CHAPTER 5 - System Protection

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BEX42803/BEF33203/BEE4213 UtilisationofElectricalEnergy
EarthingSystem
ProtectionAgainstElectricShocks
EarthFaultsProtection
ProtectionAgainstVoltageSurges
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Earth:TheconductivemassoftheEarth,whose
electricpotentialatanypointisconventionally
l ti t ti l t i ti ti ll
takenaszero.
Anearth isdefinedasaconnectiontothe
generalmassofearth.
(1)Earthelectrode
(2)Earthing conductor
(3)Protectiveconductor
(4)Electricalinstallation
(5)Bondingconductor
(6)Mainearthing terminal
(7)Removablelink
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Aconductororothermetalisearthedwhenit
iseffectuallyconnectedtothegeneralmassof
i ff t ll t d t th l f
earth bymeansofametalrodorasystemof
metalwaterpipesorotherconductingobject.
SolidlyearthedorBoltedearthedwhenitis
earthedwithout theinterventionofafuse,,
switch,circuitbreaker,resistor,reactor,or
solenoid.
Earthing ismeantbyhavingeveryitemof
apparatust andeveryconductorshallbe
d d t h ll b
preventedfromgivingrisetoearthleakage
currents.
Itiscarriedoutbyensuringanymetalliableto
becomecharge g shouldbeearthandeverypart
yp
oftheearthing circuitshouldbeproperly
installed.
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Otheralternatives toearthing thatcouldbe

employedarebyhavinganallinsulted
employed are by having an all insulted
construction,doubleinsulationandbyhaving
anisolation.
Earthing protectspeopleandequipmentfrom
potentiallydangerousovervoltages and
leakages associatedwithelectricalequipment
associated with electrical equipment
inhomes,offices,retailoutletsandindustrial
plant.
Grounding
Connectingequipmentandpointsonelectricalsystems
Connecting eq ipment and points on electrical s stems
totheearth oranearthsubstitute.
Purposeistolimitovervoltages betweentheequipment
andtheearthduetolightning,faults,etc.
Bonding
Connecting
Connectingequipmenttogetherandtothesystem
equipment together and to the system
neutral point.
Purposeistolimitvoltages betweenequipmentandto
provideapathforgroundfaultcurrent.
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Reason(1) Minimiseovervoltages
Lightning
strike
Utilityphase conductor
Lightning transformer
arrester
Utilityneutral
Utility neutral conductor
Transformerearthrod Serviceearthrod
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Reason(2) Limitvoltagepotentialon
equipmentenclosures
i t l
Ungrounded Insulation Grounded Insulation
motorframe breakdown motorframe breakdown
415V
feeder 240V Equipment 0V
conductors earthing
conductor
400Vmotor 400Vmotor
Earthing surface Earthing surface
11
Reason(3) Providealowimpedancepathfor
faultcurrent
f lt t
Ungrounded Insulation Grounded Insulation
motorframe breakdown motorframe breakdown
Overcurrent Overcurrent
devices devices
415V IF
I = 0A
I=0A IF
feeder Equipment IF
conductors earthing
IF
conductor
400Vmotor 400Vmotor
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Designingasafeearthing systemmeans
providingtheeasiestandshortest
idi th i t d h t t pathforthe
th f th
faultcurrentwithoutexposingapersonto
electricshock.
Satisfactoryearthing isthemostimportantpart
ofanelectricalinstallationbecauseoperation
p
ofalltheprotectivedevicesdependuponit.
13
Thetotalimpedanceoftheconductor,
connectingthemetalwork
connecting the metal work oftheinstallation
of the installation
totheearthelectrode(earthcontinuity
conductor)measuredbetweentheearth
electrodeandanyotherpart oftheinstallation
atsupplyfrequencyshouldnotexceed1.0.
If the resistance is higher than 1 0 (excessive
Iftheresistanceishigherthan1.0 (excessive
resistance),itisanindicationofimproper
earthing.
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Earthlugterminalrusty
Loosewireconnection
Layersofpaintontheelectricapparatus
Looseconnectionofearthwiretotheplugand
socketoutlet
Looseconnectionbetweenconduitand
terminalbox
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T = Terre (French word for earth)

I = Isolation (all live parts isolated from earth or
supply connected to earth through an impedance
for isolation.
N = Neutral (in AC system, the earth point is
normally the neutral point).
S = Separ (neutral and protective functions
provided by separate conductors).
C = Combin (neutral and protective functions
combined in a single conductor, PEN).
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TTsystem(earthedneutral)
One point at the supply source is connected directly to earth. All exposed and
extraneousconductiveparts are connected to a separate earth electrode at the
installation. This electrode may or may not be electrically independent of the source
electrode.
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TNCsystem
Theneutralconductorisalsousedasaprotectiveconductorandisreferredtoasa
PEN(ProtectiveEarthandNeutral)conductor.
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TNSsystem
The protective conductor and the neutral conductor are separate. On

underground cable systems where leadsheathed cables exist, the protective
conductor is generally the lead sheath.
19
TNCSsystem
In the TNCS system, the TNC (4 wires) system must never be used downstream of
the TNS (5 wires) system, since any accidental interruption in the neutral on the
upstream part would lead to an interruption in the protective conductor in the
downstream part and therefore a danger.
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ITsystem(isolatedneutral)
No intentional connection is made between the neutral point of the supply source
and earth. Exposed and extraneousconductiveparts of the installation are
connected to an earth electrode.
21
ITsystem(impedanceearthedneutral)
An impedance Zs (in the order of 1,000 to 2,000 ) is connected permanently

between the neutral point of the transformer LV winding and earth
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Simplest solution to design and install. Used in

installations supplied directly by the public LV distribution
network.k
Does not require continuous monitoring during operation.
Protection is ensured by special devices, the residual
current devices (RCD), which also prevent the risk of fire
when they are set to 500 mA.
Each insulation fault results in an interruption in the
supply of power,
power however the outage is limited to the
faulty circuit by installing the RCDs in series or in parallel.
Loads or parts of the installation which, during normal
operation, cause high leakage currents, require special
measures to avoid nuisance tripping.
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TNCsystem
TNSsystem
25
Requires the installation of earth electrodes at regular

intervals throughout the installation.
Requires that the initial check on effective tripping for the
first insulation fault be carried out by calculations during the
design stage, followed by mandatory measurements to
confirm tripping during commissioning.
Requires that any modification or extension be designed and
carried out by a qualified electrician.
Mayy result,, in the case of insulation faults,, in ggreater damage
g
to the windings of rotating machines.
May, on premises with a risk of fire, represent a greater
danger due to the higher fault currents
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Solutionofferingthebestcontinuityofserviceduring
operation.
Indicationofthefirstinsulationfault,followedbymandatory
locationandclearing,ensuressystematicpreventionof
supplyoutages.
GenerallyusedininstallationssuppliedbyaprivateMV/LVor
LV/LVtransformer.
Requiresmaintenancepersonnelformonitoringand
operation.
p
Requiresahighlevelofinsulationinthenetwork(implies
breakingupthenetworkifitisverylargeandtheuseof
circuitseparationtransformerstosupplyloadswithhigh
leakagecurrents).
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An electric shock is the pathophysiological effect

of an electric current through the human body.
body
The degree of danger for the victim is a function of
the magnitude of the current, the parts of the
body through which the current passes, and the
duration of current flow.
When a current greater than 30 mA passes
through a human being from one hand to feet, the
person concerned is likely to be killed, unless the
current is interrupted in a relatively short time.
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Zonestime/currentofeffectsofACcurrentonhumanbodywhenpassingfromlefthandtofeet
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Adirectcontactreferstoapersoncominginto
contactwithaconductor
t t ith d t whichislive
hi h i li in
i
normalcircumstances.
Is=Touchcurrent
31
Anindirectcontactreferstoapersoncoming
i t t t ith d d ti
intocontactwithanexposedconductivepart t
whichisnotnormallyalive,buthasbecome
aliveaccidentally(duetoinsulationfailureor
someothercause).
Is=Touchcurrent
Id=Insulationfaultcurrent
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Protectionbytheinsulation ofliveparts
Protectionbymeansofbarriersorenclosures
Useofresidualcurrentoperatingdevice,which
operateat30mA orless,andarereferredtoas
RCDs ofhighsensitivity
RCD
Insulation
Envelope
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Theearthing ofallexposedconductivepartsof
electricalequipmentintheinstallationandthe
electrical equipment in the installation and the
constitutionofanequipotentialbonding
network.
Automaticdisconnection ofthe
supplyofthesectionofthe
installation concerned in such a
installationconcerned,insucha
waythatthetouchvoltage/time
safetyrequirementsare
respectedforanyleveloftouch
voltage(Vc). 35
Maximumsafeduration(disconnectingtime)of
theassumedvaluesofACtouchvoltage(in
the assumed values of AC touch voltage (in
seconds)notexceeding32A:
Vc (V) 50<Vc 120 120<Vc 230 230<Vc 400 Vc >400
TNorIT 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.1
System
TT 0.3 0.2 0.07 0.04
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Theimpedanceoftheearthfaultloopconsistsmainly
inthetwoearthelectrodes(i.e.thesourceand
in the two earth electrodes (i e the source and
installationelectrodes)inseries.
Themagnitudeoftheearthfaultcurrentisgenerally
toosmalltooperateovercurrent relayorfuses,and
theuseofaresidualcurrentoperateddeviceis
essential.
essential
Protectionbyautomaticdisconnectionofthesupply
usedinTTsystemisbyRCD ofsensitivity:
50
I n RA istheresistanceoftheearthelectrodefortheinstallation
RA
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TNC
39
InallTNsystems,anyinsulationfaulttoearth
resultsinaphasetoneutralshort
results in a phase to neutral shortcircuit
circuit.
Highfaultcurrentlevelsallowtouseovercurrent
protectionbutcangiverisetotouchvoltages
exceeding50%ofthephasetoneutralvoltageat
thefaultpositionduringtheshortdisconnection
time.
time
TheuseofCB,fuses,andRCDs maybenecessary
onTNearthedsystems.
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Apermanentmonitoringoftheinsulationtoearth
mustbeprovided,coupledwithanalarmsignal(audio
must be provided coupled with an alarm signal (audio
and/orflashinglights,etc.)operatingintheeventofa
firstearthfault.
Duringaphasetoearthfault,thecurrentpassing
throughtheelectroderesistanceRnA isthevectorsum
of the capacitive currents in the two healthy phases
ofthecapacitivecurrentsinthetwohealthyphases.
TheuseofCB,fuses,andRCDs maybenecessaryon
ITearthedsystems
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Earthleakagedevicesarebasedontheprinciple
thattheamountofcurrententering
that the amount of current entering adevice
a device
shouldbeexactlythesameastheamountof
currentleaving thedevice.
Earthleakageprotectiondevicesaredesignedto
tripforfaultcurrentsbetween10and100mA and
forinterrupttimesbetween40and100
p
millisecondsafterafaultcurrentissensed.
Ithasbeengraduallyreplaced byResidueCurrent
Devices (RCD)suchasRCCB.
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Forregularhouses40A/63A,singlephaseor
dependsonsupplydemandandmainswitch
depends on supply demand and main switch
capacity,ELCB's sensitivityisnotexceeding
100mA.
Forheaterwater,itshouldpossesseparate
additionalELCB(otherthanno.1above)with
sensitivity is not exceeding 10mA is needed
sensitivityisnotexceeding10mAisneeded.
Forloadwhichhigherthan100A,3phases,
ELCB's sensitivitymustnotexceed100mA.
45
To load
fault
earth
Current Transformer
Trip
p coil Circuit Breaker
3wire 3phase supply
46
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DuringnormaloperationthecurrentfromsupplyLflows
throughN1,totheloadandthenflowthroughN2before
returningtoN.
SincethenumberofturnsofN1andN2arethesame
Since the number of turns of N1 and N2 are the same
andthecurrentthroughthemisalsothesamethe
resultingfluxintheironcoreiszero.
However,ifthereisaleakagefromtheloadtothe
ground,acertainamountofcurrentwillflowtothe
ground.
AssuchcurrentthroughN1andN2willnotbethesame
resultinginsomemagneticfluxsettingupinthecore.
Thefaultsensingwindingwilltripthetrippingdeviceif
theleakagecurrentfallswithin10to100milliampere.
Atestcircuitconsistingofapushbuttonandatest
resistorisnormallyincludedintheELCBasshown.Its
functionistocreateanunbalancecurrentintheN1and
N2windings,andthecurrentflowthroughthetest
resistorisgreatenoughforthefaultsensingwindingto
tripthecircuitbreaker.
47
TherearetwomainreasonswhyRCDsareused:
To p
provide additional and a higher
g level of p
protection than
that given by direct earthing, against electric shock and also
against fire risk caused by earth leakage currents. Where
fuses and miniature circuit breakers (MCBs) are the only
means of earth fault protection, it is possible for earth fault
currents to flow undetected and cause fire risk (or touch
voltage problems).
The use of an RCD will prevent the flow of a sustained
leakage current above the sensitivity of the RCD thus
greatly reducing shock and fire risk. All live conductors in
the protected circuits should be disconnected in the event
of earth leakage current flowing.
48
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TermsassociatedwithRCDs:
RCCB:
ResidualCurrentCircuitBreakerusedindistributionboardstoprotectindividual
orgroupsofcircuits
RCBO:
ResidualCircuitBreakerwithovercurrent protection.Thisisacombined
MCB/RCDandprovidesoverload,shortcircuitandearthfaultprotectioninone
unit
SRCD:
SocketoutletwithcombinedRCD
PRCD:
ThisisaportableRCDunitwithaninbuiltplugtopandsocket
outlet
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Single Phase RCD
Phase
LOAD
Detection Coil
Neutral
Relay
Test Button
50
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Three Phase RCD

Test Button
Test Resistor
LOAD
L1
L2
L3
Earthed
Neutral Metalwork
Detection Coil
Magnetic Core
Trip Relay Amplifier
51
Regulation D22 (Basic Earthing Requirements)

States that earth leakage protection may be provided by means of
fuses or excess current circuit breakers if the earth fault current
available to operate the protective device and so make the faulty
circuit dead exceeds:
1. 3 times the current rating of any semi enclosed fuse or any
cartridge fuse having a fusing factor exceeding 1.5, used to
protect the circuit, or
2. 2.4 times the rating of any cartridge fuse having a fusing
factor not exceeding 1.5, used to protect the circuit, or
3. 1.5 times the tripping current of any excess current circuit
breaker used to protect the circuit.
52
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Asinglephase240V,15kW50Hzmotorcircuit
operatingat0.8powerfactorlaggingisprotectedbya
operating at 0.8 power factor lagging is protected by a
cartridgefusehavingblowingcurrentof110A.Afault
occursinthecircuitcausesacurrentof220amperesto
flowthroughtheearthcontinuitypath.Asaresultof
poorcontactduetoalocknutandbushconnectinga
steelconduittoametalbox,theresistanceofthis
conduitconnectionaloneis1.35.State:
a) whetherthefusewillrupture
b) theamountofheatproducedatthemetalbox
c) thedegreeofrisk,ifany,ofafiredeveloping
53
Yes.Theratingcurrent:
15kW Sinceaccordingtoregulation
Since according to regulation
Ir = = 78.125 A D22,theprotectionisbya
240V 0.8
cartridgehavingafusingfactor
Fusingfactor: notexceeding1.5.Thenthe
maximumcurrentinthefaultis
110 A
FF = = 1.41 2.4x78.125A=187.5A.
78.125 A
I2R=(220)2 x1.35Ohms=65.34kW.
HighRisk
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Whatisavoltagesurge?
Avoltagesurgeisavoltageimpulseorwavewhich
issuperposedontheratednetworkvoltage.
55
Voltagesurgeischaracterisedby:
Therisetime(t
Th i ti (tf)measuredins
) di
Thegradient(S)measuredinkV/s
Avoltagesurgedisturbsequipmentandcauses
electromagneticradiation.
Furthermore,thedurationofthevoltagesurge
(T)causesasurgeofenergy intheelectrical
circuitswhichislikelytodestroy the
equipment.
56
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57
Atmosphericvoltagesurges
Operatingvoltagesurges
Transientovervoltage atindustrialfrequency
Voltagesurgescausedbyelectrostatic
discharge
58
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Lightning risk.Between2,000and5,000stormsare
constantlyformingaroundtheearth.Thesestorms
constantly forming around the earth These storms
areaccompaniedbylightningwhichconstitutesa
seriousriskforbothpeopleandequipment.
Strokesoflightninghitthegroundatarateof30to
100strokespersecond.
Lightningaffectstransformers,electricitymeters,
householdappliances,andallelectricaland
electronicinstallationsintheresidentialsectorand
inindustry.
59
LightningdischargevaluesgivenbytheIEC
lightningprotectioncommittee:
li ht i t ti itt
Beyondpeak Currentpeak, Gradient, Totalduration Numberof
probability I(kA) S(kA/s) (s) discharges
P% n
95 7 9.1 0.001 1
50 33 24 0.01 2
5 85 65 1.1 6
60
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Asuddenchangeintheestablishedoperating
conditionsinanelectricalnetworkcauses
diti i l ti l t k
transientphenomenatooccur.
Thesearegenerallyhighfrequencyordamped
oscillationvoltagesurgewaves.
61
Theopeningofprotectiondevices(fuse,circuit
breaker),andtheopeningorclosingofcontrol
), p g g
devices(relays,contactors,etc.).
Inductivecircuitsduetomotorsstartingand
stopping,ortheopeningoftransformers suchas
MV/LVsubstations.
Capacitivecircuitsduetotheconnectionof
capacitor banks to the network
capacitorbankstothenetwork.
Alldevicesthatcontainacoil,acapacitor ora
transformeratthepowersupplyinlet:relays,
contactors,televisionsets,printers,computers,
electricovens,filters,etc.
62
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Theseovervoltages havethesamefrequencyas
thenetwork(50,60or400Hz).
63
Phase/frameorphase/earthinsulatingfaultsona
networkwithaninsulatedorimpedanceneutral,
network with an insulated or impedanceneutral
orbythebreakdownoftheneutralconductor.
Whenthishappens,singlephasedeviceswillbe
suppliedin400V insteadof230V.
Acable breakdown.Forexample,amedium
voltagecablewhichfallsonalowvoltageline.
g g
Thearcing ofahighormediumvoltageprotective
sparkgapcausingariseinearthpotentialduring
theactionoftheprotectiondevices.
64
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Inadryenvironment,electricalchargesaccumulate
andcreateaverystrongelectrostaticfield.
and create a very strong electrostatic field.
Forexample,apersonwalking oncarpetwith
insulatingsoleswillbecomeelectricallychargedtoa
voltageofseveralkilovolts.Ifthepersonwalksclose
toaconductivestructure,hewillgiveoffan
electricaldischargeofseveralamperesinavery
shortrisetimeofafewnanoseconds.
Ifthestructurecontainssensitiveelectronics,a
computerforexample,itscomponentsorcircuit
boardsmaybedamaged.
65
Primary protectiondevices(protectionof
installationsagainstlightning).
i t ll ti i t li ht i )
Secondary protectiondevices(protectionof
internalinstallationsagainstlightning).
66
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Thepurposeofprimaryprotectiondevicesisto
protectinstallationsagainstdirectstrokesof
protect installations against direct strokes of
lightning.
Theycatchandrunthelightningcurrentintothe
ground.Theprincipleisbasedonaprotectionarea
determinedbyastructurewhichishigher thanthe
rest.
Therearethreetypesofprimaryprotection:
Lightningconductors
Overheadearthwires
ThemeshedcageorFaradaycage
67
Thelightningconductoris
a tapered rod placed on
ataperedrodplacedon
topofthebuilding.Itis
earthedbyoneormore
conductors(oftencopper
strips).
68
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Thesewiresarestretchedoverthestructuretobe
protected.Theyareusedforspecialstructures:rocket
launchpads,militaryapplicationsandlightningprotection
cablesforoverheadhighvoltagepowerlines.
69
Thisprincipleisusedfor
very sensitive buildings
verysensitivebuildings
housingcomputeror
integratedcircuit
productionequipment.
Itconsistsin
symmetrically multiplying
symmetricallymultiplying
thenumberofdownstrips
outsidethebuilding.
70
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Thesehandletheeffectsofatmospheric,
operating
ti orindustrialfrequencyvoltage
i d t i lf lt
surges.
Theycanbeclassifiedaccordingtotheway
theyareconnectedinaninstallation:serialor
parallel p
p protection.
71
Thisisconnectedinseriestothepowersupply
i f th t t b t t d
wiresofthesystemtobeprotected.
72
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Transformers
Theyreducevoltagesurgesbyinductoreffectandmake
They reduce voltage surges by inductor effect and make
certainharmonicsdisappearbycoupling.This
protectionisnotveryeffective.
Filters
Basedoncomponentssuchasresistors,inductance
coilsandcapacitorstheyaresuitableforvoltagesurges
causedbyindustrialandoperationdisturbance
db i d i l d i di b
correspondingtoaclearlydefinedfrequencyband.This
protectiondeviceisnotsuitableforatmospheric
disturbance.
73
Waveabsorbers
Theyareessentiallymadeupofairinductancecoils
whichlimitthevoltagesurges,andsurgearresters
whichabsorbthecurrents.Theyareextremely
suitableforprotectingsensitive electronicand
computingequipment.
74
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Networkconditionersandstaticuninterrupted
powersupplies(UPS)
power supplies (UPS)
These devices are essentially used to protect highly
sensitive equipment, such as computer equipment,
which requires a high quality electrical power supply.
They can be used to regulate the voltage and frequency,
stop interference and ensure a continuous electrical
power supply even in the event of a mains power
failure (for the UPS).
UPS)
On the other hand, they are not protected against
large, atmospheric type voltage surges against which it
is still necessary to use surge arresters.
75
Theparallelprotectionisadaptedtoany
i t ll ti l l Thi t f
installationpowerlevel.Thistypeof
overvoltage protectionisthemostcommonly
used.
76
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Maincharacteristics
Theratedvoltageoftheprotectiondevicemust
The rated voltage of the protection device must
correspondtothenetworkvoltageattheinstallation
terminals.
Whenthereisnovoltagesurge,aleakagecurrent
shouldnotgothroughtheprotectiondevicewhichison
standby.
Whenavoltagesurgeabove theallowablevoltage
threshold of the installation to be protected occurs the
thresholdoftheinstallationtobeprotectedoccurs,the
protectiondeviceabruptlyconductsthevoltagesurge
current totheearth bylimitingthevoltagetothe
desiredprotectionlevel,Vp.
77
Whenthevoltagesurgedisappears,theprotection
devicestopsconductingandreturnstostandby
device stops conducting and returns to standby
withoutaholdingcurrent.ThisistheidealU/I
characteristiccurve:
Theprotectiondeviceresponsetime(tr)mustbeasshort
aspossibletoprotecttheinstallationasquicklyas
possible.
Theprotectiondevicemusthavethecapacitytobeable
Th t ti d i th th it t b bl
toconducttheenergycausedbytheforeseeablevoltage
surgeonthesitetobeprotected.
Thesurgearresterprotectiondevicemustbeableto
withstandtheratedcurrent,In.
78
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(1)Voltagelimiters
They are used in MV/LV/
substations at the
transformer output, in
IT earthing scheme.
They can run voltage
surges to the earth,
especially industrial
frequency surges.
79
(2)LVsurgearresters
Lowvoltagesurgearresterscomeintheformof
modulestobeinstalledinsideLVswitchboard.
Theyensuresecondaryprotectionofnearby
elementsbuthaveasmallflowcapacity.
Someareevenbuiltintoloadsalthoughthey
Some are even built into loads although they
cannotprotectagainststrongvoltagesurges.
80
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(3)Lowcurrentsurgearresters
Theseprotecttelephone orswitchingnetworks
againstvoltagesurgesfromtheoutside
(lightning),aswellasfromtheinside(polluting
equipment,switchgearswitching,etc.).
Lowcurrentvoltagesurgearrestersarealso
Low current voltage surge arresters are also
installedindistributionboxesorbuiltinto
loads.
81
41

CHAPTER 5 - System Protection

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CHAPTER 5 - System Protection

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28/11/2012

Otheralternatives toearthing thatcouldbe

T = Terre (French word for earth)

The protective conductor and the neutral conductor are separate. On

An impedance Zs (in the order of 1,000 to 2,000 ) is connected permanently

Simplest solution to design and install. Used in

Requires the installation of earth electrodes at regular

An electric shock is the pathophysiological effect

3wire 3phase supply

Single Phase RCD

Three Phase RCD

Trip Relay Amplifier

Regulation D22 (Basic Earthing Requirements)

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