UNIT-II

SUPERCHARGING & TURBO CHARGING

 The power output of a naturally aspirated engine
depends mainly on the following factors:
Amount of air inducted into the cylinder.
Extent of utilization of the inducted air.
The speed of the engine.
Quantity of fuel admitted and its combustion
characteristics.
Increasing the compression ratio( Low rate of
pressure rise)
 SUPERCHARGING
The purpose of supercharging an engine is to raise the density of
the air charge
More air and fuel per cycle will be forced into the cylinder
Boost pressure : Gauge pressure recorded when the air or mixture
supply passed through the supercharger
0 to 1.0 bar
Pressure ratio= Absolute pressure / Atm pressure
1.0 to 2.0 or above
Supercharging increases the power output of the engine.
Certain percentage of power is consumed in compressing the air.
The engine should be designed to withstand the higher forces due
to supercharging.
The increased pressure and temperature as a result of
supercharging, may lead to detonation.
Fuels used must have better antiknock characteristics
 Supercharging of SI- Engines

Use of inter cooling of the charge before it is fed

to the engine
Poor fuel economy - Supercharging is not very
popular
It is used when large amount of power needed to
compensate altitude loss
Thermal Loading (High temperature of piston and
combustion chamber)
 Supercharging of CI Engines
Better rate of pressure rise and smoother combustion
Improvement in combustion allows a poor quality of fuels
Increase in intake temperature reduces volumetric efficiency
and thermal efficiency
But increase in density due to pressure compensate for this loss
Increase in thermal and mechanical loading
High temperature of piston and cylinder - Results in scuffing
of piston and Heavy liner wear
Heavy load on bearing
Durability, Reliability and Fuel economy Main considerations
Degree of supercharging is strongly depends on the type of
super charger used and design of the engine
TYPES OF SUPERCHARGERS
 EFFECTS OF SUPERCHARGING
Better fuel and air mixing
Better atomization of fuel
More complete and smoother combustion of fuel
Better torque characteristics and Higher power output
Better scavenging of products
Quicker acceleration of vehicle
Improved cold starting
Increased Mechanical efficiency
Increased thermal stress
Increased heat losses due to turbulence
Increased over lap period
Increased cooling requirements of piston and valves
 Turbochargers
Turbochargers deliver compressed air to the inlet side of the
carburetor or fuel control unit
Unlike a supercharger, they are driven by the exhaust gases
produced by the combustion process
Boot up pressure is 1 2 bar
Typical turbocharger will start to deliver boost from about
1800 rpm
Turbine speed from 10,000 1,50,000 rpm
It requires special exhaust manifold
Blade erosion is common solid particles and other
combustion products
Waste Gate
STRATIFIED CHARGE SI
ENGINES
 Engine which combines the advantages of both SI engines and CI
engines.
It is an engine which is mid-way between the homogeneous
charge SI engine and the heterogeneous charge CI engine.
Charge stratification Providing different air- fuel mixture
strength at various places in the combustion chamber.
Rich mixture in the vicinity of spark plug
A leaner mixture in the rest of the combustion chamber
Overall mixture is lean
Charge Stratification methods
By using a fuel injection & ignition
a. Fuel injection, open combustion chamber
b. Fuel injection , pre-combustion chamber
By using carburetion alone
 Lean Burn Engines
An SI engines designed to permit the combustion of lean air
fuel mixtures
A/F ratio 16:1 to 30:1
When full power is needed, such as during acceleration or hill
climbing, a lean burn engine reverts to a stoichiometric
(14.7:1) ratio or rich
Heavy duty gas engines admits 75% more air than
theoretically needed for complete combustion
Optimizing
Compression ratio
Combustion chamber shape and Type
Ignition system
Mixture distribution
Modifications
Increasing the compression ratio
Suitable combustion chamber shape & inlet port design
High turbulence
High intake swirl
Twin Intake port design On port receives air and other
port receives air- fuel mixture
Ignition system with high sparking energy and prolonged
spark duration
Using Gaseous fuels( HANG, Natural Gas, Hydrogen,
LPG, Biogas)
Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI)
Advantages
Improved engine performance
Increases thermal efficiency
Reduced emissions
High fuel economy without sacrificing power
Fuel flexibility
Disadvantages
It cannot meet strict NOx emission standards using TWC
Economic viability
Testing of Engines
 Break Power
Principle of dynamometer

W = 2RF
Moment (or) Torque = S x L
Work done / revolution = 2SL
Work done per minute = 2SL x N
Bp = 2NT
 Types of Dynamometers
Absorption Dynamometers
Prony break
Rope break
Hydraulic
Eddy current
Transmission Dynamometers
Absorption Dynamometers
Prony Brake

Bp = 2NT

T = Wl
Rope Brake Hydraulic

Bp = D N (W-S)
Eddy Current Dynamometer

Advantages,

-Measure High power /weight

Typical performance characteristics of
automotive SI engines
Performance curves
Performance curves
Performance curves
Heat Balance
External Heat Balance
Sankey Diagram
Heat Balance For SI and CI engines