TRANSFORMER EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS

The two-winding transformer shown in Fig. 2.A-l may be described completely in terms of its
terminal equations:

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Consequently, any network which has the same defining equations as the transformer may be
substituted for the transformer in any circuit in which the transformer is placed, and this
substitution will not affect the voltages or currents in the overall circuit. Several networks having
the same defining equations as the transformer (and therefore referred to as terminal equivalents
of the transformer) are shown in Fig. 2.A-2. By reflecting one or more of the various inductors
through the ideal transformers in the circuits of Fig. 2.A-2, one can obtain a number of other
terminal equivalent networks for the transformer. There are several procedures for verifying that
the networks of Fig. 2.A-2 are indeed terminal equivalents for the transformer or for evaluating the
equivalent inductances of the new networks. One approach is to observe that Eq. (2.A-l) is
equivalent to a statement that the impedance at a-a with b-b' open is pL1, that the impedance at
b-b' with a-a' open is pL2, and that the ratio of the voltage at b-b' to a current applied at a-a with
b-b' open is pM. We then choose the values of the proposed equivalent circuit so that these three
conditions are met. The values shown in Fig. 2.A-2 do meet these conditions.

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A transformer may have a terminal equivalent network, which is also a transformer. To illustrate
this, Fig. 2.A-3 shows two of the many terminal equivalent networks for an autotransformer (M is
the mutual inductance between L, and L2). Terminal equivalent networks for the transformer of
Fig. 2.A-l may also take the form of networks containing controlled sources. Three such networks
are shown in Fig. 2.A-4.

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The dots at the ends of the transformer windings in Figs. 2.A-l, 2.A-2, and 2.A-3 show the relative
directions of induced voltages. A current flowing into a dotted winding causes a plus-to-minus drop
across this winding and induces a voltage in all other windings such that the dotted end is positive.
Moving the dot to the opposite end of the transformer winding on the secondary of Fig. 2.A-l
would reverse the signs of both of the pM-terms in Eq. (2.A-l). It would also lead to a reversal of
the secondary dot on the transformers of Fig. 2.A-2 and to the reversal of the direction of both of
the generators in Figs. 2.A-4(a), (b), and (e), For the auto transformer, placing the dot at the
bottom of L2 would reverse the sign of the mutual term in Fig. 2.A-3(b) and reverse the dot on the
secondary of the transformer of Fig. 2.A-3(c).