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PREDICTING THE FORMATION, DISSIPATION AND SHAPE OF MOUNDS BENEATH THE ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF GROUNDWATER BASINS FARDIN BOUSTANI", AHANG KOWSAR'?? (1) The Islamic Open University (Davesbghah Azad), Vasooj, LR. aa (2) Pars Res. Cen. for Nat Resources and Anima Husbaadry,P. 0, Box 71365158, Shiraz, 1, fem ABSTRACT Anificial recharge of gromdwaer (ARQ) has been recognized a avery importa method nt laa, The ise fad fall of ware table andthe shape ef the mounds Beneath the ARG basins, depend an the size sud shape oF he recharge atea, on recharge rate and its duration, and on aquifer ebsracteristics, To evaluate the quantitative offeess of ARG on water table level several computer programs were developed and compiled. These ‘programs inchided analytical solutions of Bouwer for rectangular basins, Gtover and Hants for ciablar ane Feotangular basins, Bauraann for circuls* basins, and Marine, and Rai and Singh for canals. These programs predict the rate of growth and the shape of recharge mounds. Among these, the Hancush ané Baursann methods for circular basins and Bouvier method for rectangular bess, presented many limitations and lsavantages. The senstiviy of mound éimensions in response to aquifer parwmeters i lusrated, The ‘aecuracy ofthe other metiods has been validated by executing them utilizing the observed cata from aeiulae basin in Zeyaran, Ghazvin, and a rectanguiat basin in western Fresno County, California, Finally, the computer programs have been extended and fimalized to predic the shape of recharge mounds developed. Under the mui-besin and muiscanal projects. INTRODUCTION Aquiters have been idemtfied as potential storage resesvoirs, Understanding the mechanisms ef groundwater Fechaige is, theretore, of significance. Aries recharge of groundwater (ARG) is of increasing importance as ‘a0 essentel component af water management programs ti lr. The Tost comton methods of ARG are utilizing basins ard canals. (0 the basin method, water is sprend over large surface area and allowed $0 infiluate tno the water table, esuking in growth and spread of recharge mound, A ctoss section of an ‘nzonfined aquifer receiving uniform vertical recharge fom» recangulet or sirslat basin is own in Figure 1. The aquifers assumed tobe resting on a herizonta, impermeable base, The aquifer parameters are assumed constant 28d a cunstant rate of recharge is also considered, so the vertically downward recharge is almost completely reacted in che direction of the slope of te water fable, The response of the wate lable ro recharge, and the rate of growth and shape of the recharge mound thet develops, depends upon many factors ‘seh as: physical size and shape of the recharging azee; duration ané the typeof vriations of te recharge rate; nydeaulie characteristics of the underlying aquifer (conductivity, transmissivity, poresity and gradien?) ‘geometric parameter of the underlying aquifer seh ae depth of Water table and thiekness oP aquifer; and the Lisance becween the recharge snd discharge ares, ‘The alsitiy co predict the formation, dissipation and shape of mounds beneath the ARG systent i important for many reasons, To avoid inundation, she recharge niound should not reach te ground surface; therefore, 231 2 the design of the basin size and recharge rate at influenced by the shape and geometry of tie mound. For ‘example, the ineressd level ofthe water table ina well ied will decrease the pumping lift. Reenorge leone Sriginal Wote Tobie Li severroraarer hacen aa ee OI EITETTTTTLETIITD Fig. Definition Sketch of Artificial Recharge from Basins (Warner 1989) where! ~ water ‘abe elevation above the base ofthe aquifer}; i= water able elevation above the base ofthe aquifer atthe centr ofthe basin (1): = height of recharge mound above eiginal water able (L) height of recharge mound above orginal water table atthe cenie of he asin (L)s ginal saturated thickness 1. =fength of reciagular recharge basin (Ls W = width of rectangle recharge basin (L) ads of ckeularrechargs basin L, = recharge rae, volume fx pe nit rea IT) T= aquifer transmissivity «Ly oragecoelicen (dimensionless) ‘y= Cartesian coordinates wih cesar of recharge basin as origi (LX, 1 Sail coordinate wth enter of eckarge basin a rein (1), time (Ds MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION AND ANALYTICAL SOLUTION ‘Mathematical formulation and analytical solutions of Bouwer (1978) for estangular basins, Glover (1960) ‘and. Hantush (7967) for circular and rectangular bosins, Baumane. (1965) for eitevlar basins and Marino (1982 ‘and Rat and Singh (1992) for canals were evatuated. Among these, the Hantush and Baumann methods for ‘circular basins, and Bouwer meted for relangular basins present many Jimitations and disadvantages (Samani and Boustant 1995), For circular and rectangular basins, Glover presented solutions deseribing the mound growth due to an instantaneous injection of water (Warner 1988) 3s: feb cole eaee 8 {or eitoular and rectangular basins nat ea where, eo) Marino (1982) presented softions for a sprewling arca_ inthe form of an infinitely long sip, bal of finite Tocated above the aquifer (ig. 2), az fen FEAL lg Changing water tobte ya) SHnitigl woter tebie nyo Sinitiol water toi x 23 Fig. 2, Schematic Diagram of Water Table Growth Beneath a Spreading Pond (Marino 1982) ‘The water table rises (For ttn) i regions {and I ave respectively given by: and Fe (st)= ve etl er -4i vee | - ‘whete ttt, the time since cesstion of recharge and & = kis and hi isthe initial water table eight Rai and Singh (1992) presented a solution for predicting the Waasieat position of the water table in an ‘unconfined aquifer system which lies benveen ¢¥o recharging canals. A vertical cross section of te flow system is shown in Fig. 3. The aquifer, which has a horizontal impermeable base, receives coustant recharge ‘hetween the two canals situated at Jevels hy and above the aquifer base Bx.) = (2ENot/ k)~(8ENor @yay (ered (one (sey | + Perfel[ Une y-spaun'}) + 3 or{ on 1) (4H =o aol n-s}ae0') + Efe 01)-xp (407 |-oel[z2n +0) ea] (2" where H=b? ho? =} o |, =} —ho?, bh is the varying water table height, ho is the inital wetland B= KY aN ts ew frag. round Surtace ig. 3.- A Vertical Cross Section ofthe Aguifer System (RAT and SINGH 1982) To evaluate the quantilive effects of ARG on water table level, several computer programs were developed. and compiled. The fist’ program included aneltical solutions of Glover for eicular and rectangular multi- basins. The formation, dissipation and shape of mounds beneath two rectangular basins ofan ARG system are predicted as follows: tue spacing between the centers of basins is taken 2s 500m; the values of other parameters are: R-Imiday, K=10nviéay, 200m, S-0.2 and W-L~200e. Tae three dimensional presentation, ‘of mounds beneath the ARG basin Fig. 4. A Three Dimensional Presentation of 1 Mound Beneath Mtulti-Basins ‘Aller 11 Days of Recharge in the Glover Solution ‘The second program included an ansiytical solution of Merino for a mulivcanal project. To predic: dhe formiation, dissipation and shape of recharge mounds Beneath the thre parallel canafs we offer an example. The spacing between the canels is taken as 860m. The values of other parameters see R=Iméday, $0.2, 20, K=10miday, and L=20. A vertical eress section of Une recharge mounds i ustrated in Fig 5 prong 00] 2064 200] ~ ~ o 200! “ase eo BISTANCER) *AITRR SBA “t APTER 20 OATS Fig. 5. A Vertical Crass Section of the Recharge Mounds Beneath the Three Comals {nthe Marino Method ‘he third program. ineladed analytieal solutions of Rai and Singh fora recharge mound formed bewween two canals situated at Jevels hy and 4, above an aquifer base. To study the formation dissipation and shape of 235 236 rounds beneath the ARG canals we consider the exemple give by Ra and Singh (1992). in this example the spacing Bewwcen the cans is ahen. as 1000, The values of eter parameters ae: 0 h-120m, 100m, [No/K=10" and E12000r0"Gay.A vento! cos seetion of recharge tnd i ilusvated in Figure 6, rg oF wou a DISTANCE FROM THE LEFT CANAL (6) Fig. 6. A Vertical Cross Section of the Recharge Mounds Between Two Canals EVALUATION OF MOUND DIMENSIONS IN RESPONSE TO AQUIFER PARAMETERS ‘The sensivity of mound dimensions in response to storage coefficient (Sy), intial thickness of aquifer (B) and hydraulic conductivity (Ic) i evaluated and Dustrated in Figure 7 (2b. tn general, an inerease in Sy, B and K will decrease the mound height, This figure shows hat the effet of Sy onthe height of mound becomes ‘more significant asthe B and K. ow Fig. 74. Evaluation ofthe Sensivity ofthe Mound Dimensions in Response to Sy sy rere) weve uor aie Fig. 7h. Evaluation ofthe Sensivity of the Mound Dimenstons in Response to B a 27 © ee o 2 me wos Sarre yo cays arin wo nays aries 20 bars Fig. 7c. Fvaluation ofthe Sensivi of the Mound Dimensions in Response to K ‘COMPARISON OF FIELD DATA. WITH GENERATED DATA Accuracy of the solutions developed above for reciangular an circular basins has been vslidated by executing them utilizing the observed daa Goma eizeular busi in Zeyaran, Ghazvin, lan, and a eetamgvler basi it ‘western Fremo County, California, ‘The validity of the solutions developed above wete evaTuated by comparisen of aczual fall sale field water fable response to recharge with those predicted by the theory, Bianchi and Haskell (1975) had reported field ‘observations for the grow of ground water miound in vesporse 10 recharge fitin rectangular basins for infinite aquifers. The water table profies obtained from felé experiments by he sbove authors are plored ta Figure 8. ‘The profiles of he recharge mounds obtcined by using corsputer generated dare ae also ported ia the same figuee for comparison. The data obtained for ths comparison comespond t that of pond in the report Sf Bianchi and Haskell (1975) (Figure 9). The values of the aquitey parameters are as follows: L=W=208R, b=T6R, RO S2Ridny, K=108R/doy, and $=0.156, Hts OF Noun Samet fe crstee oe eure ema — onseivee ig, 8. Comparison Between Predicted and Fiekl Observed Water Table Profiles wae “1 wae a Fig. 9. Well Numbering and Geometric Deseription for Pond No. 1 “The water table profiles obtained from field observations by Samani and Soustan (1995) in Zeyaran, Ghazwin are plotted in Figure 10."The profiles ofthe groundwater recharge mounds as obtained by the generates data fare also plotted in the same figure for comparison. Fhe elrelar pond was filled by water tsken from: a well a 11521 ftom the pond. Since the water used for filing the pond earse from a nearby well thelr pumpage caused 2 lowering of the groundwater level below the pond. The observation well 7.5m from the pond fat 178m ‘rom the pumping, well) frst showed u draw down due to che puntpage an then a mound development. The ‘other parameters were: b-94m, KB Smcey, R>|.Sanlday, T=799mday, and $0.06 ‘We conclude from Figuzes 7 and 9 thatthe predicted water profiles agree welf with the corresponding field ‘observed profes. mans -# omeD ee ucuunD Fig, 10. Comparison Between the Generated Data and Field Observation in Zeyaren, Ghazvin CONCLUSIONS = 29 ‘The oxparimental ang observational results are in close agreement with thase eslculted fom computer genersted data that included analytics? solutions. Usiization of these computer program for predicting ‘ctvations of water rable in response to reciarye by the canals and formation, cisipation and shape of ‘moun’ beneath the ARG basins are suiicieutly aevurate for all practical purposes. Nore, “The computer programs developed for this stady may be obiained from Fardin Boustanl at dhe given adcress [RERERENCES 1. BAUMANN, P. (1965), Technical Development in_Groundwater Recharge. Advances in Hydroscienoe, Vol. 2, pp. 209-278 2, BIANCH!, W.C. and HASKELL, EE. (1975), “Field Observation of Transient Groundwater Mounds Produced by Arificial Recharge into un Lincontined Aquifer’ U'S, Dept. Agr Res, Serv. Report No. ARS W- 2, pp. 1-27. 3. BOUSTANI, F. (1994), “Evaluation of Anifieial Recharge Projects and Theit Quantitative Effects on the Groundwater Level", M.Se, Thesis, Shir University, Iran, pp. 56193, 4. BOUWER, H. (1978), Growadwate Hysolagy, MeCiraw-Hill Book Comasny, New York, NY, pp. 1-80 5. GLOVER, RE, (1960), "Mathematical Derivations as Penain to Groundwater Recharge”, Agricultural esearch Service, USDA, Ft Collins, Col 6. HANTUSH, M.D. (1967), “Growth and Decay of Groundwater Mounds in Response to Uniform ercolaion”, Water sources Research, Vol. 3, pp. 227-234, 7. MARINO, M., (1982), Sespaze and Groundwater, Development in Water Science, Vol 13, Amsterdam lsovier, pp, 278-288 8. RAL, SIN. and SINGH, RN. (1992), “Woter ‘Table Flucuations in an Aquifer System Owing to Times varying Surface Infttration and Canal Recharge", Journal of lydralogy, Vol 136, pp. 381-387. 9. SAMANI, N.ané BOUSTANL, F. (1995), ‘Quantitative Evaluation of Arifcial Recharge ou Groundwater ‘oy Analytical Models”, Prosedings, Regional Coaferonce on Water Resource Management, Isfahan, University of Techuology, Isfahan, LR. Ira, pp 1-10 10, WARNER, J.W.s MOLDEN, D.; CHEHATA, M. ane SUNADA, D.K. (1989), *Mathemati ‘of Antficial Recharge from Basins”, Water Resource Bulletin, Vol. 25, No.2, pp 401-41 Analysis

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