Frequently Asked Questions About

Quasars
Compiled by Dr. John Simonetti of the Department of Physics at Virginia Tech.
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1. What is your definition of a quasar?

2. What do quasars have to do with black holes?

3. How big are quasars compared to galaxies?

4. Why do some quasars give off radio waves?

5. About how long do quasars last?

6. How long does it take for a quasar to form?

7. How do quasars form?

8. How difficult are quasars to study?

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 9. Can anything develop from quasars after they die?

10. What reasons do you find quasars interesting?

11. Are the radio waves from objects in space any threat to us?

12. How do some Quasars become radio-quiet?

13. Do quasars have anything in common with a regular star?

14. How are BL Lac objects formed compared to the way a quasar is formed?

15. Are quasars related to pulsars? If so how?

What is your definition of a quasar?

This is best answered with history. When radio telescopes were first turned on the heavens, point sources of radio
waves were discovered (along with spread-out regions of emission along our Milky Way). Astronomers using
ordinary visible-light telescopes turned toward these radio points and looked to see what was there. In some cases
a supernova remnant was found, in others, a large star-birth region, in others a distant galaxy. But in some places
where point sources of radio waves were found, no visible source other than a stellar-looking object was found (it
looked like a point of like --- like a star does). These objects were called the "qausi-stellar radio sources", or
"quasars" for short. Later, it was found these sources could not be stars in our galaxy, but must be very far away ---
as far as any of the distant galaxies seen. We now think these objects are the very bright centers of some distant
galaxies, where some sort of energetic action is occurring, most probably due to the presence of a supermassive
black hole at the center of that galaxy (supermassive = made up from a mass of about a billion solar masses).

What do quasars have to do with black holes?

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 See the above answer. It is thought the infall of matter into the supermassive black hole can result in very hot regions
where huge energies are released, powering the quasar (i.e., producing the emitted light, etc.).

How big are quasars compared to galaxies?

Well, the region of intense visible emission is quite small compared to the rest of the galaxy that it is imbedded in.
The visible emission only occurs very near the center of the galaxy. On the other hand, huge regions of radio
emission, produced by the quasar, can stretch out to large distances outside the galaxy.

Why do some quasars give off radio waves?

The electrons near the center of the quasar can be accelerated to speeds near the speed of light. In the presence a
magnetic field (which is present in these same regions), the electrons move along helical paths (paths that look like
a stretched out slinky), and as a result, they emit radio waves (it's called synchrotron radiation, since these waves
are observed on Earth when physicists send high energy electrons around in circles using magnetic fields, in particle
accelerators call synchrotrons).

About how long do quasars last?

It appears galaxies may only act as quasars during the early stages of their lives, but it would still be for times of
billions of years.

How long does it take for a quasar to form?

Nobody really knows, since we don't know exactly how they form! However, it can't take much longer than something
like a billion years (the apparent answer to all questions about cosmology!).

How do quasars form?

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 See the above. But it's thought the process begins as gas collects near the center of a galaxy.

How difficult are quasars to study?

Not all that difficult, if you have a huge telescope! The Hubble Telescope, for example, is quite nice for various
studies of quasars.

Can anything develop from quasars after they die?

Probably, the only thing that would be left is the supermassive black hole. In other words, the gas near it would have
been used up, and so the quasar shuts off. But the remaining stars, etc., in the galaxy as a whole (i.e., not near the
very center of the galaxy), would, of course, still be there.

What reasons do you find quasars interesting?

For one, they are only seen far away. Thus, since the light takes billions of years to get to us from a quasar, the
quasars are all very old. There are no nearby quasars, so there are no young quasars; quasars are not made during
our era of the universe, only during an ancient era. This also implies the universe was different place in the past
(billions of years ago). It also says the galaxies we see around us now may have been quasars in the distant past;
even our Milky Way galaxy may have been a quasar-like galaxy long ago --- now not much material falls into the large
black hole at the Milky Way's center, so the radiation output from the center is not as great as it used to be.

Are the radio-waves from objects in space any threat to us?

No, they are extremely weak. The total energy collected by radio astronomers over the history of radio astronomy
amounts to about the energy required for a mosquito to make one "push-up"!! The reason we don't receive lots more
radiation is that the sources (e.g., the quasars) are so very far away.

How do some Quasars become radio-quiet?

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 That's not a well understood thing. It my have to do with the nature of the environment around the central black hole,
the size of the black hole itself, and/or the orientation of the black hole and its surrounding, radiating disk of infalling
material, as seen from Earth.

Do quasars have anything in common with a regular star?

No, except that quasars are in galaxies of stars.

How are BL Lac objects formed compared to the way a quasar is formed?

No real big difference. There are some "minor" differences having to do with time scales of intensity variation, and
the presence or absence of certain features in the spectra of these objects.

Are quasars related to pulsars? If so how?

A pulsar is a much smaller mass object, much smaller in radius and not a black hole, but a neutron star (it "failed" to
become a black hole during its birth due to a supernova explosion of some single star). However, the neutron star is
nearly as compact as a black hole of that star's mass. Magnetic fields near the blackhole and a pulsar may be
similar in structure and have something to do with some energy output of each.

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