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Combustion
Combustion & Flame Combustion of fuel-air mixture inside engine cylinder is one of the
processes that controls engine power, efficiency and emissions.
Combustion commonly observed involves flame, which is a thin
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq
region of rapid exothermic chemical reaction.
Professor Flame propagation is the result of strong coupling between
Department of Mechanical Engineering chemical reaction, transport processes of mass diffusion, heat
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET)
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh conduction and fluid flow.
Conventional spark-ignition (SI) flame is premixed unsteady
zahurul@me.buet.ac.bd
http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/zahurul/
turbulent flame, and the fuel-air mixture through which it
propagates is in the gaseous state.
ME 401: Internal Combustion Engines Diesel engine (CI) combustion process is predominantly an
unsteady turbulent diffusion flame, and the fuel is initially in the
liquid phase.
c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Combustion & Flame ME 401 (2016) 1 / 22
c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Combustion & Flame ME 401 (2016) 2 / 22
Combustion Basics Combustion Classification Combustion Basics Combustion Chemistry & Thermodynamics
or turbulent, and reaction takes place at the interface between the fuel-air equivalence ratio, simply equivalence ratio
fuel and oxidizer. relative air-fuel ratio or excess-air factor
1 Laminar: flow, mixing and transport are by molecular process.
2 Turbulent: flow, mixing and transport are enhanced by (A/F )s (F /A)a < 1 : lean mixture
= 1 = = : = 1 : stoichiometric mix.
macroscopic relative motion of fluid eddies of turbulent flow. (A/F )a (F /A)s
> 1 : rich mixture
Steady / Unsteady
(A/F )a actual air-fuel ratio
Solid phase / Liquid phase / Gaseous phase. Homework: Heywood: Ex. 3.1, pp. 69
c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Combustion & Flame ME 401 (2016) 3 / 22
c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Combustion & Flame ME 401 (2016) 4 / 22
Combustion Basics Combustion Chemistry & Thermodynamics Combustion Basics Combustion Chemistry & Thermodynamics
d002
To T
To
h i
T mH2 O
T296 d001 QHHV ,P = QLHV ,P + mf hfg,H2 O
Heating value at constant pressure QHV ,P = (H )P ,To QHHV ,P Higher (Gross) Heating Value (water in liquid form)
Heating value at constant volume QHV ,V = (U )V ,To
QLHV ,P Lower (Net) Heating Value (water in gaseous form)
QHV ,P QHV ,V = P (Vprod Vreac ) = Ru (nprod nreac )To
mH2 O /mf mass ratio of water produced to fuel burned.
Ru universal gas constant (8.314 kJ/kmol-K)
c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Combustion & Flame ME 401 (2016) 5 / 22
c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Combustion & Flame ME 401 (2016) 6 / 22
Combustion Basics Combustion Chemistry & Thermodynamics Combustion Basics Combustion Chemistry & Thermodynamics
e714
iso-octane at 30 bar
e717
c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Combustion & Flame ME 401 (2016) 9 / 22
c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Combustion & Flame ME 401 (2016) 10 / 22
Combustion Basics Combustion Chemistry & Thermodynamics Combustion Basics Combustion Chemistry & Thermodynamics
c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Combustion & Flame ME 401 (2016) 15 / 22
c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Combustion & Flame ME 401 (2016) 16 / 22
Flame Laminar Flame Flame Laminar Flame
c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Combustion & Flame ME 401 (2016) 17 / 22 c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Combustion & Flame ME 401 (2016) 18 / 22
= 1.0
0.5
= 0.8
SL (m/s)
0.4
Methane-air mixture
0.3
Pu = 0.1 MPa
0.25
300 350 400 450
Tu (K)
e731
0.3 = 0.8
0.2
0.1 e728
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Pu (MPa) ST
e730
ST = f (fuel , T , P , , turbulence) = = f (turbulence)
is either zero or negative. Increased pressure increases flame SL
temperature because of less dissociation, and less dissociation means In engines, propagating flame fronts are wrinkled by turbulence which
less active radicals are available to diffuse upstream to enhance flame result in higher burning rate. The effect of turbulence is not always
propagation. beneficial as too much turbulence can lead to extinction of flame.
c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Combustion & Flame ME 401 (2016) 21 / 22
c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Combustion & Flame ME 401 (2016) 22 / 22