Machine Design

Week 4 to 6 overview:

Introduction to gears
Spur /Helical Gears and others,
Gear chain
Force Analysis
Failure Modes of Gears
Bending/Surface stress
Lewis Equations
AGMA Equations and factors
Examples

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 Readings

Shigley 13.1-13.14, 13.16

Shigley 14.1-14.19

Not all materials is covered in class

Print out your handout, and take notes

2
 Gear General
Types of Gears:

Spur Gears

Helical Gears

Bevel Gears

Worm and Worm Gears

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 Types of Gears
Spur Gears

Photo courtesy: www.howstuffworks.com 4

4
Types of Gears
Helical Gears

Photo courtesy: www.howstuffworks.com 5

5
 Types of Gears
Bevel Gears

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Photo courtesy: www.howstuffworks.com

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 Types of Gears
Worm and Worm Gears

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Photo courtesy: www.howstuffworks.com

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 Types of Gears
Micro-Gears

Photo courtesy: Dr. Hubbard Movie courtesy: Dr. Lai

8
 Purpose of Gears?

For: Motion and Power transmission

Applications:
-Land/Marine/Aerospace Transmissions

-Hand Tools (drill, saws,)

-Appliances

-Watches, Clocks,

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Terminology

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Why are gears shaped the way they are?

Right angle gearing Parallel gearing

Picture courtesy: Fundamentals of Machine Component Design, Juvinall & Marshek 11

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 Why are gears shaped the way they are?
Conjugate Action: 1
Constant Angular Velocity Ratio: =C
2
C1 v1
v2
1 O1 O2
1
P
2
2
C
C2

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 Why are gears shaped the way they are?
Conjugate Action: 1
Constant Angular Velocity Ratio: =C
2
C1

1 O1 O2
P
2

C2

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 Why are gears shaped the way they are?
Conjugate Action: 1
Constant Angular Velocity Ratio: =C
2

r1
1 O1 Pitch Point O2
P
2
r2

Pitch Circle 1

Pitch Circle 2

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 Involute Gears

Involute profile ti on
Ac
e of
Li n
P
Pitch circle

r
Base circle Ro
r b ta
t in
Base circle g
ba
se
cir
cle

rb = r cos

pb = p cos
Movie courtesy: UWA 15

15
 Involute Gears

Interference:

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 Involute Gears

Contact Ratio mc:

qt
mc =
p
or
Lab
mc =
pb

Note: mc >1.2

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 Involute Gears
Minimum number of teeth on a pinion (p-g):
2k
NP = ( mG + mG2 + (1 + 2 mG ) sin 2 )
(1 + 2 mG ) sin
2

-pressure angle k =1 / 0.8, full depth / stub teeth

mG -gear ratio NG/NP
Maximum number of teeth on a gear (p-g):

N P2 sin 2 4 k 2
NG =
4 k 2 N P sin 2
Minimum number of teeth on a pinion (p-r):
4k
NP =
2 sin 2
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Tooth Systems

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 Involute Gears

Fundamentals:
d d N
m= p= = m P= pb = p cos
N N d

p
t= rb = r cos
2

a = 1.00 m
b = 1.25 m
1 r2 d 2
= =
c = b a = 0.25 m 2 r1 d1
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 Summary
Type of Gears
-Spur gears, helical gears, bevel gears, and worm gears

Terminologies of gears
-pitch, diametral pitch, base pitch
-pitch circle, module, pressure angle
-addendum, dedendum, clearance,

Fundamentals of gears
-conjugate action
-involute profile
-contact ratio, interference, min (max) number of teeth

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering

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