Matrices and Determinants

Matrices and Determinants
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics
8
Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants
8.1 INTRODUCTION : MATRIX / MATRICES 2
8.2 SOME SPECIAL MATRIX 3
8.3 ARITHMETRICS OF MATRICES 4
8.4 INVERSE OF A SQUARE MATRIX 16
8.5 DETERMINANTS 19
8.6 PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS 21
8.7 INVERSE OF SQUARE MATRIX BY DETERMINANTS 27
Prepared by K. F. Ngai
Page 1
8.1 INTRODUCTION : MATRIX / MATRICES
1. A rectangular array of mn numbers arranged in the form

a11 a12 a1n
a 21 a 22 a 2 n

a m1 a m2 a mn
is called an mn matrix.
2 3 4
e.g. 1 8 5 is a 23 matrix.

2
e.g. 7 is a 31 matrix.
3

2. If a matrix has m rows and n columns, it is said to be order mn.
2 0 3 6
e.g. 3 4 7 0 is a matrix of order 34.
1 9 2 5

1 0 2
e.g. 2 1 5 is a matrix of order 3.
1 3 0

3. a 1
a 2 a n is called a row matrix or row vector.
b1
b2
4. is called a column matrix or column vector.

bn
2
e.g. 7 is a column vector of order 31.
3

e.g. 2 3 4 is a row vector of order 13.
5. If all elements are real, the matrix is called a real matrix.
Page 2
a11 a12 a1n
a 21 a 22 a2n
6. is called a square matrix of order n.

a n1 a n 2 a nn
And a11 , a 22 , , a nn is called the principal diagonal.
3 9
e.g. 0 2 is a square matrix of order 2.

7. Notation : a ij m n
, a
ij m n
, A , ...
8.2 SOME SPECIAL MATRIX.
Def.8.1 If all the elements are zero, the matrix is called a zero matrix or null matrix,
denoted by Om n .
0 0
e.g. 0 0 is a 22 zero matrix, and denoted by O2 .

Def.8.2 Let A a ij n nbe a square matrix.

(i) If a 0 ij for all i, j, then A is called a zero matrix.
(ii) If a 0 ij for all i<j, then A is called a lower triangular matrix.
(iii) If a 0 ij for all i>j, then A is called a upper triangular matrix.
a11 a12 a1n

a11 0 0 0 0 a 22
a 21 a 22 0
0 0

0

a n1 a n 2 a nn 0 0 a nn
i.e. Lower triangular matrix Upper triangular matrix
1 0 0
e.g. 2 1 0 is a lower triangular matrix.
1 0 4

2 3
e.g. 0 5 is an upper triangular matrix.

Def.8.3 Let A a be a square matrix. If

ij n n
a ij 0 for all i j , then A is called a
diagonal matrix.
Page 3
1 0 0
e.g. 0 3 0 is a diagonal matrix.
0 0 4

Def.8.4 If A is a diagonal matrix and a11 a 22 a nn 1 , then A is called an identity

matrix or a unit matrix, denoted by I n .
1 0 0
1 0
e.g. I2 , I 3 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 1

8.3 ARITHMETRICS OF MATRICES.
Def.8.5 Two matrices A and B are equal iff they are of the same order and their
corresponding elements are equal.
i.e. a ij m n

bij m n
a ij bij for all i , j .
a 2 1 c
e.g. 4 a 1, b 1, c 2, d 4 .
b d 1
2 1
2 3 2 4 2 3 1
N.B. 4 0 3 0 and 3 0 1 0 4
1 4
Def.8.6 Let A a and B b .ij m n ij m n
Define A B as the matrix C c of the same order such that ij m n
c a b for all i=1,2,...,m and j=1,2,...,n.

ij ij ij
2 3 1 2 4 3
e.g. 1 0 4 2 1 5

2 1
3 2 3 1
N.B. 1. 0
1 1 0 4 is not defined.
4
2 3
2. 4 5 is not defined.
0
Def.8.7 Let A a ij . Then A a
m n ij m n and A-B=A+(-B)
1 2 3 2 4 0
e.g.1 If A 1 0 2 and B 3 1 1 . Find -A and A-B.

Page 4
Thm.8.1 Properties of Matrix Addition.

Let A, B, C be matrices of the same order and O be the zero matrix of the
same order. Then
(a) A+B=B+A
(b) (A+B)+C=A+(B+C)
(c) A+(-A)=(-A)+A=O
(d) A+O=O+A
Def.8.8 Scalar Multiplication.

Let A a , k is scalar. Then kA is the matrix
ij m n

C cij m n defined by
cij kaij , i, j .
i.e.
kA ka ij m n
3 2
e.g. If A 5 6 ,

3
then -2A= ; A
2
N.B. (1) -A=(-1)A

(2) A-B=A+(-1)B
Thm.8.2 Properties of Scalar Multiplication.

Let A, B be matrices of the same order and h, k be two scalars.
Then (a) k(A+B)=kA+kB
(b) (k+h)A=kA+hA
(c) (hk)A=h(kA)=k(hA)
Def.8.9 Let A a . The transpose of A, denoted by A T , or A , is
ij m n
defined by
a11 a 21 a m1
a a a m 2
A T 12 22

a1n a 2 n a nm n m
3 2
e.g. A , then A T
5 6
Page 5
3 0 2
e.g. A 4 6 1 , then A
T

e.g. A 5 , then A T
N.B. (1) I T
(2) A a ij m n , then A T
Thm.8.3 Properties of Transpose.

Let A, B be two mn matrices and k be a scalar, then
(a) ( A T ) T
(b) ( A B ) T
(c) (kA) T
Def.8.11 A square matrix A is called a symmetric matrix iff A T A .
i.e. A is symmetric matrix A T A aij a ji i, j
1 3 1
e.g. 3 3 0 is a symmetric matrix.
1 0 6

1 3 1
e.g. 0 3 0 is not a symmetric matrix.
1 3 6

Def.8.12 A square matrix A is called a skew-symmetric matrix iff A T A .
i.e. A is skew-symmetric matrix A T A aij a ji i, j
0 3 1
e.g.2 Prove that A 3 0 5 is a skew-symmetric matrix.
1 5 0

Page 6
e.g.3 Is aii 0 for all i=1,2,...,n for a skew-symmetric matrix?
Def.12 Matrix Multiplication.

Let A aik m n and B b kj n p . Then the product AB is defined as the mp matrix
C c ij where
m p
n
cij ai 1b1 j ai 2 b2 j ain bnj aik bkj .
k 1
AB aik bkj
n
i.e. k 1 m p
2 1
2 3 1
e.g.4 Let A 3 0 and B . Find AB and BA.
1 4 1 0 4 2 3
3 2
Page 7
2 1
3 0 and B 1 0
e.g.5 Let A 2 1 2 2 . Find AB. Is BA well defined?
1 4
3 2
N.B. In general, AB BA .
i.e. matrix multiplication is not commutative.
Thm.8.4 Properties of Matrix Multiplication.

(a) (AB)C = A(BC)
(b) A(B+C) = AB+AC
(c) (A+B)C = AC+BC
(d) AO = OA = O
(e) IA = AI = A
(f) k(AB) = (kA)B = A(kB)
(g) ( AB) T B T A T .
N.B. (1) Since AB BA ;

Hence, A(B+C) (B+C)A and A(kB) (kB)A.
(2) A 2 kA A( A kI ) ( A kI ) A .
(3) AB AC O A(B C ) O

A O or B C O
1 0 0 0 0 0
e.g. Let A 0 0 , B 0 1 , C 1 0

1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
Then AB AC 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0
But A O and B C,
so AB AC O A O or B C .
Page 8
Def. Powers of matrices

For any square matrix A and any positive integer n, the symbol
A A A A
A n denotes n factors .
N.B. (1) ( A B ) 2 ( A B )( A B )
AA AB BA BB
A 2 AB BA B 2
(2) If AB BA , then ( A B ) 2 A 2 2 AB B 2
2 1 1
1 2 3 2 4 0 C 1 0 2
e.g.6 Let A 1 0 2
, B ,
3 1 1
and D

1 1 0
Evaluate the following :

(a) ( A 2 B )C (b) ( AC ) 2
(c) ( B T 3C ) T D (d) ( 2 A ) T B DD T
Page 9
e.g.7 (a) Find a 2x2 matrix A such that

1 0 1 1 0
2 A 3 A
1 1 2 1 1 .
2

(b) Find a 2x2 matrix A such that

2 1
2 1
A T A and 3 0 A A 3 0 .
3 1 1 0 1
(c) If 1 1 x 0 x , find the values of x and .
Page 10
cos sin
e.g.8 Let A sin
cos . Prove by mathematical induction that
cos n sin n
A n for n = 1,2, . [HKAL92] (3 marks)
sin n cos n
Page 11

a 1
e.g.9 (a) Let A 0 b where a , b R and a b .
n a n bn
a
Prove that A
n
a b for all positive integers n.
0 bn
95
1 2
(b) Hence, or otherwise, evaluate
0

3
. [HKAL95] (6 marks)
0 1 0
e.g.10 (a) Let A 0 0 1 and B be a square matrix of order 3. Show that if A
0 0 0
and B are commutative, then B is a triangular matrix.
(b) Let A be a square matrix of order 3. If for any x , y , z R , there exists R

x x

such that
A y y , show that A is a diagonal matrix.

z z
(c) If A is a symmetric matrix of order 3 and A is nilpotent of order 2 (i.e. A 2 O ),
then A=O, where O is the zero matrix of order 3.
Page 12
Properties of power of matrices :
(1) Let A be a square matrix, then ( A n ) T ( A T ) n .
(2) If AB BA , then
(a) ( A B ) n A n C1n A n1 B C2n A n 2 B 2 C3n A n 3 B 3 Cnn1 AB n1 B n
(b) ( AB ) n A n B n .
(3) ( A I ) n A n C1n A n1 C2n A n 2 C3n A n 3 Cnn1 A Cnn I
e.g.11 (a) Let X and Y be two square matrices such that XY = YX.
Prove that (i) ( X Y ) 2 X 2 2 XY Y 2
n
(ii) ( X Y ) Cr X Y for n = 3, 4, 5, ... .

n n n r r
r0
(Note: For any square matrix A , define A 0 I .) (3 marks)
1 2 4
(b) By using (a)(ii) and considering 0 1 3 , or otherwise, find

0 0 1
100
1 2 4
0 1 3 . (4 marks)

0 0 1
Page 13
(c) If X and Y are square matrices,

(i) prove that ( X Y ) 2 X 2 2 XY Y 2 implies XY = YX ;
(ii) prove that ( X Y ) 3 X 3 3 X 2 Y 3 XY 2 Y 3 does NOT
implies XY = YX .

1 0
b 0
(Hint : Consider a particular X and Y, e.g. X 1 0 , Y 0 0 .)
[HKAL90] (8 marks)
Page 14
8.4 INVERSE OF A SQUARE MATRIX
N.B. (1) If a, b, c are real numbers such that ab=c and b is non-zero, then
c
a cb 1 and b 1 is usually called the multiplicative inverse of b.
b
C
(2) If B, C are matrices, then is undefined.
B
Def. A square matrix A of order n is said to be non-singular or invertible if and only if
there exists a square matrix B such that AB = BA = I.
The matrix B is called the multiplicative inverse of A, denoted by A 1
i.e. AA 1 A 1 A I .
3 5 2 5
e.g.12 Let A 1 2 , show that the inverse of A is 1 3 .
Page 15
1
3 5 2 5
i.e. .
1 2 1 3
1
2 5

3 5
e.g.13 Is
1 3

1
?
2
Def. If a square matrix A has an inverse, A is said to be non-singular or invertible.

Otherwise, it is called singular or non-invertible.
3 5 2 5
e.g. and
1 2 1 3 are both non-singular.
i.e. A is non-singular iff A 1 exists.
Thm. The inverse of a non-singular matrix is unique.
N.B. (1) I 1 I , so I is always non-singular.

(2) OA = O I , so O is always singular.
Page 16
(3) Since AB = I implies BA = I.
Hence proof of either AB = I or BA = I is enough to assert that B is the
inverse of A.

2 1
e.g.14 Let A 7 4 .
(a) Show that I 6 A A 2 O .
(b) Show that A is non-singular and find the inverse of A.
1 1
(c) Find a matrix X such that AX 1 0 .
Properties of Inverses
Thm. Let A, B be two non-singular matrices of the same order and be a scalar.
(a) ( A1 )1 A .
Page 17
(b) A is a non-singular and ( A ) ( A ) .
T T 1 1 T
(c) An is a non-singular and ( A n ) 1 ( A 1 ) n .

1
(d) A is a non-singular and (A)
1
A 1 .

(e) AB is a non-singular and ( AB) 1 B 1 A 1 .
Proof Refer to Textbook P.228.
8.5 DETERMINANTS
Def. Let A a be a square matrix of order n. The determinant of A, detA or |A| is

ij
defined as follows:
a a
(a) If n=2, det A a11 a12 a11 a22 a12 a21
21 22
a11 a12 a13

(b) If n=3, det A a 21 a 22 a 23
a31 a 32 a 33
or det A a11a22 a33 a21 a32 a13 a31a12 a23
a31 a22 a13 a32 a23 a11 a33 a21 a12
1 2 3
1 3 2
e.g.15 Evaluate (a) (b) det 1 0
4 1 1
2 1
Page 18
3 2 x
e.g.16 If 8 x 1 0, find the value(s) of x.
3 2 0
a11 a12 a13

N.B. det A a 21 a 22 a23
a 31 a 32 a33
a22 a23 a a23 a a22
a11 a12 21 a13 21
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
a21 a23 a a13 a a13
or a12 a22 11 a32 11
a31 a33 a31 a33 a21 a23
or . . . . . . . . .

By using

3 2 0 0 2 0
e.g.17 Evaluate (a) 0 1 1 (b) 8 2 1
0 2 3 3 2 3
Page 19
8.6 PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS
a1 b1 c1 a1 a2 a3
(1) a 2 b2 c2 b1 b2 b3 i.e. det( A T ) det A .
a3 b3 c3 c1 c2 c3
a1 b1 c1 b1 a1 c1 b1 c1 a1
(2) a2 b2 c2 b2 a2 c2 b2 c2 a2
a3 b3 c3 b3 a3 c3 b3 c3 a3
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2 a 2 b2 c2
a2 b2 c2 a1 b1 c1 a3 b3 c3
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a1 b1 c1
a1 0 c1 a1 b1 c1
(3) a2 0 c2 0 a 2 b2 c2
a3 0 c3 0 0 0
a1 a1 c1 a1 b1 c1
(4) a2 a2 c2 0 a1 b1 c1
a3 a3 c3 a3 b3 c3
a b1 c1
a1 a2 a3 1
a
(5) If b b b , then 2 b2 c2 0
1 2 3
a3 b3 c3
a1 x1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 x1 b1 c1
(6) a2 x 2 b2 c2 a 2 b2 c2 x 2 b2 c2
a3 x 3 b3 c3 a 3 b3 c3 x 3 b3 c3
Page 20
pa1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
(7) pa2 b2 c2 p a 2 b2 c2 pa2 pb2 pc2
pa 3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
pa1 pb1 pc1 a1 b1 c1

pa2 pb2 pc2 p a 2
3
b2 c2

N.B. (1) pa2 pb2 pc2 p a2 b2 c2

pa 3 pb3 pc3 a3 b3 c3
(2) If the order of A is n, then det(A) n det( A)
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 b1 c1
(8) a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a 3 b3 b3 c3
x1 y1 z1 x1 y1 z1 y1 z1
C2 C3 C1
N.B. x2 y2 z2 x y 2 z 2 y2 z2
2
x3 y3 z3 x 3 y 3 z 3 y3 z3
1 2 0 5 3 7
e.g.18 Evaluate (a) 0 4 5 , (b) 3 7 5
6 7 8 7 2 6
1 a bc
e.g.19 Evaluate 1 b ca
1 c ab
Page 21
e.g.20 Factorize the determinant

x y xy
y xy x
xy x y
e.g.21 Factorize each of the following :

a3 b3 c3
(a) a b c [HKAL91] (4 marks)
1 1 1
2a 3 2b 3 2c 3
(b) a 2 b2 c2
1 a3 1 b3 1 c3
Page 22
Def. Multiplication of Determinants.

a a12 b11 b12
Let A a11 a 22 ,
B
b21 b22
21
a a12 b11 b12

Then A B a11 a 22 b21 b22
21
a b a12 b21 a11b12 a12 b22

11 11
a 21b11 a 22 b21 a 21b12 a 22 b22
Properties :
Page 23
(1) det(AB)=(detA)(detB) i.e. AB A B
(2) |A|(|B||C|)=(|A||B|)|C| N.B. A(BC)=(AB)C
(3) |A||B|=|B||A| N.B. ABBA in general
(4) |A|(|B|+|C|)=|A||B|+|A||C| N.B. A(B+C)=AB+AC
1 1 1
e.g.22 Prove that a2 b c (a b)(b c)( c a )
a b2 c2
Page 24
Minors and Cofactors
a11 a12 a13

Def. Let A a 21 a 22 a 23 , then Aij , the cofactor of a ij , is defined by

a 31 a 32 a 33
a 22 a 23 a a 23 a a12
A11 , A12 21 , ... , A33 11
a 32 a 33 a 31 a 33 a 21 a 22 .
a12 a13 a a13 a a12

Since A a 21 + a 22 a11 a 23 11
a 32 a 33 31
a 33 a 31 a 32
a21 A21 a22 A22 a23 A23
det A if i j
Thm. (a) a i1 A j1 a i 2 A j 2 a i 3 A j 3
0 if i j
det A if i j
(b) a1i A1 j a2i A2 j a3i A3 j
0 if i j
e.g. a11 A11 a12 A12 a13 A13 det A , a11 A21 a12 A22 a13 A23 0 , etc.
a11 a12 a13
e.g.23 Let A a 21 a 22 a 23 and cij be the cofactor of a ij , where 1 i, j 3.

a 31 a 32 a 33
c11 c21 c31
(a) Prove that A c12 c22 c32 (det A ) I

c13 c23 c33
c11 c21 c31
(b) Hence, deduce that c12 c22 c32 (det A) 2
c13 c23 c33
Page 25
8.7 INVERSE OF SQUARE MATRIX BY DETERMINANTS
A11 A12 A13

Def. The cofactor matrix of A is defined as cofA A21 A22 A23 .

A31 A32 A33
Def. The adjoint matrix of A is defined as

A11 A21 A31
adjA ( cofA) A12 A22 A32 .
T

A13 A23 A33
a
b
e.g.24 If A c d , find adjA.
1 1 3
e.g.25 (a) Let A 1 2 0 , find adjA.

1 1 1
3 2 1
(b) Let B 1 1 1 , find adjB.

5 1 1
Page 26
Thm. For any square matrix A of order n ,

A(adjA) = (adjA)A = (detA)I
a11 a12 a1n A11 A21 An1

a a a A A22 An2
A( adjA) 21 22 2n
12

an1 an2 ann A1n A2 n Ann
Page 27
Thm. Let A be a square matrix. If detA 0 , then A is non-singular

1
and A1 adjA .
det A
1
Proof Let the order of A be n , from the above theorem , AadjA I
det A
3 2 1
e.g.26 Given that A 1 1 1 , find A 1 .

5 1 1
a b
e.g.27 Suppose that the matrix A c d is non-singular , find A 1 .
Page 28

3 5
e.g.28 Given that A 1 2 , find A 1 .
Thm. A square matrix A is non-singular iff detA 0 .

3 5
e.g.29 Show that A 1 2 is non-singular.
Page 29
x 1 2 x 1
e.g.30 Let A x 1 2 1 , where x R .

5 7 x
(a) Find the value(s) of x such that A is non-singular.
(b) If x=3 , find A 1 .
N.B. A is singular (non-invertible) iff A 1 does not exist.
Thm. A square matrix A is singular iff detA = 0.
Page 30
Properties of Inverse matrix.
Let A, B be two non-singular matrices of the same order and be a scalar.

1
(1) (A ) 1 A 1

(2) ( A 1 ) 1 A
( A T ) 1 A 1
T
(3)
( A n ) 1 A 1
n
(4) for any positive integer n.
(5) ( AB ) 1 B 1 A 1
(6) The inverse of a matrix is unique.
1
(7) det( A 1 )
det A
N.B. XY 0
X 0 or Y 0
(8) If A is non-singular , then AX 0 A 1 AX A0 0

X 0
N.B. XY XZ
X 0 or Y Z
(9) If A is non-singular , then AX AY A 1 AX A 1 AY

X Y
(10) ( A 1 MA) n ( A 1 MA)( A 1 MA) ( A 1 MA) A 1 M n A
a 0 0 a 1
0 0
(11) If M 0 b 0 , then M 0
1
b 1 0.

0 0 c 0 0 c 1
a 0 0 a n
0 0
(12) If M 0 b 0 , then M 0
n
b n 0 where n 0 .
0 0 c

0 0 cn
4 1 0 1 3 1 1 0 0
e.g.31
Let A 1 3 1 , B 0 13 4 and M 0 1 0 .

0 3 1 0 33 10 0 0 2
(a) Find A 1 and M 5 .

(b) Show that ABA 1 M .
(c) Hence, evaluate B 5 .
Page 31

3 8 2 4
e.g.32 Let A 1 5 and P 1
1.
(a) Find P 1 AP .
(b) Find A n , where n is a positive integer. [HKAL94] (6 marks)
Page 32
e.g.33 (a) Show that if A is a 3x3 matrix such that A t A , then detA=0.
1 2 74

(b) Given that B 2 1 67 ,

74 67 1
use (a) , or otherwise , to show det( I B ) 0 .
Hence deduce that det( I B 4 ) 0 . [HKAL93] (7 marks)
e.g.34 (a) If , and are the roots of x 3 px q 0 , find a cubic equation whose
roots are 2 , 2 and 2
.
x 2 3
(b) Solve the equation 2 x 3 0 .
2 3 x
Hence, or otherwise, solve the equation
x 3 38x 2 361x 900 0 . [HKAL94] (6 marks)
Page 33
a a
e.g.35 Let M be the set of all 2x2 matrices. For any A 11 12 M ,
a21 a22
define tr ( A) a11 a22 .
(a) Show that for any A, B, C M and , R,

(i) tr (A B ) tr ( A) tr ( B ) ,
(ii) tr ( AB ) tr ( BA) ,
(iii) the equality tr ( ABC ) tr ( BAC ) is not necessary true.
(5 marks)
(b) Let A M.
(i) Show that A 2 tr ( A) A (det A) I ,
where I is the 2x2 identity matrix.
(ii) If tr ( A 2 ) 0 and tr ( A) 0 , use (a) and (b)(i) to show that
A is singular and A 2 0 . (5 marks)
(c) Let S, T M such that ( ST TS ) S S ( ST TS ) .
Page 34
Using (a) and (b) or otherwise, show that
( ST TS ) 2 0 [HKAL92] (5 marks)
Page 35
e.g.36 Eigenvalue and Eigenvector

3 1
Let A 2
0 and let x denote a 2x1 matrix.
(a) Find the two real values 1 and 2 of with 1 > 2

such that the matrix equation
(*) Ax x
has non-zero solutions.
(b) Let x1 and x2 be non-zero solutions of (*) corresponding to

1 and 2 respectively. Show that if
x x
x1 11 and x2 12
x21 x22
x x
then the matrix X 11 12 is non-singular.
x21 x22
0
(c) Using (a) and (b), show that AX X 1
0 2
1 n 0 1
and hence A X n X
n
where n is a positive integer.
0 2
n
3 1
Evaluate
2 0
. [HKAL82]
Page 36

Matrices and Determinants

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Matrices and Determinants

Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

8.1 INTRODUCTION : MATRIX / MATRICES 2

8.2 SOME SPECIAL MATRIX 3

8.3 ARITHMETRICS OF MATRICES 4

8.4 INVERSE OF A SQUARE MATRIX 16

8.6 PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS 21

8.7 INVERSE OF SQUARE MATRIX BY DETERMINANTS 27

8.1 INTRODUCTION : MATRIX / MATRICES

1. A rectangular array of mn numbers arranged in the form

2. If a matrix has m rows and n columns, it is said to be order mn.

5. If all elements are real, the matrix is called a real matrix.

And a11 , a 22 , , a nn is called the principal diagonal.

8.2 SOME SPECIAL MATRIX.

Def.8.2 Let A a ij n nbe a square matrix.

a11 a12 a1n

Def.8.3 Let A a be a square matrix. If

Def.8.4 If A is a diagonal matrix and a11 a 22 a nn 1 , then A is called an identity

8.3 ARITHMETRICS OF MATRICES.

Def.8.6 Let A a and B b .ij m n ij m n

Define A B as the matrix C c of the same order such that ij m n

c a b for all i=1,2,...,m and j=1,2,...,n.

Thm.8.1 Properties of Matrix Addition.

Def.8.8 Scalar Multiplication.

N.B. (1) -A=(-1)A

Thm.8.2 Properties of Scalar Multiplication.

Thm.8.3 Properties of Transpose.

Def.8.11 A square matrix A is called a symmetric matrix iff A T A .

i.e. A is symmetric matrix A T A aij a ji i, j

Def.8.12 A square matrix A is called a skew-symmetric matrix iff A T A .

i.e. A is skew-symmetric matrix A T A aij a ji i, j

e.g.3 Is aii 0 for all i=1,2,...,n for a skew-symmetric matrix?

Def.12 Matrix Multiplication.

Thm.8.4 Properties of Matrix Multiplication.

N.B. (1) Since AB BA ;

Def. Powers of matrices

Evaluate the following :

e.g.7 (a) Find a 2x2 matrix A such that

(b) Let A be a square matrix of order 3. If for any x , y , z R , there exists R

Properties of power of matrices :

(1) Let A be a square matrix, then ( A n ) T ( A T ) n .

(3) ( A I ) n A n C1n A n1 C2n A n 2 C3n A n 3 Cnn1 A Cnn I

(ii) ( X Y ) Cr X Y for n = 3, 4, 5, ... .

(Note: For any square matrix A , define A 0 I .) (3 marks)

(c) If X and Y are square matrices,

8.4 INVERSE OF A SQUARE MATRIX

Def. If a square matrix A has an inverse, A is said to be non-singular or invertible.

i.e. A is non-singular iff A 1 exists.

Thm. The inverse of a non-singular matrix is unique.

N.B. (1) I 1 I , so I is always non-singular.

(c) An is a non-singular and ( A n ) 1 ( A 1 ) n .

(e) AB is a non-singular and ( AB) 1 B 1 A 1 .

Proof Refer to Textbook P.228.

Def. Let A a be a square matrix of order n. The determinant of A, detA or |A| is

a11 a12 a13

a11 a12 a13

8.6 PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS

pa1 pb1 pc1 a1 b1 c1

pa1 pb1 pc1 a1 b1 c1

(2) If the order of A is n, then det(A) n det( A)

e.g.20 Factorize the determinant

e.g.21 Factorize each of the following :

Def. Multiplication of Determinants.