alsostatedthatitdoesnotcountthatasitsfinalgoalitsaysthat"sincethewinddoesntblow24hoursaday,well
alsobroadenourpurchasestoavarietyofenergysourcesthatcanenablerenewablepower,everyhourofevery
day".Additionally,theprojectwill"helpsupportcommunities"aroundtheworld,asthepurchasecommitments
will"resultininfrastructureinvestmentsofmorethan$3.5billionglobally",andwill"generatetensofmillionsof
dollarsperyearinrevenuetolocalpropertyowners,andtensofmillionsmoretolocalandnationalgovernments
intaxrevenue".[147][148][149]
Alphabet
OnAugust10,2015,Googleannouncedplanstoreorganizeitsvariousinterestsasaconglomeratecalled
Alphabet.Google,Alphabet'sleadingsubsidiary,willcontinuetobetheumbrellacompanyforAlphabet'sInternet
interests.Uponcompletionoftherestructure,SundarPichaibecameCEOofGoogle,replacingLarryPage,who
becameCEOofAlphabet.[150][151][152]
Productsandservices
Advertising
Forthe2006fiscalyear,thecompanyreported$10.492billionintotal
advertisingrevenuesandonly$112millioninlicensingandother
revenues.[153]In2011,96%ofGoogle'srevenuewasderivedfromits
advertisingprograms.[154]Inadditiontoitsownalgorithmsfor
understandingsearchrequests,Googleusestechnologyfromthecompany
DoubleClick,toprojectuserinterestandtargetadvertisingtothesearch
contextandtheuserhistory.[155][156]
In2007,Googlelaunched"AdSenseforMobile",takingadvantageofthe
emergingmobileadvertisingmarket.[157] GoogleonadtechLondon,2010
GoogleAnalyticsallowswebsiteownerstotrackwhereandhowpeople
usetheirwebsite,forexamplebyexaminingclickratesforallthelinksonapage.[158]Googleadvertisementscan
beplacedonthirdpartywebsitesinatwopartprogram.Google'sAdWordsallowsadvertiserstodisplaytheir
advertisementsintheGooglecontentnetwork,throughacostperclickscheme.[159]Thesisterservice,Google
AdSense,allowswebsiteownerstodisplaytheseadvertisementsontheirwebsiteandearnmoneyeverytimeads
areclicked.[160]
Oneofthecriticismsofthisprogramisthepossibilityofclickfraud,whichoccurswhenapersonorautomated
scriptclicksonadvertisementswithoutbeinginterestedintheproduct,causingtheadvertisertopaymoneyto
Googleunduly.Industryreportsin2006claimedthatapproximately14to20percentofclickswerefraudulentor
invalid.[161]
InFebruary2003,GooglestoppedshowingtheadvertisementsofOceana,anonprofitorganizationprotestinga
majorcruiseship'ssewagetreatmentpractices.Googleciteditseditorialpolicyatthetime,stating"Googledoes
notacceptadvertisingiftheadorsiteadvocatesagainstotherindividuals,groups,ororganizations."[162]The
policywaslaterchanged.[163]InJune2008,GooglereachedanadvertisingagreementwithYahoo!,whichwould
haveallowedYahoo!tofeatureGoogleadvertisementsonitswebpages.Thealliancebetweenthetwocompanies
wasnevercompletelyrealizedbecauseofantitrustconcernsbytheU.S.DepartmentofJustice.Asaresult,Google
pulledoutofthedealinNovember2008.[164][165]
Searchengine
AccordingtomarketresearchpublishedbycomScoreinNovember
2009,GoogleSearchisthedominantsearchengineintheUnited
Statesmarket,withamarketshareof65.6%.[166]Googleindexes
billions[167]ofwebpages,sothatuserscansearchfortheinformation
theydesirethroughtheuseofkeywordsandoperators.
In2003,TheNewYorkTimescomplainedaboutGoogle'sindexing,
claimingthatGoogle'scachingofcontentonitssiteinfringedits
GoogleSearchhomepageasofDecember copyrightforthecontent.[168]Inthiscase,theUnitedStatesDistrict
2,2016 CourtofNevadaruledinfavorofGoogleinFieldv.Googleand
Parkerv.Google.[169][170]Thepublication2600:TheHacker
Quarterlyhascompiledalistofwordsthatthewebgiant'snewinstantsearchfeaturewillnotsearch.[171]
GoogleWatchhascriticizedGoogle'sPageRankalgorithms,sayingthattheydiscriminateagainstnewwebsites
andfavorestablishedsites.[172]
GooglealsohostsGoogleBooks.Thecompanybeganscanningbooksanduploadinglimitedpreviews,andfull
bookswereallowed,intoitsnewbooksearchengine.TheAuthorsGuild,agroupthatrepresents8,000U.S.
authors,filedaclassactionsuitinaNewYorkCityfederalcourtagainstGooglein2005overthisservice.Google
repliedthatitisincompliancewithallexistingandhistoricalapplicationsofcopyrightlawsregardingbooks.[173]
Googleeventuallyreachedarevisedsettlementin2009tolimititsscanstobooksfromtheU.S.,theUK,Australia,
andCanada.[174]Furthermore,theParisCivilCourtruledagainstGoogleinlate2009,askingittoremovethe
worksofLaMartinire(ditionsduSeuil)fromitsdatabase.[175]IncompetitionwithAmazon.com,Googlesells
digitalversionsofnewbooks.[176]
OnJuly21,2010,inresponsetoBing,Googleupdateditsimagesearchtodisplayastreamingsequenceof
thumbnailsthatenlargewhenpointedat.Thoughwebsearchesstillappearinabatchperpageformat,onJuly23,
2010,dictionarydefinitionsforcertainEnglishwordsbeganappearingabovethelinkedresultsforweb
searches.[177]
The"Hummingbird"updatetotheGooglesearchenginewasannouncedinSeptember2013.Theupdatewas
introducedoverthemonthpriortotheannouncementandallowsusersaskthesearchengineaquestioninnatural
languageratherthanenteringkeywordsintothesearchbox.[178]
InAugust2016,Googleannouncedtwomajorchangesrelatedtoitsmobilesearchresults.Thefirst,removingthe
"mobilefriendly"labelthathighlightedpageswereeasytoreadonmobilefromitsmobilesearchresultspage.The
second,onJanuary10,2017,thecompanywillstartpunishingmobilepagesthatshowintrusiveinterstitialswhen
auserfirstopensapageandtheywillranklowerinitssearchresults.[179]
InMay2017,Googleenabledanew"Personal"tabinGoogleSearch,lettinguserssearchforcontentintheir
Googleaccounts'variousservices,includingemailmessagesfromGmailandphotosfromGooglePhotos.[180][181]
Enterpriseservices
GSuiteisamonthlysubscriptionofferingfororganizationsandbusinessestogetaccesstoacollectionofGoogle's
services,includingGmail,GoogleDriveandDocs,Sheets,andSlides,withadditionaladministrativetools,unique
domainnames,and24/7support.[182]
GoogleSearchAppliancewaslaunchedinFebruary2002,targetedtowardproviding
searchtechnologyforlargerorganizations.[6]GooglelaunchedtheMinithreeyearslater,
whichwastargetedatsmallerorganizations.Latein2006,GooglebegantosellCustom
SearchBusinessEdition,providingcustomerswithanadvertisingfreewindowinto
Google.com'sindex.TheservicewasrenamedGoogleSiteSearchin2008.[183]Site
SearchcustomerswerenotifiedbyemailinlateMarch2017thatnonewlicensesforSite
SearchwouldbesoldafterApril1,2017,butthatcustomerandtechnicalsupportwould
beprovidedforthedurationofexistinglicenseagreements.[184][185]
OnMarch15,2016,GoogleannouncedtheintroductionofGoogleAnalytics360Suite,
"asetofintegrateddataandmarketinganalyticsproducts,designedspecificallyforthe
needsofenterpriseclassmarketers."Amongotherthings,thesuiteisdesignedtohelp
Google'ssearch
"enterpriseclassmarketers""seethecompletecustomerjourney",generate"useful applianceatthe2008
insights",and"deliverengagingexperiencestotherightpeople".[186]JackMarshallof RSAConference
TheWallStreetJournalwrotethatthesuitecompeteswithexistingmarketingcloud
offeringsbycompaniesincludingAdobe,Oracle,Salesforce,andIBM.[187]
Consumerservices
Webbasedservices
GoogleoffersGmail,andthenewervariantInbox,[188]foremail,[189]GoogleCalendarfortimemanagementand
scheduling,[190]GoogleMapsformapping,navigationandsatelliteimagery,[191]GoogleDriveforcloudstorageof
files,[192]GoogleDocs,SheetsandSlidesforproductivity,[192]GooglePhotosforphotostorageandsharing,[193]
GoogleKeepfornotetaking,[194]GoogleTranslateforlanguagetranslation,[195]YouTubeforvideoviewingand
sharing,[196]andGoogle+,Allo,andDuoforsocialinteraction.[197][198][199]
Software
GoogledevelopstheAndroidmobileoperatingsystem,[200]aswellasitssmartwatch,[201]television,[202]car,[203]
andInternetofthingsenabledsmartdevicesvariations.[204]
ItalsodevelopstheGoogleChromewebbrowser,[205]andChromeOS,anoperatingsystembasedonChrome.[206]
Hardware
InJanuary2010,GooglereleasedNexusOne,thefirstAndroidphoneunderitsown,"Nexus",brand.[207]It
spawnedanumberofphonesandtabletsunderthe"Nexus"branding[208]untilitseventualdiscontinuationin2016,
replacedbyanewbrandcalledPixel.[209]
In2011,theChromebookwasintroduced,describedasa"newkindofcomputer"runningChromeOS.[210]
InJuly2013,GoogleintroducedtheChromecastdongle,thatallowsuserstostreamcontentfromtheir
smartphonestotelevisions.[211][212]
InJune2014,GoogleannouncedGoogleCardboard,asimplecardboardviewerthatletsuserplacetheir
smartphoneinaspecialfrontcompartmenttoviewvirtualreality(VR)media.[213][214]
InApril2016,RecodereportedthatGooglehadhiredRickOsterloh,MotorolaMobility'sformerPresident,tohead
Google'snewhardwaredivision.[215]InOctober2016,Osterlohstatedthat"alotoftheinnovationthatwewantto
donowendsuprequiringcontrollingtheendtoenduserexperience",[209]andGoogleannouncedseveral
hardwareplatforms:
ThePixelandPixelXLsmartphoneswiththeGoogleAssistant,anextgenerationcontextualvoiceassistant,
builtin.[216]
GoogleHome,anAmazonEcholikevoiceassistantplacedinthehousethatcananswervoicequeries,play
music,findinformationfromapps(calendar,weatheretc.),andcontrolthirdpartysmarthomeappliances
(userscantellittoturnonthelights,forexample).[217]
DaydreamViewvirtualrealityheadsetthatletsAndroiduserswithcompatibleDaydreamready
smartphonesputtheirphonesintheheadsetandenjoyVRcontent.[218]
GoogleWifi,aconnectedsetofWiFirouterstosimplifyandextendcoverageofhomeWiFi.[219]
Internetservices
InFebruary2010,GoogleannouncedtheGoogleFiberproject,withexperimentalplanstobuildanultrahigh
speedbroadbandnetworkfor50,000to500,000customersinoneormoreAmericancities.[220][221]Following
Google'scorporaterestructuretomakeAlphabetInc.itsparentcompany,GoogleFiberwasmovedtoAlphabet's
Accessdivision.[222][223]
InApril2015,GoogleannouncedProjectFi,amobilevirtualnetworkoperator,thatcombinesWiFiandcellular
networksfromdifferenttelecommunicationprovidersinanefforttoenableseamlessconnectivityandfastInternet
signal.[224][225][226]
InSeptember2016,GooglebeganitsGoogleStationinitiative,aprojectforpublicWiFiatrailwaystationsin
India.CaesarSengupta,VPforGooglesnextbillionusers,toldTheVergethat15,000peoplegetonlineforthe
firsttimethankstoGoogleStationandthat3.5millionpeopleusetheserviceeverymonth.Theexpansionmeant
thatGooglewaslookingforpartnersaroundtheworldtofurtherdeveloptheinitiative,whichpromised"high
quality,secure,easilyaccessibleWiFi".[227]ByDecember,GoogleStationhadbeendeployedat100railway
stations,[228]andinFebruary,Googleannounceditsintentiontoexpandbeyondrailwaystations,withaplanto
bringcitywideWiFitoPune.[229][230]
Otherproducts
GooglelauncheditsGoogleNewsservicein2002,anautomatedservicewhichsummarizesnewsarticlesfrom
variouswebsites.[231]InMarch2005,AgenceFrancePresse(AFP)suedGoogleforcopyrightinfringementin
federalcourtintheDistrictofColumbia,acasewhichGooglesettledforanundisclosedamountinapactthat
includedalicenseofthefulltextofAFParticlesforuseonGoogleNews.[232]
InMay2011,GoogleannouncedGoogleWallet,amobileapplicationforwirelesspayments.[233]
In2013,GooglelaunchedGoogleShoppingExpress,adeliveryserviceinitiallyavailableonlyinSanFrancisco
andSiliconValley.[234]
GoogleAlertsisacontentchangedetectionandnotificationservice,offeredbythesearchenginecompany
Google.Theservicesendsemailstotheuserwhenitfindsnewresultssuchaswebpages,newspaperarticles,or
blogsthatmatchtheuser'ssearchterm.[235][236][237]
InJuly2015GooglereleasedDeepDream,animagerecognitionsoftwarecapableofcreatingpsychedelicimages
usingaconvolutionalneuralnetwork.[238][239][240]
GoogleintroduceditsFamilyLinkserviceinMarch2017,lettingparentsbuyAndroidNougatbasedAndroid
devicesforkidsunder13yearsofageandcreateaGoogleaccountthroughtheapp,withtheparentscontrolling
theappsinstalled,monitorthetimespentusingthedevice,andsettinga"Bedtime"featurethatremotelylocksthe
device.[241][242][243]
InApril2017,GooglelaunchedAutoDraw,awebbasedtoolusingartificialintelligenceandmachinelearningto
recognizeusers'drawingsandreplacescribbleswithrelatedstockimagesthathavebeencreatedbyprofessional
artists.[244][245][246]ThetoolisbuiltusingthesametechnologyasQuickDraw,anexperimentalgamefrom
Google'sCreativeLabwhereusersweretaskedwithdrawingobjectsthatalgorithmswouldrecognizewithin20
seconds.[247]
InMay2017,Googleadded"FamilyGroups"toseveralofitsservices.Thefeature,whichletsuserscreateagroup
consistingoftheirfamilymembers'individualGoogleaccounts,letsusersaddtheir"FamilyGroup"asa
collaboratortosharedalbumsinGooglePhotos,sharednotesinGoogleKeep,andcommoneventsinGoogle
Calendar.Atannouncement,thefeatureislimitedtoAustralia,Brazil,Canada,France,Germany,Ireland,Italy,
Japan,Mexico,NewZealand,Russia,Spain,UnitedKingdomandUnitedStates.[248][249]
APIs
GoogleAPIsareasetofapplicationprogramminginterfaces(APIs)developedbyGooglewhichallow
communicationwithGoogleServicesandtheirintegrationtootherservices.ExamplesoftheseincludeSearch,
Gmail,TranslateorGoogleMaps.ThirdpartyappscanusetheseAPIstotakeadvantageoforextendthe
functionalityoftheexistingservices.
Otherwebsites
GoogleDevelopersisGoogle'ssiteforsoftwaredevelopmenttools,APIs,andtechnicalresources.Thesite
containsdocumentationonusingGoogledevelopertoolsandAPIsincludingdiscussiongroupsandblogsfor
developersusingGoogle'sdeveloperproducts.
GoogleLabswasapagecreatedbyGoogletodemonstrateandtestnewprojects.
Googleownsthetopleveldomain1e100.netwhichisusedforsomeserverswithinGoogle'snetwork.Thenameis
areferencetothescientificEnotationrepresentationfor1googol,1E100=110100.[250]
InMarch2017,Googlelaunchedanewwebsite,opensource.google.com,topublishitsinternaldocumentationfor
GoogleOpenSourceprojects.[251][252]
InJune2017,Googlelaunched"WeWearCulture",asearchablearchiveof3,000yearsofglobalfashion.The
archive,aresultofcollaborationbetweenGoogleandover180museums,schools,fashioninstitutes,andother
organizations,alsoofferscuratedexhibitsofspecificfashiontopicsandtheirimpactonsociety.[253][254]
Corporateaffairsandculture
OnFortunemagazine'slistofthebest
companiestoworkfor,Googlerankedfirst
in2007,2008and2012[255][256][257]and
fourthin2009and2010.[258][259]Google
wasalsonominatedin2010tobethe
world'smostattractiveemployerto
graduatingstudentsintheUniversum
Communicationstalentattractionindex.[260]
Google'scorporatephilosophyincludes
principlessuchas"youcanmakemoney ThenCEO,nowChairmanofGoogle
withoutdoingevil,""youcanbeserious EricSchmidtwithcofoundersSergey
withoutasuit,"and"workshouldbe BrinandLarryPage(lefttoright)in
EricSchmidt challengingandthechallengeshouldbe 2008.
fun."[261]
Employees
Asofthesecondquarterin2015,Googlehas57,100
employees.[262]AMarch2013reportdetailedthatithad10,000
developersbasedinmorethan40offices.[263]
Afterthecompany'sIPOin2004,foundersSergeyBrinand
LarryPageandCEOEricSchmidtrequestedthattheirbase
salarybecutto$1.Subsequentoffersbythecompanyto
increasetheirsalarieswereturneddown,primarilybecausetheir
maincompensationcontinuestocomefromowningstockin
Google.Before2004,Schmidtmade$250,000peryear,and
PageandBrineachreceivedanannualsalaryof$150,000.[264]
InMarch2008,SherylSandberg,thenvicepresidentofglobal
onlinesalesandoperations,beganherpositionaschief
operatingofficerofFacebook.[265][266]In2009,earlyemployeeTimArmstronglefttobecomeCEOofAOL.In
July2012,Google'sfirstfemaleengineer,MarissaMayer,leftGoogletobecomeYahoo!'sCEO.[267]
Asamotivationtechnique,GoogleusesapolicyoftencalledInnovationTimeOff,
whereGoogleengineersareencouragedtospend20%oftheirworktimeon
projectsthatinterestthem.SomeofGoogle'snewerservices,suchasGmail,
GoogleNews,Orkut,andAdSenseoriginatedfromtheseindependent
endeavors.[269]InatalkatStanfordUniversity,MarissaMayer,Google'sVice
PresidentofSearchProductsandUserExperienceuntilJuly2012,showedthathalf
ofallnewproductlaunchesinthesecondhalfof2005hadoriginatedfromthe
InnovationTimeOff.[270]
Officelocationsandheadquarters
MountainView
Google'sheadquartersinMountainView,California,isreferredtoas"the Newemployeesarecalled
Googleplex",aplayonwordsonthenumbergoogolplexandtheheadquartersitself "Nooglers,"andaregivena
beingacomplexofbuildings.Thelobbyisdecoratedwithapiano,lavalamps,old propellerbeaniecaptowear
serverclusters,andaprojectionofsearchqueriesonthewall.Thehallwaysarefull ontheirfirstFriday. [268]
ofexerciseballsandbicycles.Manyemployeeshaveaccesstothecorporate
recreationcenter.Recreational
amenitiesarescatteredthroughout
thecampusandincludeaworkout
roomwithweightsandrowing
machines,lockerrooms,washers
anddryers,amassageroom,
assortedvideogames,table
football,ababygrandpiano,a
billiardtable,andpingpong.In
additiontotherecreationroom,
therearesnackroomsstockedwith GoogleMountainViewcampus
variousfoodsanddrinks,with garden
Bicyclespaintedinthecorporate specialemphasisplacedon
colorschemeareavailableforfree
nutrition.[271]Freefoodisavailable
usebyanyemployeetravelling
toemployees24/7,withtheofferingsprovidedbypaidvendingmachines
aroundtheGoogleplex
proratedbasedonandfavoringthoseofbetternutritionalvalue.[272]
Google'sextensiveamenitiesarenotavailabletoallofitsworkers.Temporaryworkerssuchasbookscannersdo
nothaveaccesstoshuttles,Googlecafes,orotherperks.[273]
NewYorkCity
In2006,Googlemovedintoabout300,000squarefeet(27,900m2)ofofficespaceinNewYorkCity,at111Eighth
AvenueinManhattan.TheofficewasdesignedandbuiltspeciallyforGoogle,andhousesitslargestadvertising
salesteam,whichhasbeeninstrumentalinsecuringlargepartnerships.[274]TheNewYorkheadquartersincludesa
gameroom,microkitchens,andavideogamearea.[275]In2010,Googleboughtthebuildinghousingthe
headquarter,inadealthatvaluedthepropertyataround$1.9billion,thebiggestforasinglebuildingintheUnited
Statesthatyear.[276][277]InFebruary2012,GooglemovedadditionalemployeestotheNewYorkCitycampus,
withatotalofaround2,750employees.[278]
OtherU.S.cities
Bylate2006,GoogleestablishedanewheadquartersforitsAdWords
divisioninAnnArbor,Michigan.[279]InNovember2006,Googleopened
officesonCarnegieMellon'scampusinPittsburgh,focusingonshopping
relatedadvertisementcodingandsmartphoneapplicationsand
programs.[280][281]OtherofficelocationsintheU.S.includeAtlanta,
GeorgiaAustin,TexasBoulder,ColoradoCambridge,Massachusetts
SanFrancisco,CaliforniaSeattle,WashingtonReston,Virginia,and
Washington,D.C.[282] Google'sNYCofficebuildinghouses
itslargestadvertisingsalesteam.
InOctober2006,thecompanyannouncedplanstoinstallthousandsof
solarpanelstoprovideupto1.6megawattsofelectricity,enoughtosatisfy
approximately30%ofthecampus'energyneeds.[283]Thesystemwillbethelargestsolarpowersystem
constructedonaU.S.corporatecampusandoneofthelargestonanycorporatesiteintheworld.[283]Inaddition,
Googleannouncedin2009thatitwasdeployingherdsofgoatstokeepgrasslandaroundtheGoogleplexshort,
helpingtopreventthethreatfromseasonalbushfireswhilealsoreducingthecarbonfootprintofmowingthe
extensivegrounds.[284][285]TheideaoftrimminglawnsusinggoatsoriginatedfromBobWidlar,anengineerwho
workedforNationalSemiconductor.[286]In2008,GooglefacedaccusationsinHarper'sMagazineofbeingan
"energyglutton".Thecompanywasaccusedofemployingits"Don'tbeevil"mottoanditspublicenergysaving
campaignstocoverupormakeupforthemassiveamountsofenergyitsserversrequire.[287]
Internationallocations
Internationally,Googlehasover70officesinmorethan40countries.[288]Italsohasproductresearchand
developmentoperationsincitiesaroundtheworld,namelySydney(birthplacelocationofGoogleMaps)[289]and
London(partofAndroiddevelopment).[290]
InNovember2013,GoogleannouncedplansforanewLondonheadquarter,anotable1millionsquarefootoffice
abletoaccommodate4,500employees.Recognizedasoneofthebiggestevercommercialpropertyacquisitionsat
thetimeofthedeal'sannouncementinJanuary,[291]GooglesubmittedplansforthenewheadquartertotheCamden
CouncilinJune2017.Thenewbuilding,ifapproved,willfeaturearooftopgardenwitharunningtrack,giant
movingblinds,aswimmingpool,andamultiusegamesareaforsports.[292][293]
InMay2015,GoogleannounceditsintentiontocreateitsowncampusinHyderabad,India.Thenewcampus,
reportedtobethecompany'slargestoutsidetheUnitedStates,willaccommodate13,000employees.[294][295]
Doodles
Since1998,Googlehasbeendesigningspecial,temporaryalternate
logostoplaceontheirhomepageintendedtocelebrateholidays,
events,achievementsandpeople.ThefirstGoogleDoodlewasin
honoroftheBurningManFestivalof1998.[296][297]Thedoodlewas
designedbyLarryPageandSergeyBrintonotifyusersoftheir
absenceincasetheserverscrashed.SubsequentGoogleDoodleswere ThefirsteverGoogleDoodlecelebrating
designedbyanoutsidecontractor,untilLarryandSergeyaskedthen BurningMan,whichwasusedonAugust
30,1998.
internDennisHwangtodesignalogoforBastilleDayin2000.Fromthatpointonward,Doodleshavebeen
organizedandcreatedbyateamofemployeestermed"Doodlers".[298]
EastereggsandAprilFools'Dayjokes
GooglehasatraditionofcreatingAprilFools'Dayjokes.OnApril1,2000,GoogleMentalPlexallegedlyfeatured
theuseofmentalpowertosearchtheweb.[299]In2007,GoogleannouncedafreeInternetservicecalledTiSP,or
ToiletInternetServiceProvider,whereoneobtainedaconnectionbyflushingoneendofafiberopticcabledown
theirtoilet.[300]Alsoin2007,Google'sGmailpagedisplayedanannouncementforGmailPaper,allowingusersto
haveemailmessagesprintedandshippedtothem.[301]In2008,GoogleannouncedGmailCustomtimewhereusers
couldchangethetimethattheemailwassent.[302]
In2010,GooglechangeditscompanynametoTopekainhonorofTopeka,Kansas,whosemayorchangedthe
city'snametoGoogleforashortamountoftimeinanattempttoswayGoogle'sdecisioninitsnewGoogleFiber
Project.[303][304]In2011,GoogleannouncedGmailMotion,aninteractivewayofcontrollingGmailandthe
computerwithbodymovementsviatheuser'swebcam.[305]
Google'sservicescontaineastereggs,suchastheSwedishChef's"Borkborkbork,"PigLatin,"Hacker"or
leetspeak,ElmerFudd,Pirate,andKlingonaslanguageselectionsforitssearchengine.[306]Thesearchengine
calculatorprovidestheAnswertotheUltimateQuestionofLife,theUniverse,andEverythingfromDouglas
Adams'TheHitchhiker'sGuidetotheGalaxy.[307]Whensearchingtheword"recursion",thespellchecker'sresult
fortheproperlyspelledwordisexactlythesameword,creatingarecursivelink.[308]
Whensearchingfortheword"anagram,"meaningarearrangementoflettersfromonewordtoformothervalid
words,Google'ssuggestionfeaturedisplays"Didyoumean:nagaram?"[309]InGoogleMaps,searchingfor
directionsbetweenplacesseparatedbylargebodiesofwater,suchasLosAngelesandTokyo,resultsin
instructionsto"kayakacrossthePacificOcean."DuringFIFAWorldCup2010,searchqueriesincluding"World
Cup"and"FIFA"causedthe"Goooo...gle"pageindicatoratthebottomofeveryresultpagetoread"Goooo...al!"
instead.[310]
Philanthropy
In2004,GoogleformedthenotforprofitphilanthropicGoogle.org,withastartupfundof$1billion.[311]The
missionoftheorganizationistocreateawarenessaboutclimatechange,globalpublichealth,andglobalpoverty.
Oneofitsfirstprojectswastodevelopaviablepluginhybridelectricvehiclethatcanattain100milespergallon.
GooglehiredLarryBrilliantastheprogram'sexecutivedirectorin2004,[312]andthecurrentdirectorisMegan
Smith.[313]
In2008,Googleannouncedits"project10100"whichacceptedideasforhowtohelpthecommunityandthen
allowedGoogleuserstovoteontheirfavorites.[314]Aftertwoyearsofsilence,duringwhichmanywonderedwhat
hadhappenedtotheprogram,[315]Googlerevealedthewinnersoftheproject,givingatotaloftenmilliondollars
tovariousideasrangingfromnonprofitorganizationsthatpromoteeducationtoawebsitethatintendstomakeall
legaldocumentspublicandonline.[316]
In2011,Googledonated1millioneurostoInternationalMathematicalOlympiadtosupportthenextfiveannual
InternationalMathematicalOlympiads(20112015).[317][318]OnJuly2012,Googlelauncheda"LegalizeLove"
campaigninsupportofgayrights.[319]
Taxavoidance
Googleusesvarioustaxavoidancestrategies.OutofthefivelargestAmericantechnologycompanies,itpaysthe
lowesttaxestothecountriesoforiginofitsrevenues.Thecompanyaccomplishesthispartlybylicensing
technologythroughshellsubsidiariesintaxhavenssuchasIreland,Bermuda,theBahamas,andthe
Netherlands.[320]ThishasreportedlysparkedaFrenchinvestigationintoGoogle'stransferpricingpractices.[321]
FollowingcriticismoftheamountofcorporatetaxesthatGooglepaidintheUnitedKingdom,ChairmanEric
Schmidtsaid,"It'scalledcapitalism.Weareproudlycapitalistic."DuringthesameDecember2012interview,
Schmidt"confirmedthatthecompanyhadnointentionofpayingmoretotheUKexchequer."[322]In2013,
SchmidtrespondedtoquestionsabouttaxespaidintheUKbypointingtotheadvertisingfeesGooglechargedUK
companiesasasourceofeconomicgrowth.[323]
GoogleVicePresidentMattBrittintestifiedtothePublicAccountsCommitteeoftheUKHouseofCommonsthat
hisUKsalesteammadenosalesandhenceowednosalestaxestotheUK.[324]InJanuary2016,Googlereacheda
settlementwiththeUKtopay130minbacktaxesplushighertaxesinfuture.[325]
Environment
Since2007,Googlehasaimedforcarbonneutralityinregardtoitsoperations.[326]
GoogledisclosedinSeptember2011thatit"continuouslyusesenoughelectricitytopower200,000homes",almost
260millionwattsoraboutaquarteroftheoutputofanuclearpowerplant.Totalcarbonemissionsfor2010were
justunder1.5millionmetrictons,mostduetofossilfuelsthatprovideelectricityforthedatacenters.Googlesaid
that25percentofitsenergywassuppliedbyrenewablefuelsin2010.Anaveragesearchusesonly0.3watthours
ofelectricity,soallglobalsearchesareonly12.5millionwattsor5%ofthetotalelectricityconsumptionby
Google.[327]
In2007,Googlelaunchedaprojectcenteredondevelopingrenewableenergy,titledthe"RenewableEnergy
CheaperthanCoal(RE<C)"project.[328]However,theprojectwascancelledin2014,afterengineersRoss
KoningsteinandDavidForkunderstood,afteryearsofstudy,that"bestcasescenario,whichwasbasedonour
mostoptimisticforecastsforrenewableenergy,wouldstillresultinsevereclimatechange",writingthatthey
"cametotheconclusionthatevenifGoogleandothershadledthewaytowardawholesaleadoptionofrenewable
energy,thatswitchwouldnothaveresultedinsignificantreductionsofcarbondioxideemissions".[329]
InJune2013,TheWashingtonPostreportedthatGooglehaddonated$50,000totheCompetitiveEnterprise
Institute,alibertarianthinktankthatcallshumancarbonemissionsapositivefactorintheenvironmentandargues
thatglobalwarmingisnotaconcern.[330]
InJuly2013,itwasreportedthatGooglehadhostedafundraisingeventforOklahomaSenatorJimInhofe,who
hascalledclimatechangea"hoax".[331]In2014GooglecuttieswiththeAmericanLegislativeExchangeCouncil
(ALEC)afterpressurefromtheSierraClub,majorunionsandGoogle'sownscientistsbecauseofALEC'sstance
onclimatechangeandoppositiontorenewableenergy.[332]
Lobbying
In2013,Googleranked5thinlobbyingspending,upfrom213thin2003.In2012,thecompanyranked2ndin
campaigndonationsoftechnologyandInternetsections.[333]
Litigation
GooglehasbeeninvolvedinanumberoflawsuitsincludingtheHighTechEmployeeAntitrustLitigationwhich
resultedinGooglebeingoneoffourcompaniestopaya$415millionsettlementtoemployees.[334]
Criticismandcontroversy
Google'smarketdominancehasledtoprominentmediacoverage,includingcriticismofthecompanyoverissues
suchasaggressivetaxavoidance,[335]searchneutrality,copyright,censorshipofsearchresultsandcontent,and
privacy.[336][337]Othercriticismsincludeallegedmisuseandmanipulationofsearchresults,itsuseofothers'
intellectualproperty,concernsthatitscompilationofdatamayviolatepeople'sprivacy,andtheenergy
consumptionofitsservers,aswellasconcernsovertraditionalbusinessissuessuchasmonopoly,restraintof
trade,anticompetitivepractices,andpatentinfringement.
Google'smissionstatement,fromtheoutset,was"toorganizetheworld'sinformationandmakeituniversally
accessibleanduseful",[338]anditsunofficialsloganwas"Don'tbeevil".[339]InOctober2015,themottowas
replacedintheAlphabetcorporatecodeofconductbythephrase:"Dotherightthing".[340]Google'scommitment
tosuchrobustidealismhasbeenincreasinglycalledintodoubtduetoanumberofthefirm'sactionsand
behaviourswhichappeartocontradictthis.[341][342]
FollowingmediareportsaboutPRISM,NSA'smassiveelectronicsurveillanceprogram,inJune2013,several
technologycompanieswereidentifiedasparticipants,includingGoogle.[343]Accordingtoleaksofsaidprogram,
GooglejoinedthePRISMprogramin2009.[344]
Seealso
AngularJS GoogleX
Comparisonofwebsearchengines LifesciencesdivisionofGoogleX
Don'tBeEvil Googlebotwebcrawler
Google(verb) Googlization
GoogleBalloonInternet ListofGoogleappsforAndroid
GoogleCatalogs ListofGoogledomains
GoogleChina ListofmergersandacquisitionsbyAlphabet
GoogleChromeExperiments Apple,Inc.
GoogleGetYourBusinessOnline OutlineofGoogle
Googlelogo Reunion
GoogleMaps Ungoogleable
Googleplatform Surveillancecapitalism
GoogleStreetView Calico
Googletax
GoogleVenturesventurecapitalfund
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Furtherreading
Saylor,Michael(2012).TheMobileWave:HowMobileIntelligenceWillChangeEverything.Perseus
Books/VanguardPress.ISBN9781593157203.
Externallinks
Officialwebsite(https://www.google.com)(Mobile(https://m.google.com))
Corporatehomepage(https://www.google.com/about/company/facts/management)
Googlewebsite(https://web.archive.org/web/19981111183552/http://google.stanford.edu)attheWayback
Machine(archivedNovember11,1998)
Google(https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/google)atCrunchBase
Googlecompanies(https://opencorporates.com/corporate_groupings/Google)groupedatOpenCorporates
BusinessdataforGoogle,Inc.:Hoover's(http://www.hoovers.com/companyinformation/cs/companyprofi
le.Google_Inc.fb3f79c4d1791506.html)Reuters(http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/overview?symbol
=GOOG)SECfilings(https://www.sec.gov/cgibin/browseedgar?action=getcompany&CIK=1288776)
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