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<h1>
Full text of "<a href="/details/jstor-4061865">On the Molars of the
Pteropine Bats</a>"
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<h2 class="pull-right">
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<pre>
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172 proceedings of the academy of [1892.
April 5.
Mr. Thomas Meehan, Vice-President, in the chair.
Fifty-three persons present.
April 12.
The President, General Isaac J. Wistar, in the chair.
Forty-five persons present.
April 19.
Thirty-one persons present.
April 26.
Sixty-five persons present.
A paper entitled "On the Mechanical Genesis of the Scales of

Fishes," by John A. Ryder, was presented for publication.
Prof. F. H. Giddings was elected a member.
On the Molars of the Pteropine Bats. Dr. Harrison Allen

called attention to the homologies of the cusps of the molars in the
pteropine bats. In Pteropus medius- the grinding surface of the
parallelogram-like crown of the first upper molar is traversed its
entire length by a groove which is bounded externally by a thick
ridge and internally by a narrow ridge. The outer ridge forms an
imperfectly developed cusp at its anterior part which is probably the
paracone. The inner ridge is imperfectly divided into two sub-
equal parts, of which the anterior is probably the protocone and the
posterior the metacone, the heel (hypocone) being absent. These
identifications agree with the cusps as seen in other mammals.
Owing to the great size of the grinding surface it becomes difficult
to understand why the backward extension of the tooth differs from
other types in the form of the primary cusps instead of the evolu-
tion occurring as is the rule by the appearance of the hypocone.
The commissure which constitutes the anterior and the posterior

borders of the tooth are exceptionally well denned and the one last
1892.] NATUBAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 173
named appears to take the place by adaptation of the region of the

hypocone.
A recent observation on Cephalotes has suggested to the recorder

that it is probable that the hypocone is really present and that the
greater part of the grinding surface may be so named. In this
genus the parts protocone, paracone and metacone can be easily
discerned. The protocone according to this identification compels
one to accept the cusp named as protocone as in truth the metacone,
and thus the usual elements of a tritubercular tooth are all accounted
for, and the remaining extended part of the tooth becomes the
hypocone.
By this identification the pteropine molar ceases to be aberrant.
But it must be remembered that the process of reduction of the
face which takes place in the pteropines is likely to be accompanied
with the same disposition to tooth variation as is seen in the Steno-
derms among the Phyllostomidce. In this family the molar teeth
are highly aberrant and the commissures at the anterior and pos-
terior borders greatly developed. The question naturally arises why
may not the molar in Cephalotes be acknowledged to be also aberrant
and the cusp named above the protocone be in reality nothing but
a supplemental cusp projected from the anterior commissure and the
parts as defined for the long faced Pteropiis be true for all genera ?
On the whole Dr. Allen inclined to the opinion that the statement
first made was the correct one since it permitted the cusps to be
named with the least amount of violence to accepted views.
The first molar in both Cephalotes and the related Harpyia

closely resembles the last premolar, so closely indeed as to suggest
that it may prove to be one of the premolar series. But our knowl-
edge of the milk dentition does not permit this identification to be
made with certainty. The transition in all the details is certainly
much more gradual than is usually the case between a molar and a
premolar. In Harpyia at least the first molar as defined in accepted
descriptions lies under and slightly in advance of the infraorbital
foramen, a remarkable position for it when the greatly reduced
facial axis is borne in mind.
A striking peculiarity is seen in the last upper premolar and both

upper molars of Cephalotes in the presence of a longitudinal ridge
on the grinding surface of the tooth back of the paracone. The
ridge lies in the middle of the tooth. It is rudimental in the pre-
molar and the last molar but is trenchant in the first molar.
In the lower jaw of Cephalotes the teeth present similar

peculiarities to those of the upper with the exception that the longitu-
dinal ridge is absent from the last premolar, is rudimental in the
first and last molar but well developed iu the second. The single
specimen of Cephalotes examined was a young adult and the pre-
maxillaries were united.
The following were ordered to be printed :
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172 proceedings of the academy of [1892.

A paper entitled "On the Mechanical Genesis of the Scales of

On the Molars of the Pteropine Bats. Dr. Harrison Allen

The commissure which constitutes the anterior and the posterior

1892.] NATUBAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 173

named appears to take the place by adaptation of the region of the

A recent observation on Cephalotes has suggested to the recorder

The first molar in both Cephalotes and the related Harpyia

A striking peculiarity is seen in the last upper premolar and both

In the lower jaw of Cephalotes the teeth present similar

The following were ordered to be printed :

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