Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Springs (cont.

)
Outline

Helical Extension springs

Torsional springs and other Miscellaneous springs

Stress in springs

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Mechanical Engineering Extension Springs
Typical hooks of extension spring

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Mechanical Engineering Extension Springs
16 D 4
A = F K A 3 + 2
d d
4C12 C1 1 C1 =
2r1
KA =
4C1 (C1 1) d

8 FD
General design of a hook (a) and its side view (b)
B = KB
d 3
4C2 1 2r
The end turns with KB = C2 = 2
reduced diameter 4C2 4 d
to decrease end
hook stresses.
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Mechanical Engineering Extension Springs

F = Fi + ky

Fi is initial tension in the spring,

k is spring rate,
and y is the deflection.
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Mechanical Engineering Helical Torsion Springs
Stress in torsion springs:

N b = N full + N partial

N partial =
360o

32 Fl
= Ki
d 3
4C 2 C 1
Ki =
4C (C 1)

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Mechanical Engineering Helical Torsion Springs
Spring rate of torsion springs:

l1
Fld 4E
k= =
64 DN a

l1 + l2
N a = Nb +
l2 3D
F Fl2 = Fl1

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Mechanical Engineering Helical Torsion Springs
End-arrangement for torsion springs:

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Mechanical Engineering Spiral Torsion Springs

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Mechanical Engineering Beam Springs

Uniform-strength cantilever beams

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Mechanical Engineering Beam Springs

Triangular-plate cantilever spring and equivalent multileaf spring

Uniform-strength multi-leaf beam springs

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Mechanical Engineering
Beam Springs
Ends of multi-leaf springs

Squared end Tapered end Upturned eye

Cheapest to produce but Closely approximates Most commonly used.
often unsatisfactory; uniform strength;
poor approximation to improved interleaf
uniform strength pressure distribution

Berlin eye
Redues unwrap moment if
plain end Downturned eye longitudinal loads exists,
sometimes welded if
longitudinal forces are high.
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Mechanical Engineering Beam Springs
Multi-leaf spring

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Mechanical Engineering
Beam Springs

Multi-leaf spring installed in a truck chassis.

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Mechanical Engineering Miscellaneous Springs

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Mechanical Engineering
Summary
F
Spring rate: k=
y
Combing springs in parallel: k = k1 + k 2 + ... + k n

1 1 1 1
Combing springs in series: = + + ... +
k k1 k 2 kn

D
Spring index: C=
d

d 4G
Spring rate of helical compr./ext. spring: k
8D 3 N a
1

Absolute stability requirement for compr. spring: L < D 2( E G )

2

0
2G + E
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Mechanical Engineering
Summary
Estimation of Minimum Tensile strength of common spring wires:
A
Sut = m (See table 10-4 for A and m)
d
Estimation of torsional modulus of rupture:
S su = 0.67 Sut
Maximum shear stress in compression helical spring:
8 FD 4C + 2
= KB KB =
d 3 4C 3
Maximum shear stress in extension helical spring:
8 FD 4C2 1
= KB KB =
4C2 4
C2 =
2r2
d 3 d

Maximum tensile stress in extension helical spring:

16 D 4 4C12 C1 1
A = F K A 3 + 2 KA = C1 =
2r1
d d 4C1 (C1 1) d
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