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BIO 192.2
GROUP 3
BACONGCO, Angelbert R.
DATO-ON, Vanessa Pearl B.
PALOMO, Jason Vann A.
RELLON, Vladimir C,
VINSON, Nidelli S.
INTRODUCTION
Everyday activities require motility. From walking to eating and breathing,
everything a person does require him to move. While many different systems have
some role in movement, it is the skeletal and muscular systems that actually play a
major role in enabling a person to move. Since these two systems work together to
produce movement which is very vital in maintaining homeostasis and for an
individual to survive, these two systems are hence called together as
Musculoskeletal system.
Skeletal system provides framework that supports the body and cradles the
delicate internal organs of the body. It is a mineral storage for calcium and
phosphorus and plays a role in blood cell formation. Muscular system, on the other
hand, maintains posture, stabilizes joints and produce heat as well. It is the role of
bones on acting as levers for the muscles and the contraction of the muscles that
produces a movement.
To understand the relationship between skeletal and muscular system, it is
necessary to learn first the components of each systems and then learning the
effect of integrating these two systems together in its crucial role in maintaining
homeostasis and ultimately, the survival of an individual.
METHODOLOGY
The first lab activity was Identifying Human Muscles. We borrowed prepared
slides and a compound microscope to examine the skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
muscle and to locate their nucleus, striations, myofiber, intercalated disk, branching
myofiber and endomysium only if the said structures are present in the specimen.
After viewing the specimens, we assigned our group mates to draw, to label the
visible structures and to indicate their magnification.
The next activity was the Muscle Stimulation Virtual Lab. The activity must be
done in the time allotted to us but, the lack of time and a slow internet connection,
weve decided to do it at home where the connection is much faster. The website
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/virtual_labs_2K8/labs/BL_13/index.html was
given to us to perform the virtual lab. First we selected a muscle and click the up
arrow on the oscilloscope to increase the stimulus voltage, then by clicking the
apply stimulus button we are able to see if a spike occurs and if we dont, we have
to increase the stimulus voltage until a spike will be noticed. In the data table, we
recorded the stimulus voltage and repeat the steps to determine and record the
thresholds of simulation of the four muscles (lower forelimb, upper forelimb, calf
and thigh), under each of the six possible workloads (0g, 5g, 10g, 20g, 40g and
80g). And we wrote none to the times that we didnt notice a twitch after applying
stimulus voltage as high as 10v. After performing the muscle stimulation, the journal
was answered.
Muscle Fatigue was the third activity, this time a stress ball or a rubber ball
and a volunteer is needed. For 30 seconds, numbers of squeezes were counted and
recorded in the table. While recording, the squeezing of the ball continues and still
record if will reach to 60 seconds, 90 seconds, 120 seconds, and 150 seconds. Then,
two more volunteers performed the same procedure and the results were gathered
to show the trend in the number of squeezes through time by using a line graph.
Another laboratory was performed on the same day and its entitled Bone
Anatomy in which is composed of two parts, the Gross Anatomy of Long Bone and
Structure of Compact Bone and Spongy Bone. In the Gross Anatomy of Long Bone,
the cow long bone is needed to locate and observe the epiphysis, medullary cavity,
trabeculae, spongy bone, diaphysis, compact bone, articular cartilage, epiphyseal
line, periosteum, perforating canal (Volkmanns canal). After such, the long bone
was drawn in the data sheet and labeled the visible structures. In Structure of
Compact Bone and Spongy Bone, borrowed slides were obtain and with the use of a
microscope the group was able to locate the osteon, haversian canal, lacuna,
osteocyte, caliculi, lamellae, perforating canal, trabeculae of the human tissue.
Using a phone, the magnified specimen were captured to enable us to draw and
label structure of muscle tissues in the data sheet.
The final activity is entitled the Chemical Composition of the Bone. In this part of
the activity, the group prepared four, dry, and clean identical chicken thigh bones,
and we made sure that we had removed all the meat that is attached to it. First, is
to observe the chicken bone soaked in the vinegar, using two bottle jar with lids,
labeled as Jar 1 and Jar 2. Jar 1 is empty while Jar 2 is filled with vinegar. One
chicken bone was placed in each jar, where the group assured that the bone in Jar 2
was completely covered with vinegar. After three days, the bones from the jar were
removed and rinsed off with water. Second, is to observe the chicken bone when
baked. The group placed a bone in a baking pan and baked in the over at 250C for
3 hours then removed and cooled it down for 15 minutes, then compared it to the
other bone that is not baked.
As what we had observed, after each trial, the strength of our fingers decreased,
like we felt more tired. However, since we had to record the time and reset the
stopwatch, we had time to rest our hand and therefore there are some fluctuations
in the data as seen in the table below.
Muscle cells normally use oxygen to generate the ATP they need for contraction.
So long as there is plenty of oxygen and glucose available, muscles can make all the
ATP they need and they do not normally get tired (fatigued). Under heavy-duty use,
however, the body cant deliver enough oxygen to the muscles. Without a sufficient
supply of oxygen, the muscles have trouble making the ATP they need. Instead of
burning the sugar aerobically (with oxygen) they are forced to burn it
anaerobically (without oxygen). The chemical reaction that burns glucose without
oxygen is called fermentation. Fermentation is both a good process and a bad
process. Muscle cells do, however, produce a nasty end product called lactic acid.
The type of fermentation our muscle cells perform is called Lactic Acid
Fermentation. Think about the last time when your muscles were overworked. You
probably experienced a burning feeling at first and then extreme fatigue. If you
continue to work a fatigued muscle, eventually it wont be able to contract any
longer. If the Lactic Acid buildup happens too quickly, you muscles will stop working
all-of-a-sudden and you will feel lots of pain. This is called a cramp. The good news
is that the symptoms from lactic acid buildup dont last forever. Following a period
muscle rest and deep breathing, the muscles finally get the oxygen they need and
the pain goes away. The cells use the oxygen to help destroy the lactic acid that
had built up. Soon, the muscle cells regain their normal condition and can function
normally once again (Hunter et al, 2004).
CONCLUSION
To conclude, the students were able to achieve further understanding of the
relationship between the muscular and skeletal system.
REFERENCES
Hunter, S., Duchateau, J. and Enoka, R. (2004). Muscle Fatigue and the
Mechanisms of Task Failure. Sport. Sci. Rev. 32:2 44-39
Salmon, S., 1994. Exercise, Stimulation and Type Transformation of Skeletal
Muscle. Int. J. Sports Med., vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 136141.
Shier, D., Butler, J., Lewis-Hole, R., 2010. Human Anatomy and Physiology, 12th ed.
McGraw Hill Publishing, New York.
The Arizona Science Center. (2011, February 2). Busy Bones. ASU - Ask A Biologist.
Retrieved from http://askabiologist.asu.edu/bone-experiments
Thiobodeau, G., Patton, K., 1993. Anatomy and Physiology, 2nd ed. Mosby-Year Book,
Inc., Missouri.
http://sciencing.com/effect-vinegar-chicken-bones-5946177.html
https://sciencebob.com/bend-a-bone-with-vinegar/
https://prezi.com/xuiyzcxtkyyp/bone-experiment/