SURVEYING LAB I

CONTENTS
1. SURVEY OF AN AREA BY CHAIN SURVEY& PLOTTING
2. CHAINING ACROSS OBSTACLES
3. DETERMINATION OF DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO
INACCESSIBLE POINTS WITH COMPASS
4. SURVEYING OF A GIVEN AREA BY PRISMATIC COMPASS
5. RADIATION METHOD,INTERSECTION METHODS BY
PLANE TABLE SURVEY
6. TWO POINT AND THREE POINT PROBLEMS IN PLANE
TABLE
7. TRAVERSING BY PLANE TABLE SURVEY
8. FLY LEVELLING
9. AN EXERCISEOF L.S AND C.S AND PLOTTING
10. TWO EXERCISE ON CONTOURING

KITE SURVEY LAB CIVIL

 CAHIN SURVEY OF AN AREA
AIM:

To carry out the survey of a given area by chain triangulation and plot it.

INSTRUMENTS:

Chain, Tape Ranging rods, Arrows Cross-Staff and Pegs.

PRINCIPLE:

Triangle is the only simple figure that can be plotted from the length of its Sides
Measured in the fields
PROCEDURE:

The given area is covered with a network of triangles by suitably selecting the station such that
the triangles formed are well-conditioned. The base line which is the longest of the survey lines
on which the network of triangles is built is usually through the middle of the area to be surveyed
and is measured with great care.

The lines are run if necessary to locate interior details and to avoid long offset from main chain
lines. Check lines are run to check the accuracy of the work.

Computation of area by geometrical figures:

Four Ares of small extent, land may be divided into series of triangles, making the necessary
measurements, calculating the area of each triangle by the adding all of these to find total area.
Some of the geometric formulae for area

1) Triangle = base* half the perpendicular height.

2) Parellogram = base * perpendicular height.

3) Trapezoid = half of the parallel sides * perpendicular height.

4) Trapezium = area as found by dividing the figure into two triangle.

5) Regular polygon = length of perimeter * half of the perpendicular distance

L = length of one

Some trigonometric formulae for area are:

I. Right-angled triangle = 1
2ab
II. Oblique triangle A = s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)
Where a,b,c are the sides
S = a+b+c
2
Figure:

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Figure:

Ranging rod:
The ranging rods are used for marking the positions of
Stations
Conspicuously and for ranging the lines. Io order to make
these visible at a distance, they are painted alternately
black and white, or red and white or red White and black
successively. The adjustment of the chain should as far as
possible be affected symmetrically on either side of the
middle so as that the position of central tag remains
unaltered. In measuring the length of survey line also
called as chain line. It is necessary that the chain should be
laid out on the ground in a straight line between the end
stations.

FIGURE
Main chain line

A X9 B X7 C

X10 X8 X6
P X11 S T X9 U X7 V W Q
X4 X5
X1

X2 X3

E D

Area of PABCQDEP = area of APS + area of ASUB + area of BUCW + area of

CWQ +area of QVD + area of VDET + area of PET

Table:

S.no Figure Chainage Base Offsets Mean Area

(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)

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RESULT: The given area is surveyed and found to be ------------------

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 TO FIND DISTANCE BETWEEN INACESSIBE POINTS

AIM:
To calculate the distance between two given stations (when there is an obstacle in between
them) by using chain surveying
INSTRUMENTS:
Chain, Tape, Ranging Rods , Pegs, Arrows, Cross-Staff
PRINCIPLE:
From BCD, (Method-1)
CB2=BD2-CD2
BC =BD2-CD2 obstructed length
Comparing EDF and FIH (Method-2)
FI = ED
ID DF
ED obstructed length
In (BDC, (Method-3)
Cost = (BD)2-(BC)2-(CD)2
2(BC)(CD)
In ABD,
Cost = (AB) 2-(BC) 2-(AC) 2
2(BC) (AC)
AB obstructed length

PROCEDURE:
METHOD 1:
In this method, chaining is obstructed since the two points are on either sides of a pond, we can
see the ranging rods erected on either side but we cannot drag the chain across the pond in this
process one ranging rod is required .This ranging rod is placed just above the point C. that is
perpendicular erected from point C it is fixed with the help of a ranging rod. Let this point be
D.let the perpendicular erected be on the left side of the pond. Now the point D is join to the
point lying on the right side of the pond. Hence it forms a right angled triangle. Hence the
obstructed length can be calculated using the Pythagoras theorem.
In CDB,
BC= BD2-DC2

METHOD 2:
In this method mark the points E,D and C Erected the perpendiculars forms C to H and from to
D to F. such that E,Fand H are in straight line. Draw a perpendicular from f to I an ch.now the
triangles EDF and FIH forms an right angled triangles. Hence the obstructed length can be
calculated using the similar triangles.
Here CD=FI
Consider similar triangles EDF and FIH.
FI = ED
IH= DF
ED= FI * DF
IH
Now , AB=BE+DE+CD+AC

METHOD 3:

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Same as above two cases we can see the ranging rods erected on either side but we cannnot
drag the chain across the pond. In this process three ranging rods are required . two ranging
rods are fixed on either side of the pond i.e. C and D in such way that A,D and C are collinear.
Now join the points D,A,C.again join the points CE and DE from the figure using cosine rule we
can find the required length as follows:
In BDC,
Cos DCB = (BD)2(BC)2-(DC)2
2(BC)(DC)
In ABD,
Cos ACB = (AB)2-(BC)2-(AC)2
2(BC) (AC)

FIGURE
Method 1: D

X2 main chain lines

X1

- --------
A X C - -POND - -
B
- - - - - - --

In BCD, BC2 = BD2 - DC2 Then

AB = AC + CB

Method 2:
B

E
Main chain line

RIVER

D X3 F

X1 X2

C x I H

In similar triangles EDF and FIH,

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 FI = ED

IH = DF
ED = FI * DF
IH
Now, AB + DE + CD + AC
Method 3:

C
X3
Main chain line

X2
POND
A B

X1

X
D

In BDC,
Cos DCB = (BD)2-(BC)2-(DC)2
2(BC)(DC)
In ABD,
Cos = (AB) 2-(BC) 2-(AC) 2
2(BC) (AC)

THEORY:

Cross-Staff is the simplest instrument used for setting out perpendicular i.e
taking offsets from a chain line. it is easier and quicker method ,but not very
accurate. If great accuracy is desired ,the work should be carried out by the
theodolite.
Open cross staff:- The simplest Type consists two parts 1) the head 2) the leg
.the head is made of wooden block octagonal or round in shape about 15cm
side or diameter an
4cm deep . on it are scribed two lines at right angles to another. At the end
of these
two lines are fixed two points of metallic strip having slits made in them
.These slits two
lines of sight which are at right angles to one another .The head is fixed on a
wooden
staff or pole about 3cm in diameter and 1.2 to 1.5m length .The pole is
provided
conical metal shoe so that it can be driven into the ground.

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OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Measurements made in the field are entered in the field book with explanatory sketch and the
required distance is calculated.

RESULT:

Distance between inaccessible points AB =

Distance between inaccessible points AB =
Distance between inaccessible points AB =

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 TO FIND DISTANCE BETWEEN INACESSIBE POINTS
WITH COMPASS

AIM:

To find the horizontal distance between two inaccessible point

.
INSTRUMENTS:

Prismatic Compass, Chain Or Tape Ranging Rods, And Pegs.

PRINCIPLES:

Prismatic compass is an instrument based on the principle that a freely suspended or

pivoted magnetic needle will point in the magnetic north-south direction. The bearing of
obtained in the WCB system i.e., whole circle bearing system.

From triangle PQA

PQ2=PA2+QA2-2PA*Q acos

PROCEDURE:

To find these distance between two inaccessible point P and Q the following procedure
is adopted.

Two stations A and B are fixed at known distance Depart.

With instrument centered over A the bearing of lines AP, AQ and AB are found
out and hence angles 1 and 2.
With the instrument centered over B, the bearing of lines BA ,BP and BQ are
found
Out and hence angles 3 and 4.
Triangle PAB and QAB are solved to find out distance PQ.
PQ2 = PA2+QA-2PA*QA*Cos1
THEORY:

Generally whole circle bearing are measured using prismatic compass. it is always
measured in clockwise direction from 00 to 3600 . angle which is being measured with
respect to north in clockwise direction is called whole circle nearing.

Forward bearing:

Any bearing in the direction of traverse is called forward bearing.

Backward bearing:

Any bearing in the direction opposite to this direction of traverse is called backward
bearing.

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 FIGURE

X4 Q

X1 X2 X3

1 2
2
A 3 B

Observations:

The various bearings are found and angles are calculated in a tabular form and the
required distance is calculated.

TABULAR COLUMN:

S.NO LINE FORWARD BEARING BACKWARD BEARING LENGTH(mm)

CALCULATIONS:

RESULT: Distance between inaccessible points PQ=

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 TO FIND AREA USING PRISMATIC COMPASS
AIM :

To plot the given traverse by using prismatic compass, and find are of the closed
traverse.

INSTRUMENTS:

Prismatic Compass, Tripod, Ranging Rods, Pegs, Chain, and Tape.

PRINCIPLES:

Prismatic compass is an instrument based on the principle that a freely suspended air
pivoted magnetic needle will point in the magnetic north-south direction. The bearings of
the lines are obtained in whole circle bearing system. The included angle at every is
calculated.

THEORY:

Temporary adjustments of compass such as centering, leveling and focusing the prism
are done. A prismatic compass gives whole-circle bearing only.The angle measured
between the reference median and the line in the clock wise sense is called the whole
circle bearing of the line.

PROCEDURE:

The stations A, B, C, D, E and F are selected and the pegs are fixed at the
stations. After centering the tripod at stations A, we fix prismatic compass by
screwing it to the tripod.
Centering is done over the station A by dropping a small stone for this centre of
the compass so that if it falls over this peg making the station and by adjusting
the legs of the tripod. The compass is leveled by means of the ball send the
socket arrangements so that the graduated ring swing freely.
The compass is turned until the ranging rod at the station B is bisected by the
hair when looked through the slit above the prism. The reading is noted at
which the hair line appears to cut the image line of gradated ring. Thus the
reading is observed in the forward direction as the bearing of the line
simultaneously. The bearing of line AD is also taken in similar fashion.
The instrument is then shifted to the station B, centered over B and leveled, the
station A is sighted by keeping a ranging rod at A and the readings are taken.
This bearing is the back bearing of the line AB. The traverse is completed by
taking the bearing of different stations and FA and the observations are entered
into these field book

Plotting of a traverse by including angles:

The first stations A is selected suitably and magnetic meridian is drawn at the
station, the bearing AB is plotted and its length is marked on that bearing. Again
at B the bearing and the length of line BC is marked. The process is repeated
until the whole traverse is completed.

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 FIGURE

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TABULAR COLUMN:

S.NO LINE FORWARD BEARING BACKWARD BEARING LENGTH(mm)

CALCULATIONS:

RESULT: the total area of given traverse found by prismatic compass is -----

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 RADIATION METHOD

AIM: To find area of given traverse by radiation method of plane table survey.

INSTRUMENTS: Plane table with Tripod, Alidade, Plumbing Fork, Spirit Level, Through
Compass, plumb line, Plumb bob, Drawing sheets, and Drawing Instruments.

PRINCIPLES: In this method a ray is drawn from the instrument station towards the
point, the distance is measured between the instrument station and that point and the
point is located by plotting to some scale the distance so measured. Evidently, this
method is more suitable when the single distances are small within a tape length and
one single instrument station can control the point to be detailed

PROCEDURE:

The following steps are neccesssaryto locate the points from an instrument station P

I. The table is set at P and it is leveled we transfer the point P onto the sheet by
means of plumbing fork thus getting point P representing P. we clamp the table.
II. The abdicate is kept so as to touch P and A is sighted. The ray along the
fiducially edge of the alidade is drawn. Similarly, different point B, C, D, E etc----
are sighted and the corresponding rays are drawn. A pin may be inserted at P
and the alidade may be kept touching the pin while sighting the points.
III. PA, PB, PC,PD,PE,PF,etc---are measured in the field and their distances are
plotted to some scale along the corresponding rays, thus getting a,b,c,d,e,f,etc---
These are joined and area is found

CALCULATIONS:

RESULT: The total area of given traverse found by radiation method of plane table
survey

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 NTERSECTION METHOD OF PLANE TABLE SURVEY

AIM : To plot the given traverse by intersecting method.

INSTRUMENTS: Plane table with Tripod , Alidade, Plumbing Fork, Spirit Level Through
Compass, plumb line , Plumb bob , Drawing sheets , and Drawing Instruments.

PRINCIPLES: Intersection is resorted to when these distance between the point and
the instrument station is either too larges or cannot be measured accurately due to
some field conditions. The locations of an object is determined by sighting at the object
from two plane table stations ( previous plotted) and drawing the rays. The intersection
of these rays will give the position of this object. It is therefore very essential to have at
least two
Instrument stations to locate any point. The distance between the two instrument
stations is measured and is plotted on the sheet to some scale. The line joining the two
instrument stations is known as the base line . no linear measurement other that of the
base line is made the point of intersection of the two rays of two sides and the base line
as the third line of the triangle. Due to this reason intersection is also sometimes known
as graphic triangulation.

PROCEDURE: The falling is the procedure to locate the points by the method of
intersecting:

I. Set the table at A level it and transfer the point A on to the sheet by way of
plumbing fork clamp the table.
II. With the help of the trough compass, mark the north direction on the sheet.
III. Pivoting the cladode about A sight it to B measured AB and plot it along the ray
to get B the base line ab is thus drawn.
IV. Pivoting the alidade about a sight the details C,D,Eetc-- and draw
corresponding rays.
V. Shift the table at B and set it there. orient the table roughly by compass and
finally by back sighting A.
VI. Pivoting the alidade about b sight the details C,D,E etc--- and draw the
corresponding rays along the edge of the alidade to intersect with the previously
drawn rays in c,d,e, ect--- the positions of the points are thus mapped by way of
intersection.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS: Measurements made in the field are entered

in the field book with explanatory sketches.

RESULT: The required closed traverse ABCDE is plotted by intersection method.

KITE SURVEY LAB CIVIL

 TRAVERSING BY PLANE TABLE

AIM : To plot a traverse using plane table survey by traversing method

INSTRUMENTS:

Plane table with tripod , Alidade, Plumbing fork, Spirit level, Trough Compass, Draw sheet.

PRINCIPLES:

plane table traverse involves the same principle as a transit traverse .at each
successive station the table is set, a fore sight is taken to the following station and its
location is plotted by measuring the distance between the two station as in the radiation
method described earlier. Hence traversing is not much differs from radiation as far as
working principle are concerned. The only deference is that in the case of radiation the
observations are made to those points which will subsequently be used as instrument
stations. The method is widely used to lay down survey unclosed travers.

PROCEDURE:

I. Set the table at A. use plumbing fork for transferring A on the sheet . draw the
direction of magnetic meridian with the help of trough compass
II. With the alidade pivoted about a sight it to B and draw the ray measure AB
and scale of ab to same scale. Similarly draw a ray towards D measured
AD and plot d in the same way draw a ray towards c
III. Shift the instrument to station B and do the temporary adjustments of the
instrument .Orientation should be done with respect to A. Similarly draw a ray
towards C measured AC and plot c . in the same way draw a ray towards
D
IV. Shift the instrument to station c and do the and do the temporary adjustment
of the instrument .Orientation should be done with respect to B. draw a ray
towards D. Measure distance CD and plot d. in the same way as mentioned
above CA ray be same or should coincides with each other when we plotted
before when the instrument at A.
V. Shift the instrument to station D and do the temporary adjustments of the
instrument . orientation should be done with respect to C draw a ray towards
A the way should be coincide. With the ray drawn before and also coincide.
Hence, the traversing is completed.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Measurements made in the field are entered in the book with explanatorysheets.

RESULT: The required closed traverse ABCD is plotted by plane table.

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 FLY LEVELLING

AIM : To establish the bench mark at the start of work.

INSTRUMENTS: Dumpy level, Leveling Staff and Plumb bob.

PRINCIPLES: The dumpy level provides a horizantal line of sight . If the reduced level
of any point is given reduce level of any point can be determined either by H.I method
or by rise and fall method.
In the H.I method ,H.I or elevation of line o sight is determined by
taking back-sight on point of known R.L. the RLs of other point are determined by
taking the staff reading on those points.
In the rise and fall method, the different in staff reading between any two
points from the same setup of the dumpy level gives the difference in elevation (Rise or
fall) between the points, to the known the RL. of point the rise or fall is added to get the
R.L. of other point.

PROCEDURE:
I. Depending on the location of point whose R.L. is given and the points whose
R.L.s are to be determined the positions of dumpy level are decided, such that
B.S and F.S will be equidistant approximately.
II. The instrument is shifted and B.S is taken on change point (cp). (ie, the point on
which F.S. was taken from previous setup). Staff reading aretaken on remaining
points from the setup.
III. The process is repeated till staff reading are obtained on all the points whose
R.Ls are to be determined.

Figure:

Dumpy Level

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THEORY:

Levelling: The art of determining and representing the relative height or

elevation of different object/points on the surface of earth is called leveling.
It deals with measurement in vertical plane.
By leveling operation, the relative position of two points is known whether
the points are near or far off. Similarly, the point at different elevation with
respect to a given datum can be established by leveling.

LEVELLING INSTRUMENTS:-

The instrument which are directly used for leveling operation are:-
Level, Leveling staff

Level: -

An instrument which is used for observing staff reading on leveling staff kept
over different points after creating a line of sight is called a level.
The difference in elevation between the point then can worked out. A level
essentially
Consists of the following points:
1) Leveling Heads
2) Limb plate
3) Telescope
Telescope consists of two tubes, one slide into the other and fitted with Lens
and diaphragm having cross hairs. it creates a line of sight by which the
reading on the staff is taken Thes sential parts of a telescope are
1) body 2) object glass 3)Eye-piece 4) Diaphragm 5) Ray shade 6) The Rack
and pinion arrangement 7) Focusing screw 8) Diaphragm screw.
4) Bubble tube
5) Tripod stand
Dumpy level:
The dumpy level is simple, compact and stable instrument. The telescope is
rigidly fixed to its supports. Hence it cannot be rotated about its Longitudinal
axis or cannot be removed from its support. The name dumpy is because of
its compact and stable construction. The axis of telescope is perpendicular to
the vertical axis of the level. The level tube is permanently placed so that its
axis lies in the same vertical plane of the telescope but it is adjustable by
means of captain head not at one end.
The ray shade is provided to protect the object glass. A clamp and slow
motion screw are provided in modern level to control the movement of
spindle, about the vertical axis. The telescope has magnifying power of about
thirty diameters.
The level tube is graduated to 2mm divisions and it has normally a
sensitiveness of 20 seconds of are per graduation. The telescope may be
internally focusing or external Focusing type. Adjustment of the level

The level needs two type of adjustment

1) Temporary adjustment and
2) Permanent adjustment
Temporary adjustments of dumpy level
These adjustments are performed at each set-up the level before taking any
observation.
A) Setting up the level:- this includes

1) Fixing the instrument in the tripod:-

The tripod legs are well spread on the ground with tripod head nearly
level and at convenient height. Fix up the level on the tripod.

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 2) Leg adjustment:-

Bring all the foot screws of the level in the centre of their run .Fix any
two legs firmly into the ground by pressing them with hand and move
the third leg to leg to right or left until the main bubble is roughly in
the centre. Finally the legs is fixed after centering approximately both
bubbles. This operation will save the time required for leveling.

B) Leveling: -

Leveling is done with the help of foot screws and bubbles. The purpose of
leveling is to make the vertical axis truly vertical. The method of leveling the
instrument Depends upon whether there are three foot screws or four foot
screws. In all modern Instruments three foot screws are provided and this
method only is described.

1) Place the telescope parallel to pair of foot screws.

2) Hold these two foot screw between the thumb and first finger of each
hand and turn them uniformly so that the thumbs move either toward each
other until the bubble is in centre.
3) Turn the telescope through 90so that it lies over the third foot screw.
4) Turn this foot screw only until the bubble is centred.
5) Bring the tescope back to its original position without reversing the eye
piece and object glass ends.
6) Again bring the bubble to the centre of its run and repeat these operation
until the bubble remains in the centre of its run in both position which are at
right angle to each other.
7) Now rotate the instrument through 180,the bubble should remain in
centre
provided the instrument is in adjustment: if not ,it needs permanent
adjustment.
c) Focusing the eye piece:- To focus the eye piece, hold a white paper in
front of the
object glass ,and move the eye piece in or out till the cross hairs are
distinctly seen.
Care should be taken that the eye piece is not wholly taken out ,some times
graduation are provided at the eye piece and that one can always remember
the. particular graduation position to suit his eyes,This will save much time of
focssing the eye piece.
(d) Focusing the object glass: - Direct the telescope to the leveling staff
and on looking
through the telescope, turn the focusing screw until the image appears
clears and sharp. The image is thus formed inside the plane of cross hairs,
Parallax,if any is

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removed by exact focusing. It may be noted that parallax is completely
eliminated
when there is no change in staff reading after moving the eye up and down.
Reduced Levels
The system of working out the reduced level of the points from staff reading
taken in the
field is called as reduced level (R.L) of a points is the elevation of the point
with reference to the same datum.
There are two systems of reduced levels
1) The plane of collimation system (H.I. method)
2) The Rise and fall system
1) The plane of collimation system (H.I. method)
In this system, the R.L. of plane of collimation (H.I) is found out for every set-
up of the
level and then the reduced levels of the points are worked out with the
respective
plane of collimation as described below.
1) Determine the R.L. of plane of collimation for the first set up of the level
by
adding B.S. to the R.L. of B.M. i.e( R.L of plane of collimation= R.L. of B.M.
+B.S.)
2) Obtained the R.L. of the intermediate points and first change point by
subtracting the staff readings (I.S. and F.S. from the R.L. of plane of
collimation
(H.I). (R.L. of a point=R.L of plane of collimation H.I.-I.S or F.S)
3) When the instrument is shifted and set up at new position a new plane of
collimation is determined by addition of B.S. to the R.L of change point. Thus
the
levels from two set-ups of the instruments can be correlated by means of
B.S.
and F.S. taken on C.P.
4) Find out the R.L.s of the successive points and the second C.P. by
subtracting
their staff readings from this plane of collimation R.L.
5) Repeat the procedure until all the R.Ls are worked out.
2) The Rise and fall system:
In this system, there is no need to determine R.L. of plane of collimation .The
difference of level between consecutive points are obtained as described
below.
1) Determine the difference in staff readings between the consecutive point
comparing each point after the first with that immediately proceeding it.
2) Obtained the rise or fall from the difference of their staff reading
accordingly to
the staff reading at the point is smaller or greater than that of proceeding
point.
3) Find out the reduced level of each point by adding the rise to or
subtracting fall
from the R.L. of a proceeding point.

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 Inverted staff reading
When the B.M of staff station is above the line of collimation (or line of sight)
the staff is
held inverted on the point and reading is taken .This reading being negative
is entered
in the level field book with minus sign, or to avoid confusion, Staff inverted
should be
written in the remarks column against the entry of the reading.

OBSERVATIONS: They are entered in leveling field book and R.L s are determined
both by H.I. method and rise and fall method.

TABULAR COLUMN:

STATIO BACKSI INTERMEDIATE FORE SIGHT HEIGHT OF REDUCED REMARK

N GHT SIGHT COLLIMATION LEVEL

ARITHMATICAL CHECK:

B.S -- F.S = LAST R.L FAST R.L

RESULT: The reduced level of given point by ----------------

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 LONGITUDINAL LEVELLING

AIM :To plot the longitudinal section for a given section.

INSTRUMENTS: Dumping level, Leveling staff, Chain, Cross- staf ,Ranging rod, Arrows,
pegs and tape.
PRINCIPLES: If the R,Ls of various point along the center line are known, the longitudinal
section can be obtained.

Similar knowing the R.L of points along the cross-section can be plotted
knowing longitudinal nature of ground can be understood and quantities of earth work
estimated.

PROCEDURE:

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 I. the chain line run along the centre line of the alignment and depending upon the
nature of ground points are marked say at 10m interval.
II. Using cross-staf perpendicular to chain line are marked say at 20m and offsets
are marked on it at 3m or 5m interval to this left and right.
III. The staff reading are taken on all the points and enforce in the leveling field work.
IV. The R.Ls of all the points are determined and the longitudinal and cross-sections
are plotted by taking a suitable R.L as datum and appropriate scales.
V. FIGURE:

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

the staff readings are entered in leveling field book and the R.Ls are determined.

TABULAR COLUMN:

STATIO BACKSI INTERMEDIATE FORE SIGHT HEIGHT OF REDUCED REMARK

N GHT SIGHT COLLIMATION LEVEL

ARITHMATICAL CHECK:

B.S -- F.S = LAST R.L FAST R.L

RESULT: The longitudinal section for the given road are plotted.

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 CROSS-SECTIONAL LEVELLING

AIM :

To plot the cross-section of a given section.

INSTRUMENTS:
Dumping level, Leveling staff, Chain, Cross- staf ,Ranging rod, Arrows, pegs and tape.

PRINCIPLES:

Knowing the R,L of points along the cross-section the cross-sectional profile of the section can
be plotted.

PROCEDURE:
I. The chain line is run along the centre line of the alignment and depending upon
the nature of ground points are marked say at 7m interval.
II. Using cross-staf perpendicular to chain line are marked say at and offsets are
marked on it at 2m or 5m interval to the left and right.

KITE SURVEY LAB CIVIL

 III. The staff readings are taken on all the points and entered in the leveling field
book.
IV. R,Ls of all the points are determined and the cross-sectional profile is plotted by
taking a suitable R.Ls as datum and appropriate scale.

TABULAR COLUMN:

STATIO BACKSI INTERMEDIATE FORE SIGHT HEIGHT OF REDUCED REMARK

N GHT SIGHT COLLIMATION LEVEL

.
ARITHMATICAL CHECK:

B.S -- F.S = LAST R.L FAST R.L

RESULT: The longitudinal cross-sectional profile for the given section are plotted

KITE SURVEY LAB CIVIL

 CONTOURING

AIM : Two draw the contour, for a given area by taking the block levels.

APPARATUS: Dumpy level, levellingstaff, tripod stand

PRINCIPLES:
If the block levels are known, the RLs corresponding to various contours can
be inter ploted.The points corresponding to a particular RL.are joined to get the contour.
Similarly contors are drawn to the required contour interval.

PROCEDURE:
I. The given area is divided into squares of appropriate size,
depending, on the nature and extent of area.
II. The staff readings are taken on the corner points of all the squares
and the RLs are determined.
III. Various contour lines are drawn by interpolation.

TABULAR COLUMN:

S.NO BACK INTERMEDIATE FORE HIGHT OF REDUCED REMARK

SIGHT SIGHT SIGHT INSTRUMENT LEVEL

CHECK: F.S - B.S = Fall - Rise = Last R.-First R.L

RESULT: The contour map for the given area is prepared.

KITE SURVEY LAB CIVIL