What is Instructional Materials

1.Instructional materials are defined as resources that organize and

support instruction, such as textbooks, tasks, and supplementary
resources (adapted from Remillard & Heck, 2014 ). Learn more in:
Transforming Preservice Mathematics Teacher Knowledge for and
with the Enacted Curriculum: The Case of Digital Instructional
Materials

2.Instructional materials refer to the human and non-

human materials and facilities that can be used to ease, encourage,
improved and promote teaching and learning activities. They are
whatever materials used in the process of instruction. They are a
broad range of resource which can be used to facilitate effective
instruction. They indicate a systematic way of designing, carrying out
and employing the total process of learning and communication and
employing human and non-human resources to bring out a more
meaningful and effective instruction. They are human and non-human
material that a teacher uses to pass information to the learner in
his/her class.
 Instructional theory is different than learning theory. A learning
theory describes how learning takes place, and an instructional theory prescribes how
to better help people learn.[1] Learning theories often inform instructional theory, and
three general theoretical stances take part in this influence: behaviorism (learning as
response acquisition), cognitivism (learning as knowledge acquisition), and
constructivism (learning as knowledge construction).[3] Instructional theory helps us
create conditions that increases the probability of learning.

Instructional theories identify what instruction or teaching should be like. [5] It

outlines strategies that an educator may adopt to achieve the learning objectives.
Instructional theories are adapted based on the educational content and more
importantly the learning style of the students. They are used as teaching
guidelines/tools by teachers/trainers to facilitate learning. Instructional theories
encompass different instructional methods, models and strategies.
Universal Methods of Instruction:[7]

Task-Centered Principle - instruction should use a progression of increasingly complex whole

tasks.
Demonstration Principle - instruction should guide learners through a skill and engage peer
discussion/demonstration.
Application Principle - instruction should provide intrinsic or corrective feedback and engage
peer-collaboration.
Activation Principle - instruction should build upon prior knowledge and encourage learners to
acquire a structure for organizing new knowledge.
Integration Principle - instruction should engage learners in peer-critiques and synthesizing
newly acquired knowledge.
Situational Methods:[7]
based on different approaches to instruction

Role play
Synectics
Mastery learning
Direct instruction
Discussion
Conflict resolution
Peer learning
Experiential learning
Problem-based learning
Simulation-based learning
based on different learning outcomes:

Knowledge
Comprehension
Application
Analysis
Synthesis
Evaluation
Affective development
Integrated learning

Four tasks of Instructional theory:[8]

Knowledge selection
Knowledge sequence
Interaction management
Setting of interaction environment