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    Philoeunuchs PDF

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    Ivanovici Daniela

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Frontier Cain of Eumenes showing the fie Anal dyast of Pegamum and epotely Poco: Brith Museum snc (Sd ceny 0) head ofhis ake Pilea, the EUNUCHS IN ANTIQUITY AND BEYOND Ealitor Shaun Tougher Contributors Ratanan Abusch, Ruth Bardel, Vern L. Bullough, Niels Gaul, Shelley Hales, J.L. Lightfoot, Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones, Margaret Mullet, Georges Sidéris, Walter Stevenson, Shaun Tougher Shih-shan Henry Tsai, Richard Witt “The Classical Pres of Wales and Ducleworth LoL ‘Shel Hater 1998 Inpori Romeand Ohio Tp Oxf on 1990 Stink Ca and Roman Plier Hep He Tons" aii win Myton ond Geen Nines DEE TW Aman Gop Pin: Te feney ih of te Lt eb ad Ean npn, New Yorke Lamb OSE Lie CE Le Neel Cl 2516 este TDS Angie Supe 2a London alles 1997” The logy af the cunch i’, Gene and iy 93 942 1999. tnSonbef a te Mor Fe of ob hee ely ‘snd. GM 1012 Cals in Rall oy Antibe wad Cinta, oh 8 Sta super. 1396 Women dln nh i hin Cue, onon and New York Swi J. 1998 "The clo Anemis t Epos in EN, Lane (el) Cele, A and aa Cas age menor of 8] Na, Leiden, 38-38, can R 1996 Te Cal oft Ramon Epi, Ono Sen TD Te Lge of A nC and Roman At, ion, 97? Glen ee Te myth nde cae Kondon an 6 EUNUCHS AND GENDER TRANSFORMATION: Philo’ exegesis of the Joseph narrative Relanon Abvich Iauoduction The reflections on eunuchis an casteaton contained inthe voluminous writings of Philo of Alexandria (30 nea 43), especialy i is several ‘acyl textenents of she Joueph narrative i Genesis. provide acted key for examining Philos conception of che categories af male and Female! The Foremost pracroner of hii iterrearion smog. the Greckspesking Jows of Alexandria and our primary source for Jewish pilsophial though in the Hellenistic period, Philo sought wo integrate the assumptions of scrpeurl eveltion ad the taditions and techniques of philosophical dialectic. The novel foray of euleural scommodaion Piomceed hy Philo eine she way #0 pagan 2nd Cheinian philosophical hougheof te antiquity in which the nnwations Forged in the Helene [Neat Ease would come to seem commonplace Like these ater thinkers such at Plorinus and Origen, Philo was vexed by the complexity of situating dhe huran body within bis philosophical programme. was ‘vith the aim of laying ee place and function of the human Body and ‘the biblical commandments which isle hat Philo explores she Figure of he cunach, "The aim of his chapter isto investiga the reaionshipherwcen Pil’ vse of gender entegoric and his aides toward cunuchiem, casteation, 2d cretion by exploring his slleprial exegesis of the Jmeph nats tive T argue that his arousal sometimes soneraicory, etme ‘of castration have imponane implications for Philos coneeprion of the ‘commandment of male circumcision The cencaity of cicumeison for the creation of vile Jovi diference in aniguity is unquestionable The act and vgn of circumcision didnot, however, function i a soa and eltural atu. Cieumeision was not simply an anomakns ewish pevulariy but a the Greck and Roman elites ofthe eaty empize, Jewish cicumetion belonged to lager category might best tere 3 Re‘onan Abus ‘grvtal muslin’, Circumcision was, at lest in part viewed by the rounding culture dough aticade shaped by the emergent social ‘ely of castaon andthe neteasng prominence of eunuehs in politi nd soca lie "Ava Jewish man living in a Hellenic world among both non- circumcised gentile and cacumcised Jws, Pil experienced circumcision Sea source of tension. Alien ro his sounding cari bu so impovtant to his own, cinumekon served a4 locus of hesaton about ha owe teadsion and hisown concepionsof gendered sealing Phil's ambialent reading of the complex figure of Joseph and the eunuchs he enoounters infgypilluminaes in mporzns was is xpi defense ofthe practice of cieimeision. Gender transformation and the spiritual life Tor Philo, the figure of che eunuch serves a frie cultural signifi. hilo betrays an awareness that castration both rears and endangers his shetorie of male spremacy. The ambiguous figure of the eunuch represents the insabilty inherent in Philos ‘anthropology’, im which Corpora and sense perception at fused oimellace and soul within the Compound buman bing, This conecprion of human existence s mapped four in Pilot writing in terms of a stark, though permeable, gender Firarchy. The malleable male body ofthe eunuch thus provides Philo vith a dynamic image with which o explore the proces of human growth {nd rasformation so crucial his philosophical programme: For progres is indst nothing ls hen te ging up ofthe fea gener by changing into she male since the Fale gende is material pase hepore an ssp, whe the mies ace onal and more Shinto mind and hough Gender instal serial for Phils conception of spititual progres that he understands asthe ability to control and ulimatly to transcend human embodiment though pute itellectin. In Phil’ bluepine for Fhuman nature, all poopl, male ay well as Feral, are bisected into che complementary facet of mind and body. components that are in eurn ‘Conerptulized in gendered terms. Al odes, both hose of men and those ‘of women, are gendered Fema in thei mpeteson. “This language of progress though gender transformation is cehoed in Philos discussions of female virgiiny” For Philo, virginity radically ppc othe embod exizence of physaly mature women fr whom the stages of menses, defloration and parturition sgn) their proper ‘ocial faneion and location." The resdoption by Ph’ female bial 106 Eanuc and gender trformarion: Philo exeeiof te Jeph marie characters of their former vig state afer menopause simultaneously ‘removes them from the community of women and gives them access the male deity ecipiens of hie divine seed. The union of man beings that i made fo the procteton of chien ‘ume gin ino moren, Bat hon God begins conor with the oa, Henkes warble was a worn ing aug agi, fe he aks away the degenerate and emulate puons wick made wom apd planes rset native poe of apoltevto Tus Gd wl at al wi Sal se ar cee fom sl that afer the manera women (Gen 1.11), and sake once more pute “The pug tepesnted by the Feral virgin coming represents rejection of corporal desie and experience, but in fact encodes Philos gendered language of prtual procreation in which God is imagined asthe potent sale who actively sows is seed in the recep, enna human sou Here Philos language contains tension benwcen tejction of sexuality and the ensription of gender categoria on a cosmic vl, Like che co Iulves of medical diprych, male an female merge a complementary images into an integral whole, whore components when differentiated. serve as che paradigms aor only for human sexual existence but more inmportanly for che ators in che drama of he spirit ie Te is by means ofthis permeability of gender categories hat Philo fashions his language of human rligious experince. The hur subject, in Phils wrsnge alow invariably 2 male subject. This mae subject. ‘must navigate a double transformation inorder ta adopt a feminized and pase raionship tothe divine, while sil safeguarding his male ‘nti. The embed male subject sheds hie female corporeal aspect, hete conceived of ss dhe “masculiting passione, whl, athe same time imagining his sul asa ecepeive and pasive ving impregnated by Gos Aisne sec, Alle while, he mast safeguard his social and physical ety tetman, [wane to argue thatthe gender indeterminacy ofthe earch, his stats as ‘neither male noe female’ o8¢ dppev ote Do, a common phate echosl in Pil, represents an sleratve sat for this est ‘SFembodiment. Bonus and castration in Philo Philo include cates among + lengthy lie of diferent rypes of male gender bending and consistently ens them aeranagrestors of divinely fndain gender categories, fn one colourful and strident pasage, Philo In fore ds the very mension of pederasy) was agra dace, but ow itiea mane of sing moc only co dhe active prter bu othe pate vos Retanan Abuch pene who habitat themsces to endure the dic of efeminaton| {ego Seo. They fet bt body apd sol ao wae and eve no ener of tc mae turer moder Bark how conic hy ead urn ther asd how they sah and pai fics with ise tl pigment nd hehe nf, the earmaton ofthe mae mtu to heal spat by thr aan at ara doc not rae a Censily you may ce thes bid of anand woman einalystang sSourthrough te dhickof the mare heading the pros th et ‘ppoined to serves uly minster oF shng eating the myer A initiations an elebaing the tes of Demeter Tht of them ho, by way of heghteing sil Rrher th youth! bes, ar deseo Ne compleely changed ino waren and gone on sy mutate th geil ‘ans acd pple ike sgl benef tc ane ands each Fhe ne a pation of hi coy” hits anguage heres sweeping and inclusive. He ascites the passive ‘male pane with the real atendane of Demeter" who represents the ‘goddess in the puble space ofthecipy- He s tuned tothe minate deals tthe boy language and selpresenation that these ‘feminat figures haze, believing the ruined state of thei souls to be displayed on the tuts. The ‘mutation of dhe male genital represents the mat exeeme ‘manifestation of tis degeneracy et even this remarkable and coherent Condemnation betays undercuseens of ambivalence. Philo ses t0 ‘ecogoize the llr and sheze physical hesty ofthese emit, even {Fthse powerful sexuality is dangerous and iit le is precisely this jueapostion of sexslity and the negation of reproductive capacity thar so infuriates Philo. Casation generates an ambivalent product, dlesexed, yee unlawfully sexual, non-teproductve. jee asocated vith fer cats hil offers avarice of metaphors for the eunuch sextered throughout his writings. This imagezy fuses the ritual vocabulary of biblical cul withthe rich philosophialIngaage aswocard with correct perception snd remon. The eunech i variounly like an infer fel” or the ban ‘ulead, in each cate unable to generate wisdom, ioros aoping +e employs traditional philosophical vocabulary co fink the eumahs ital mutilation tothe deformation of the capacity ose the organs of perception to pierce chrough the vil of appearance. The cunich i ke 2 man wid a eataact, who is ‘under the dominion of appetancs and toes not perceive whats rly exelent” Like Lucian exploration of the faze ofa eunuch philosopher whose reproductive organs ate condered prerequisites for atining achat of philosophy, Philo asst the face that a man’ reproductie capacity was brought eo heaton his eapacity £0 participate in philosophical dehate and specs 106, Eunucls and gender formation: Pils ergs of the Jouph naraive In many of she pasages in which he voices his condersnation of ceanuchs slong with other effeminate men, Phils brings the sane pana text, Deuteronomy 23.1: He whose genitals ae crushed (hale) and Ihe whove resis have een cut out (aroxe ue v0) shall not enter into the asenbly of the Lord Here, a in Levis 21-18-28, the Drabing the man with crushed reticle, and the xunexsusevos, the man whose testicles have heen cur out" ae bate fom the communal ec sevice along withthe child of che posiute” and certain clases of foreigners.” Ieisthe crushed testicles ofthe Oia8iog chat charsctrize those who “estoy che peefect Form’, and thus adulerate the unified image of god. Likewise, the dosent for in pall eas the conti) [ikened to the atheist, one who denies the very existence of ad’ Hit severed genitals embody this absnce. Pil imagery thus brings the ritual stem governing the bourdares of the cle community 6 bear fn philosophical sctviy. The Hebrew Bible i concerned with 2 wide range of physical deforms, which dqualiy one fom participation in ‘cial cule physical integrity is more etral chan chil character ‘pers. ln contest, Philo explicitly Finks embodied states ethic and phileophical disposition. The more abstract motion of properly gendered imal identity is for Pile pretegusicefoe petition in bods aa community andthe philosophical i hills exegesis ofthe Joseph narrative Phils use ofthe gure of he eunsachinhis allegorical wring highlights these tensions. The ras majority oF oxcireenss of therm ecru ad taf the elated erm oxi inthe Plone corpus ate i fact fn in Phils exegesis of che Joseph naraive in his several separate treatments af she sheme Picking up on the we of dese tems by the Sypruane in its description of Josep fist master Poiphar Philo crests a Wid presentation of the events that ake pee in Poiphar’ house In so ding Philo develop Jone ina a eb and spiral mae The tory recounted in Genesis chapet 37 to 48 is ail Joseph i the fvourite wn af Jacob who, having provoked the jealousy and i-will of is brothers, taken dowa to Egype by trades and there sold ints slavery Ate sical noble adventure, including hie inl period of | ‘ermployment ia the house of 2 high government offical named Poipha, whom the Sepruagint labels an eivoayos rather than the arbiguous EPTE of he Hebrew Bible Joseph moves his way though the adiniera tive burezuerey Finally securing the most power postion in the Egyptian goveencaerthe Pharaoh. And, though 3 series of dramatic lecumstances, Josephs newly acquired postion of poner enables him 107 Retonan buch to ensute for himlf and is family material survival in the face of indlng resources "The gaps inthis stony areas imposible to eave a they are numerous. A the heart of any understanding ofthis narrative is the hesmeneutic pure of ow we should read the character of Josephs she medal for Sléretraint and picy ia the Fae of eompesion perhape «van, sel promoting pretiy-boy?” This question vexed the Rabbis ax well. Both posubiies ate found side-by-side in Genesis Rabba, 2 compilation of Rabbinic cxcgstial raditions on che hook of Genesis I an extended treatment of this pasage found in Genesis Rebba 87.3, dhe Rabbis [resent neph as an ethical model bu ako 3 2 tatdetale who aes wich ‘ondexension towards his brothers and asa dandy who calls atenion to his beauty and faic™ They suggest thar Joseph has been purchased by Pociphar to srve a a catamite and tha Poipharscastaion for bis transgressive sexual preference is a punishment from God.” The Midrash here sven suggests thar Joep ay be compared toa man who is siting in the arkesplacepereling his eve, fing bis hair and prancing about i3py2 MONG TPES PRCT TVS FREER). The Midrash explains that God, infsiatsdby Josephs vai, sends the wife of Josephs master to tes his self restsin. ‘Ifyou ate areal man,” God says in he Midas, "het ia she- bea, ome, wre witht" This desripcion of Josephs body ovement, mannerisms and personal grooming habits go hand in hand sth che characterization of Jeph ar Posiphars potential came. In Tc, a careful reading ofthis description of Josepis distinctive abies suggests shat che Rabbinic compost of this Midrash were as atuned a thet Hellenied counterpart tothe connection herween body language lind ethical character.” Like Philo, the Rabbis wetesensve che eles “caded in che biblical avetive.” ‘Cersiny Josephs beauty and selfpreseneation make him suspect. “This charactereation, coupled with dhe mature of Josephs creer ~ fist as household sive and then ar 3 powerfl gure within the Egyptian Ipatearacy~ nds credence to my suggestion tht hiss the case carer tf acunuch Like many cunchs, Joseph hegne hice ara younglave Joseph lke many young ves, especially he more atractive ones." woul have Fxched a far higher price forthe nomadic waders on the Egypean slave marker iFhe had been caste before che sale or by the waders en toute Like many cunuchsin she ancene woud, Joneps foreign bora and from beyond the boundaries of she ruling empize. And, like them, once his social and family tie are severed, he becomes entirely dependent ‘onthe support and goodwill oF his employers The jobs he i given bona the begining of his carve and at its culmination are rhe highly tos ioc and gener traofrmation Pio exes of the Jp marae specialized js of howschol administaion and government planning and policy. A rigorous education would have been abolrey een for a Cansaniteshepherd-boy eo lear and master the inccaies of the Exyptian governmental bureaucracy. OF course this reading gos against the grain of the expicie biblical narative in which Joseph ulimately marries and has children. Nevereeles, the question of howto ead his character and his identity asa man les atthe heart of any interpretation ofthis naraie. As we will se Below, Philo himself grasped the logic of this portato Joseph ar literary’ eunuch Dependent on the Greek tansation ofthe Bible, Philo emphasies the face that Joseph encounters 4 numberof eunuch daring his ime in Egypes* Philo describes Jouph ise maser, Poipha, a :Leanuch gle ofthe souls genering oan apn om she men’s ‘quater an eae fom the women a thing nether mle nore ule She shel or weve ne. two ye nets coumei the Inuman coin ita fen ehe moray which, tog se sascson sf deena ches che, hae sve free oped of fom the holy assembly and congregation Philo allegorical reading of Josephs encounter wih his maser’ wife Simialy emphasizes her husbands eunuchisn, He writes: or che eunuch anche cook erat the mind deal notin the Simple pease rin exec oer a they o mn dscres thei of each neh nspal of peng wid io He goes on to claborate that Poiphars wife represents Pleasure in its most excreme form, Because she isnot ony 4 woman, hut, tthe wife of ‘eunuch, depends ona man whose busine iti to provide the excessive pleasures of the appetites, Thicame language is echoed in Phil allgorzation of the baker and wine steward whom Joseph lter encounters in prs ‘Why isi that oa a sng oe of ches os i creo a ema a roman’ Is it ot beese nature hs ened me tot the gare of ie I women vee them, and the ming ofthese twos te cus of fetaton and of the permanence ofthe Al These eunuchs are instead be likened wo: ul hich ponent a Barton, wal whch as heen made 0 by “naclton (eeemopapeen) For such ssl ker able to dp the truly mnie dof au (se peri pe i ds oo) noe Jet fo recite and foster what dropped like ty eld ony 09 Re‘anen Abc capable of lighting she suceve poms which woe meant oH. (He BRO scatman hse wok tis to produce peste ndcan produce no fait wiscom He ee ol oe ole (oe ape oe ta, forhets incapable of ether giving or reoiving se (severe). None such dows Moves permit so ener the congregation ofthe Lod, for tra te can he ind inten to bay wos when he if ha et Zaythe power offhand the sore ofthe ch.” Ines page, Pio expliiy compar thew athe pian our tothe ws by spurting theme rom the eyes of eproduion, fave rm homtle om the community of Isae The pages tnpioy ase of ork ges hat wave! rom on ones to another For Fh, the each combs py pasion and plese with ack frqraective pac, Bano ses perversion of Pio conception of Tuma ature anemfesied malian of hs conic eno Joueph at eunuch in Philonic exegesis Negtioe role lence ‘Gansiering the complexity of dhe character of Joseph and the poteney of the igure ofthe cumich within Philos allegorical idiom, iis pethaps no Surprse hat Pil play eth the notion hat Joseph himself sa eunuch ‘Comparing Joseph untivorably ro Abrahams widom and Noais nobly. Philo writes eat Josep here epresens the nnd wich lve the oy and he pasions and as boon sol in lve to che chick ur compound ature, Pease Casta of al ‘he mae repedsine organs of he ul and ving in indigence of noble fratces he ran go exe the vine messi, are on the oly engeanain which th and say eas te” Phil articulates his daub abous Joxph ran ethic model using the very same linguage and imagery he has etherwse reserved for ser castrated haracers from the biblical Joseph nana. At the conclasion ofthis prssage, Philo prays on his own behalf that be be unlike chi castrated Jeph figure: "My sul Fou are snared by the hook of passion, endure to become prisoner rar than» ptm keeper” Embedded in 2 clue ante in which the society OF unchin andeaseation was alaays ‘ose at an, Philo to recogines th logic of sping his image wo Joseph in oder to condemn what he see as Jones les noble characterises Pie slic lence Even more provacitve, howewr, i Philos portayal of Joseph as a cumuch, notin negative hermeneutic play onthe completes of Josep is no Pxauchs and gender amjormation Pile eres of the Jeph nartive characterization, hut instead withthe sim of depicting Joseph sa paragon fof sl-coneol and abstinence. This piece of exis conte in ne ofthe fpanages have ited shows, Lag Aligoriae 3236, in which Philo epics Poxphars wife asthe Bgure of corrupting Pleasure, wed to a eunuch who series none other than Pharaoh, destoyer (ie. sextere) of noble things Yeu, Philo interupes the low of this invective im midstream wih a 180-degce urn argumentation, afering a radialy dient “undestanding of eunuch, coming to another account (na doy i) it would be aeblet (apiorr" lo becomes eunuch (so eowouz veo) inthis out ‘oul should bese to spe wicksdnes std unin pasion, Soong oy these conealingchraceroyep0eh RG hen pean ye him Seep with me apd, being human, inde maa paso sl ory the bight come ns coer comply a et ‘The phrase used her, xa dito hyo igh aleraatvly be translated *Acconling vo an alternative interpretation. While his phrase may merely mark che coauast hetween the two interpectations Philo provides, it may indicate tha he i ere cansmicing a eceived exept raion ‘Whatever he best ransation ofthis phrase mayest eta hat ee abrupt change in discourse indicates ha his alternte’ reading sond ove Tor Philo as much ast dos foe the modera reader. eno Tongs Piha who is the eunuch, bat Joep. And the eunuch, far from representing, cemasculate and emsculating pasion, sigs the transcendence of he physi and seal el Ie light of Phils requene condemnations of cunuchs and castration thisineerprecative ration is novel and surpsing, Yt believe that thi pasage articulates an undercurene in Piles approach tothe motualy onstuting problems of gender and embodiment. In fac, in 4 passage dealing precisely withthe sraggle co overcome human desire, Philo ‘sae ‘To my thinking. tho who are not any igarane wold chase o be ind rather than ee uniting thing aed tobe deprived f heating aches thane o burl wosds sn qa ane thc onges ct utsaretheat From ueing anti hcsouk ot be si. Cerin te me tye ss lle ng entre om the wel onde ther tse sas Dien off that ongue an s0 cies wor tora for thi worst wth found thee unable sb the fnfermaron hey wae beter he made int 4 cunich than eo rage fer sel seroue lesewountomvan yeu aicwr Apos eons La How are we to understand such fet in which castration serves a a rope forthe spiiual pevzction ofthe wie? um Raianan Abs CCasution ax spiritual progres in Philo Ins wetingy Plo conse se che sme langage of exsng to describe catraton as wll ato describe dhe proces of separating oul rom fou tn these conta, the words éxshuve, doxdra, and roc ‘Shen ocating in pa or laechangeab signify no the ‘son’ or ‘rushing’ ofthe male geval, bu the eetion of physica ‘Mocesigifcany the seat el hat undrgisPhios description ef boi castration and spiral progres is denial to his dscusion of the allegorical meaning of reunion. ‘Gacunciion aint the camo pei othe hea For as both re feel w sere for posenion hough ng geerste bythe pi oe ie gta Th he an thowgh to pun the organ of sal necoue, making creuscbion Re iRurcof te exchon of ceive and servos plese (peony ‘per berate rol coneotony Aon) Philos ineaional play on the words metro (cicumcision) and sepeceigenvesy av excision of superlaus pleas) emphaszs the ‘ia symbatinm ofthe act of cneumciion, For Phil, circumcision i tox mec anempry sonasandmene bu epesets the profound piri teh that she mal inva mst, drogh sre rn to overcome the body by cating out the panions fm the he. Andy uke many ‘adic alegorizesin his own community, Philo reogzed the need 0 “nae suc commandments philly a5 wel sin spiritual tems" Te one sere, both circumcision and easton define the boundarics ‘of commanity, one a prerequisite for inclusion, the her a mark oF ‘reloion’* Within Philos Plaonicing framework, however, easton, Inia to circameson, provides an ape meapbor for psa powes. Prilocannotgnore the sbolc powcr of eartatin. From imagining thecamuch av buren fide might imagine hie 2 propel raed vine tats co bear wholly vireaous Fue. In many respets hen I bie th iby an vate ha al ed eyes hr in ome respects undergone an alteration eo ther reproductive organs 35 ‘Ciro ofsanctcaion to enoue ther nclasion ina scred community ery reuse Jewish man ait were, a are estat Literal an allegorical reading strategies: Philo legacy “This pallelisn Berwcen circumcision and castration, of course, ase the quscion of lieral as opposed to alegorical understandings of such radical acts cntation an oer forms of slF- mation. Uhelive shat teat we ind ere ae eal sgos oF masive shift between the word of Serf cl, in which wholeness of body, just as proper genclog, is 12 much and gender transformation: Philo nee ofthe Jeph naraive a prerequiite for approaching the divine. and a word in which impurity istundertod as at inherent inthe human coniion. Weaze chs ot fac from a world in which the raonle for Orges’sleedselFeatraion would have Been clearly understood at spre lewom inscribed in the ‘ody. des, although Origen atenuated in his wings the mesige oF this les enacted in ia yout, e stil grappling with the siniance ‘of catration fr the problem of embodiment ia his late works, In his ‘commentary on Matthew: kel penned in his old ag.” Origen uses Philos approval of craton ced above in his justcation of Jes call toselfasation at Matthew 1.12: And Philo, who exp high mpution among niger pple or many [Shae lad i isle te Ea of Moss he ook tld On tr ore aasomed aac he be es Bar ‘Emad conch han age areal inereoue* Aldhough ewhere in this commentary Origen repudiates castration, the ‘nclison of Philos unusual endorsement of the practice attests to the Aurabilty ofthe logic eae sustained it swell the contoversal power it ‘one ro impose on the philosophical imagination.” Within Origens radical allo slE- Forimilar tains so BT Sta 126 0b; Gens Rebbe BBG, 863-6, 916 Levine 1987-36), reads the tations eroagh dhe lens of Graco Roman theta uu demonstra tnt zough 2 crossing of the ura clu siden he Joep arse, se gemonic disco of {Fe ower exploited w denigrate hedaman frig cle a form af Udstne idem Although aympucenc 0 Levinson focus om enc his “SSerineadcinphosies the wy Phila bil ad philosophers ate sooty gender tanegresion nd rsfomain. esl ean eons abc ne Phonic ees the Jorph arate ines of iin? ‘aionship othe scounding race Romance ran arent w epi he appre ienextion of Pipher ME*EXB) the Cunt wih oupien GRESIE). the pit of On of Genes 41.48, {Be raf aaenth and evel fhe oof Fup she Rais ges cones Rabe 83th a acquedJoseph in order wae im ot sc purpons and ws ated a et The peishment of craton ERLE fs wordplay on Popa mame, whose st ment FAB wens to das and hens ocx Genes Rebbe? 3 Translation mie 2 Roureu 1977.24, defines habia ‘stems of durable, ranspobe Aiopenfons rucared strcetespredisponed to Futon as strung ably basa 58 16 Exnuch and gender formation: Piles excess ef Jp marine sates thi i 3 pip the gentin and acing of acts ENopeentine a “are Nong with hi, thes Helen ting of the Jp naraive pick up ‘on many ofthese melas inthe bibs text tn Tame ofan Fae hh pele bu ans Cee) fr ceca tm ec el of caperance snd chai (Hollander 1981) Hs ebseive ‘cern fr hi chat tansorme bi eas pote in powerful ad “racine tps foe. Stary in she protrRomance Jp and Aun, FeSpbi ofy to i poead or ‘ree crm ms the ag who comes orf ep, pthape allan SSERS uaad'ndeeinastene Te es ° rete ony aan inthe Bible debe as beatifal and comely TAME ES TARR AEE (Cone 9.6, Thee epics may ey eho Je rw hough Rahs since the pha ily eerie sd 0 deribe er (Gena 2917). eater narnve and seca armen of Fes “hice and baron fh, Chia, sr wl alam mike his Beaty ‘onal o tr ntepretins ofthe nar seis decepin othe cur eunach dws rion Hopkins 1978, wher fae he te sui ana saplied he anc ofthe camich Ae ate Roman imperil cou SS Gens 50-58 > Jbl chi and 39 Hkewisecmphats shu, ke Raia, dhe ste who Jonph encoun in pion ae eunuch > Sum 2.164 ° Tp 3.36. Teno sine. Mt om 173. ews ki Foslas unachism and he le chick taco anc tnd chook euch Bons he han cane se of elem sd ost ip enravon the soul nan of generation, bl ure oso apd beg thing hat endo dscpine nk bosch cookie hon he sages ion bing chopeand ie shen pe y pie iby mb, ed ons 2 hut ef ke ces, inmate ater han mater Fhe ain, fe 220 Deaf 11 Gp can mean sors. what th est sation is dh wad espeally emphatic in ths conten, whee i poses both 2 normtve ands pisaphic meaning ohae alt 32367 1 Da Po 176 Ofigen cies his ery passage in ition of Jet cal qf cation se Mashew 19.12 See ow for doco oP See Som 2.64 here Plo writes For jn we Bnd om ec (0 the fret damage of gemine pont, pein wbick she hasan Poet Figen) anc way node) 10 provide for the neces S01 tra a eh flor rte the fe offs ad varity for which to husbundian as Rbero ben found exe eco) the mieieous ‘regrowth onan al CE Me Now 1 Eq AN 3A Sm 38: be ur eianan Abu © She Leg 1.9 Later Spr a1 803 Phil adore aw ys thus ue userid n he here, Cicucethe tds of your Bet. pte ‘fay om then ind the spe overot om and aed y che ere spe of th psn and plated by fll he el nso Ute su Likewise at ig, Abr 92 he writes Tes trae ha cing. aumento does inden pty the

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