Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
Shantilal Shah Engineering College,
Bhavnagar.
CERTIFICATE
Examiner Convener
2
ABSTRACT
The Simputer is a low cost portable alternative to PCs, by which the benefits
of information technologies can possibly reach across the digital divide. It has a
special role in developing economies because it offers the possibility that illiteracy
is no longer a barrier to handling a computer. One key to bridging the digital divide
is to have shared devices that permit truly simple and natural user interfaces based
on sight, touch and audio.
The Simputer prototypes were launched on April 25th, 2001 and the
complete design details of the Simputer have been made available on the web site
(www.simputer.org). An innovative licensing mechanism has evolved through
intense discussion within the Simputer Trust. We acknowledge the influence of the
Free Software movement in this regard. However, the Simputer General Public
Licence (SGPL) is more complex in many ways, partly due to the nature of
hardware and partly to ensure that there are sufficient incentives for continuous
innovation on top of the Simputer platform.
Having put this foundation for innovation in place, the trustees decided that
the vision of the Simputer Trust, to bridge the digital divide and reach the
unreached, would be best realized by 1 commercial, sustainable and scalable
approach. This “doing well by doing good” approach is currently being tested by
the two licensees PicoPeta Simputers Private Limited and Encore Software. We
will end the article with a brief update on the progress made on the commercial
front.
3
INDEX
4
1. INTRODUCTION
Fig. 1 Simputers
It's simple, it's portable. At about Rs. 9,000 per piece, it's highly
affordable. It is compatible with your everyday PC, helps you check e-mail, browse
the Net, keep accounts, and get information. When the invention of the Simputer
(Simple Computer) was announced in 2001, it instantly captured the imagination of
the world. The venerable New York Times called it the most important invention
of 2001 ahead of Apples G4 and Microsoft’s Windows XP operating system. Here
was a computer that was rewriting every rule associated with computers.
5
The Simputer is a low cost portable alternative to PCs, by which the
benefits of IT can reach the common man.
It has a special role in the third world because it ensures that illiteracy
is no longer a barrier to handling a computer. The key to bridging the digital divide
is to have shared devices that permit truly simple and natural user interfaces based
on sight, touch and audio. The Simputer meets these demands through a browser
for the Information Markup Language (IML). IML has been created to provide a
uniform experience to users and to allow rapid development of solutions on any
platform.
The device was to enable large groups of users to share one device,
possibly purchased communally. Individual users were expected to own smart
cards that enabled them to store their information offline. A potential owner for a
Simputer would thus be a village council, or a cooperative, or any group of people
willing to share it. Public funds could potentially be applied towards such
purchases.
6
Hardware Design decisions took into account the infrastructural
shortcomings of India, yet, the device could perform its goals best given some
minimum electricity availability and wireless connectivity. The cost saving of the
Simputer would have to be seen in its comparison to personal computers – rather
than other PDAs. The device itself was originally meant to be priced low by virtue
of addressing an entire community’s needs, thus having a lower per-capita cost
than an immobile personal computer.
7
What Makes Simputer Different From Regular PCs?
8
2. JUST WHAT IS A SIMPUTER?
9
An important feature of the Simputer is the SmartCard Reader/Writer.
The smart card is emerging as a credible delivery vehicle for financial transactions
on the Internet and has become an important tool for electronic commerce. The
incorporation of a smart card reader/writer in the Simputer will, therefore, increase
the functionality of the mobile device for deployment of a richer set of value-added
services, including services such as home banking through personal ATMs and
home shopping.
The impact of this feature coupled with the rich connectivity of the
Simputer can be dramatic. Applications in diverse sectors such as micro banking,
large data collection, agricultural information and as a school laboratory is now
made possible at an affordable price.
10
A discussion paper highlights the need for a low-cost mass access
device that will bring local-language IT to the masses. The initial discussions
introduced the term Simputer as an obvious twist on the word computer.
11
The Simputer is a low-cost Personal Computer with multiple
connectivity options. It is designed to be modular and extensible, and based
entirely on free software from the Open Source Initiative. Its primary input is a
touch-sensitive overlay on the LCD display panel.
12
This requires the device to be personalized for individual use on a
changing basis. The SmartCard is again the basic method by which this device can
be personalized. A user's individual profile can be stored on a SmartCard, which he
can carry around with him. Once inserted into the SmartCard Interface, the
Simputer will read the profile from the SmartCard and also update changes if any,
during the current transaction cycle.
The Simputer operating system, tools and the main application resides
in Flash ROM so that the system can quickly start operation when powered up.
User profiles can be stored in Flash memory as accessible files or also in the
SmartCard.
13
What makes the Simputer special?
The intended use of these features (and hence the Simputer) is for
rural areas. The text-to-speech features, portable size and low power requirements
are meant to be of immense use to people in these areas. Some of the applications
that have been suggested are micro-banking applications, rural commerce, and
micro-credit applications.
The impact of this feature coupled with the rich connectivity of the
Simputer can be dramatic. Applications in diverse sectors such as micro banking,
large data collection, agricultural information and as a school laboratory is now
made possible at an affordable price.
It's not only that it costs less than $200 (Rs. 9,306) but also what the
Simputer will be able to do. Put together by several academics and engineers -- in
their spare time -- this Internet device will have the potential to help even non-
literate users to surf the Net and e-mail.
14
Once commercialized and put out in the market -- its designs will be
freely released to companies for reproduction -- the Simputer can not only be used
as a device for individuals to access the Net, but also by communities through
kiosks. A smart-card interface is being worked on to facilitate micro banking.
The Simputer had a tremendous response from all over the world -
from South America to Australia and every other country in between, including
some of the developed countries. Even the developed countries are interested in
seeing how they could use it; not just for applications for the poor, but also
applications for the urban elite, the urban affluent.
15
3. HISTORY
16
The software developed by the Simputer Trust will be under GNU
GPL and the hardware developed will be under Simputer General Public License
(SGPL). This mailing list will hopefully be a platform for a wide range of
discussions relating to the Simputer and also bring together diverse people
interested in the common goal.
17
4. SIMPUTER LICENSING
The SGPL has been reviewed further and the new version is now
ready. The Simputer General Public License
18
19
5. SIMPUTER SPECIFICATION
HARDWARE
CPU
Intel StrongArm SA-1110 CPU
Memory
16–64 MB of SDRAM
08-32 MB Flash for non-volatile storage
Display Options
240x320 LCD Colour or Monochrome Display Panel with backlight
Input Device
Touch-panel Overlay on LCD Display with a plastic stylus (Pen)
Direction and Selection Keys
Audio Interface
Audio Codec
Support for external head-set
SmartCard Interface
SmartCard Reader/Writer
USB Interface
USB Port
Connectivity
Data Modem
IrDA Interface
Connectors in Basic Unit
SmartCard Connector
IrDA Transceiver
RJ-11 Telephone Jack
USB Type-A Connector
AC Adapter Input
Power Supply
20
2xAA-sized Ni-MH batteries
Internal charge management
Operates with external AC Adapter
ACCESSORIES
Expansion Docking Cradle
Compact Flash [CF-II] Slot, USB Slave and Serial Port
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
Operating System
Linux Kernel 2.4.18
Network Protocols
TCP/IP, FTP, Telnet, PPP, HTTP etc.
Application Libraries
GTK+, glibc
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
Internet Access
Browser, Email, File-Transfer
Music
MP3 Player / MPEG4 Player
PIM Applications
Notepad, Address Book, Calculator
21
The new Simputer range from Encore thus attempts to meet the
requirements of various market segments. The entry-level Simputer will, at
production volumes, be priced at about $210, and has a monochrome LCD, 16MB
of DRAM and 8MB of flash memory, IrDA and USB interfaces and audio
connectors, but no modem. Some of the enhancements include a built-in battery
charger, a real-time clock, and support for J2ME.
In addition to the cradle which ships with the high-end model, Encore
is also designing specialized cradles with built-in functions such as a micro printer,
keyboard, and support for GSM and 802.11 wireless connectivity. The company is
opening up to designers the interface between the Simputer and the cradle to
encourage others to design their own specialty cradles.
22
6. INTERFACES
23
7. BUNDLED SOFTWARE
The Simputer uses the Linux kernel (2.4.18 Kernel as of July 2005),
and the Alchemy Window Manager (only the Amida Simputer). Software
packages included provide:
24
8. APPLICATION OF SIMPUTER
25
This project also covered the information infrastructure for connecting
the various components at different levels of this HIN system - from sub-district
levels to district level and beyond. The infrastructure was aimed at facilitating the
capture of patient data, lab procedure data supervision & quality control, control of
inventory data and its analysis for enhancing decision making at all levels.
The Simputer short for simple, inexpensive, multilingual computer, is a low cost
portable alternative to PCs, by which the benefits of IT can reach the common
man. It has a special role in the third world because it ensures that illiteracy is no
longer a barrier to handling a computer. The key to bridging the digital divide is to
have shared device that permits truly simple and natural user interfaces based on
sight, touch and audio.
Features :
26
It can connect to the Internet through fixed-line or wireless networks,
allowing local governments and voluntary agencies to receive and transmit
data such as farm prices.
It also has a speech synthesiser that can read English and Indian texts,
making computer use possible for more than one third of Indians who are
illiterate.
27
Another Application of Simputer
Hardware/Software
28
Powering up
There is nothing much to it, other than pressing the `power button'.
You will see a small tux picture coming up and within a few seconds, you will
have X up and running . The LCD screen is touch sensitive and you can use a small
`stylus' (geeks use finger nails!) to select applications and move through the
graphical interface. If you want to have keyboard input, be prepared for some
agonizing manipulations using the stylus and a `soft keyboard' which is nothing but
a GUI program from which you can select single alphabets and other symbols.
GUI's are for kids. You are not satisfied till you see the trusted old
bash prompt. Well, you don't have to try a lot. The Simputer has a serial port -
attach the provided serial cable to it - the other end goes to a free port on your host
Linux PC (in my case, /dev/ttyS1). Now fire up a communication program (I use
`minicom') - you have to first configure the program so that it uses /dev/ttyS1 with
communication speed set to 115200 (that's what the Simputer manual says - if you
are using a similar handheld, this need not be the same) and 8N1 format, hardware
and software flow controls disabled. Doing this with minicom is very simple -
invoke it as:
minicom -m -s
minicom -m
and be ready for the surprise. You will immediately see a login prompt. You
should be able to type in a user name/password and log on. You should be able to
run simple commands like `ls', `ps' etc - you may even be able to use `vi' .
29
reads in your response, authenticates you and spawns a shell with which you can
interact over the line.
Once minicom initializes the serial port on the PC end, you can `script'
your interactions with the Simputer. You are exploiting the idea that the program
running on the Simputer is watching for data over the serial line - the program does
not care whether the data comes from minicom itself or a script. You can try out
the following experiment:
The Simputer comes with a USB slave port. You can establish a
TCP/IP link between your Linux PC and the Simputer via this USB interface. Here
are the steps you should take:
1. Make sure you have a recent Linux distribution - Red Hat 7.3 is good
enough.
2. Plug one end of the USB cable onto the USB slave slot in the Simputer, then
boot the Simputer.
3. Boot your Linux PC. DO NOT connect the other end of the USB cable to
your PC now. Log in as root on the PC.
4. Run the command `insmod usbnet' to load a kernel module which enables
USB networking on the Linux PC. Verify that the module has been loaded
by running `lsmod'.
5. Now plug the other end of the USB cable onto a free USB slot of the Linux
PC. The USB subsystem in the Linux kernel should be able to register a
device attach. On my Linux PC, immediately after plugging in the USB
cable, I get the following kernel messages (which can be seen by running the
command `dmesg'):
30
usb.c: ignoring set_interface for dev 3, iface 0, alt 0
usb0: register usbnet 001/003, Linux Device
After you have reached this far, you have to run a few more commands:
1. Run `ifconfig usb0 192.9.200.1' - this will assign an IP address to the USB
interface on the Linux PC.
2. Using `minicom' and the supplied serial cable, log on to the Simputer as
root. Then run the command `ifconfig usbf 192.9.200.2' on the Simputer.
3. Try `ping 192.9.200.2' on the Linux PC. If you see ping packets running to
and fro, congrats. You have successfully set up a TCP/IP link!
You can now telnet/ftp to the Simputer through this TCP/IP link.
Hello, Simputer
It's now time to start real work. Your C compiler (gcc) normally
generates `native' code, ie, code which runs on the microprocessor on which gcc
itself runs - most often, an Intel (or clone) CPU. If you wish your program to run
on the Simputer (which is based on the StrongArm microprocessor), the machine
code generated by gcc should be understandable to the StrongArm CPU - your
`gcc' should be a cross compiler. If you download the gcc source code (preferably
2.95.2) together with `binutils', you should be able to configure and compile it in
such a way that you get a cross compiler (which could be invoked like, say, arm-
linux-gcc). This might be a bit tricky if you are doing it for the first time - your
handheld vendor should supply you with a CD which contains the required tools in
a precompiled form - it is recommended that you use it (but if you are seriously
into embedded development, you should try downloading the tools and building
them yourselves).
Assuming that you have arm-linux-gcc up and running, you can write
a simple `Hello, Simputer' program, compile it into an `a.out', ftp it onto the
Simputer and execute it (it would be good to have one console on your Linux PC
running ftp and another one running telnet - as soon as you compile the code, you
can upload it and run it from the telnet console - note that you may have to give
execute permission to the ftp'd code by doing `chmod u+x a.out' on the Simputer).
31
A note on the Arm Linux kernel
The Linux ARM port was initiated by Russell King. The ARM
architecture is very popular in the embedded world and there are a LOT of
different machines with fantastic names like Itsy, Assabet, Lart, Shannon etc all of
which use the StrongArm CPU (there also seem to be other kinds of ARM CPU's -
now that makes up a really heady mix). There are minor differences in the
architecture of these machines which makes it necessary to perform `machine
specific tweaks' to get the kernel working on each one of them. The tweaks for
most machines are available in the standard kernel itself, and you only have to
choose the actual machine type during the kernel configuration phase to get
everything in order. But to make things a bit confusing with the Simputer, it seems
that the tweaks for the initial Simputer specification have got into the ARM kernel
code - but the vendors who are actually manufacturing and marketing the device
seem to be building according to a modified specification - and the patches
required for making the ARM kernel run on these modified configurations is not
yet integrated into the main kernel tree. But that is not really a problem, because
your vendor will supply you with the patches - and they might soon get into the
official kernel.
32
Getting and building the kernel source
You can download the 2.4.18 kernel source from the nearest Linux
kernel ftp mirror. You will need the file `patch-2.4.18-rmk4' (which can be
obtained from the ARM Linux FTP site ftp.arm.linux.org.uk). You might also need
a vendor supplied patch, say, `patch-2.4.18-rmk4-vendorstring'. Assume that all
these files are copied to the /usr/local/src directory.
1. First, untar the main kernel distribution by running `tar xvfz kernel-
2.4.18.tar.gz'
2. You will get a directory called `linux'. Change over to that directory and run
`patch -p1 < ../patch-2.4.18-rmk4'.
3. Now apply the vendor supplied patch. Run `patch -p1 < ../patch-2.4.18-
rmk4-vendorstring'.
Now, your kernel is ready to be configured and built. Before that, you have to
examine the top level Makefile (under /usr/local/src/linux) and make two changes -
there will be a line of the form:
ARCH := <lots-of-stuff>
ARCH := arm
You need to make one more change. You observe that the Makefile defines:
AS = ($CROSS_COMPILE)as
LD = ($CROSS_COMPILE)ld
CC = ($CROSS_COMPILE)gcc
You note that the symbol CROSS_COMPILE is equated with the empty string.
During normal compilation, this will result in AS getting defined to `as', CC
getting defined to `gcc' and so on which is what we want. But when we are cross
compiling, we use arm-linux-gcc, arm-linux-ld, arm-linux-as etc. So you have to
equate CROSS_COMPILE with the string arm-linux-, ie, in the Makefile, you have
to enter:
CROSS_COMPILE = arm-linux-
33
Once these changes are incorporated into the Makefile, you can start configuring
the kernel by running `make menuconfig' (note that it is possible to do without
modifying the Makefile. You run `make menuconfig ARCH=arm'). It may take a
bit of tweaking here and there before you can actually build the kernel without
error. You will not need to modify most things - the defaults should be acceptable.
1. You have to set the system type to SA1100 based ARM system and then
choose the SA11x0 implementation to be `Simputer(Clr)' (or something else,
depending on your machine). I had also enabled SA1100 USB function
support, SA11x0 USB net link support and SA11x0 USB char device
emulation.
2. Under Character devices->Serial drivers, I enabled SA1100 serial port
support, console on serial port support and set the default baud rate to
115200 (you may need to set differently for your machine).
3. Under Character devices, SA1100 real time clock and Simputer real time
clock are enabled.
4. Under Console drivers, VGA Text console is disabled.
5. Under General Setup, the default kernel command string is set to
`root=/dev/mtdblock2 quite'. This may be different for your machine.
make zImage
and in a few minutes, you should get a file called `zImage' under arch/arm/boot.
This is your new kernel.
I describe the easiest way to get the new kernel up and running.
Just like you have LILO or Grub acting as the boot loader for your
Linux PC, the handheld too will be having a bootloader stored in its non volatile
memory. In the case of the Simputer, this bootloader is called `blob' (which I
assume is the boot loader developed for the Linux Advanced Radio Terminal
Project, `Lart'). As soon as you power on the machine, the boot loader starts
running - If you start minicom on your Linux PC, keep the `enter' key pressed and
then power on the device, the bootloader, instead of continuing with booting the
kernel stored in the device's flash memory, will start interacting with you through a
prompt which looks like this:
34
blob>
which results in blob waiting for you to send a uuencoded kernel image through the
serial port. Now, on the Linux PC, you should run the command:
This will send out a uuencoded kernel image through the COM port - which will be
read and stored by the bootloader in the device's RAM. Once this process is over,
you get back the boot loader prompt. You just have to type:
blob> boot
and the boot loader will run the kernel which you have right now compiled and
downloaded.
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
int
init_module(void)
{
printk("loading module...\n");
return 0;
}
void
35
cleanup_module(void)
{
printk("cleaning up ...\n");
}
You can ftp the resulting `a.o' onto the Simputer and load it into the kernel by
running:
insmod ./a.o
rmmod a
Handling Interrupts
After running the above program, I started scanning the kernel source
to identify the simplest code segment which would demonstrate some kind of
physical hardware access - and I found it in the hard key driver. The Simputer has
small buttons which when pressed act as the arrow keys - these buttons seem to be
wired onto the general purpose I/O pins of the ARM CPU (which can also be
configured to act as interrupt sources - if my memory of reading the StrongArm
manual is correct). Writing a kernel module which responds when these keys are
pressed is a very simple thing - here is a small program which is just a modified
and trimmed down version of the hardkey driver - you press the button
corresponding to the right arrow key - an interrupt gets generated which results in
the handler getting executed. Our handler simply prints a message and does
nothing else. Before inserting the module, we must make sure that the kernel
running on the device does not incorporate the default button driver code -
checking /proc/interrupts would be sufficient.
36
Compile the program shown below into an object file (just as we did
in the previous program), load it using `insmod', check /proc/interrupts to verify
that the interrupt line has been acquired. Pressing the button should result in the
handler getting called - the interrupt count displayed in /proc/interrupts should also
change.
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/ioport.h>
#include <linux/sched.h>
#include <asm-arm/irq.h>
#include <asm/io.h>
static void
key_handler(int irq, void *dev_id, struct pt_regs *regs)
{
printk("IRQ %d called\n", irq);
}
static int
init_module(void)
{
unsigned int res = 0;
printk("Hai, Key getting ready\n");
set_GPIO_IRQ_edge(GPIO_GPIO12, GPIO_FALLING_EDGE);
res = request_irq(IRQ_GPIO12, key_handler, SA_INTERRUPT,
"Right Arrow Key", NULL);
if(res) {
printk("Could Not Register irq %d\n", IRQ_GPIO12);
return res;
}
return res ;
}
static void
cleanup_module(void)
{
printk("cleanup called\n");
free_irq(IRQ_GPIO12, NULL);
}
37
HOW SIMPUTER CAN HELP
There are several ways by which individuals and organizations can help the
Simputer project.
• Financial:
The Simputer has been unique in that it has been unfettered by any
commitments given to any funding agency, simply because there hasn't been any
funding agency. The flexibility and academic freedom offered by the Indian
Institute of Science, the visionary and bold attitude of the Board of Encore
Software Ltd., the time of the seven trustees and creative use of available resources
are all factors in bringing the Simputer project to this stage. The entire IPR of the
Simputer project has been vested with the Simputer Trust by the two institutions
concerned: Encore Software and Indian Institute of Science. It will certainly be a
surprise for most to learn that as of today (May 7th, 2001) the Simputer Trust does
not have a bank account! (we are in the process of creating one). Obviously, this
state of affairs cannot continue for too long. The Trust plans to raise resources to
further the Simputer project by the following means:
38
• Development:
39
NEW USES:-
"We still see bridging the digital divide as an opportunity for us, but
we are also looking at new market opportunities where the sales cycles are
typically shorter," Deshpande says.
Encore is shipping 200 Simputers this month, with another 1000 units
scheduled for next month. Some of these shipments are against trial orders.
"We were naive to expect orders just on the description of the device,"
says Deshpande. "We realize now that customers both in India and abroad want to
get their hands on the product, and try it out in a limited way in their organizations
before placing large orders."
Besides getting the devices to customers, Encore will also take them
to about 400 ISVs who have downloaded the software development kit from
Encore's web site, but have not had an opportunity yet to test their software on the
hardware. The products are being manufactured by Bangalore contract
manufacturer Peninsula Electronics, though Encore is close to signing up a contract
manufacturer in Singapore and another in India, in order to handle large orders.
40
The global launch of the Simputer is marked more by scepticism than
hope and hype. Ironically, when the news about the Simputer first broke a couple
of years ago, it was heralded with much excitement. The media hype raised hopes
of development organisations that have been working to bring the benefits of ICTs
to disadvantaged communities.
• Vast potential
41
see its potential in peace initiatives, if it is used in information gathering and
delivery of services to war victims and child soldiers. Indeed, the Simputer’s
applications are limited only by lack of imagination.
The good news is, other developing countries are also now designing
similar low-cost solutions. In Laos, a team is designing Jhai PC, a rugged, pedal-
powered computing system for village telephony and Internet access. There have
been reports about a PDA similar to the Simputer being developed in Sri Lanka
that will cost about $50. In Kenya, a fishing community is currently testing the
Village PDA, an African counterpart of the Simputer.
42
want for your needs. Designers are free to further develop its hardware and
software. And NGOs working among communities can adapt it to their
communities’ needs.
• Unjustified fears
People will protect items they value and make sure they are used
responsibly, so the dissemination of the Simputers ideally should be in conjunction
with well-planned programmes to get them in the hands of people who need them
and will take a community leadership role in possessing them.
43
the Village PDA have a special role in speeding up development in the Third
World. But what is crucial at this point is their sustainability and it is their useful
applications rather than cost alone that will drive their demand and determine their
success.
9. FEATURES OF SIMPUTER
44
9.1 Text-to-Speech.
Amida allows you to write on every screen using stylus and send such
writings by mail. This is the world’s first instance of any computer permitting
annotation and e-mailing. One can write in any language, so far the first time
the knowledge of english is not pre-requisite to use hand held computers.
9.4 Interfacing.
World’s first hand held computer that has built-in integrated Smart Card
reader/writer.
Doodle or take down a diagram during a meeting. With your own hand,
draw diagram and save it in your Amida.
“Is your iPhone has all such features?” Hand writing and e-mailing, text to
speech built-in, Scribble pad, Smart card reader/writer, have you ever found
such a great device?
45
Yes this is all about our Amida designed and developed by our scientists. You
might observed that i compared this with iPhone and you might feel that I am
wrong because iPhone is a mobile phone and Amida simputer is a hand held
computer, so I should not compare the both. I just compared the features that
are there in Amida but not there in any other device in this world. Only Amida
simputer has all.
“Why iPhone is so popular? Why not simputer?” as you know there are so
many advanced features hidden in Amida, then why it is not popular? Infact
most of the people are not even know about this, I am still in search of
answer….
Ease of use
46
targeted to the home user, whereas a slightly higher functionality version can be
designed for use in cyber kiosks where people can come in and surf at their
convenience.
The Simputer can also be used in schools to allow them to offer Web
access to students at relatively low-cost. It can also leverage the pervasiveness of
telephone lines and enable users to enjoy a new level of services from their net
service providers.
Best felt that even that was too high a cost for the target user of such a
device, which is basically a poor, rural farmer
10. DEPLOYMENT
47
1. Simputers were extensively used by the Government of Karnataka to
automate the process of land records procurement.
2. In 2005 they were used in a variety of innovative and interesting
applications, such as automobile engine diagnostics (Mahindra and
Mahindra in Mumbai).
3. Used for Electronic Money transfer between UK, Ghana and others.
4. Recently simputers are deployed by police force to track traffic offenders
and issue traffic tickets.
5. Used by Indian Military.
Multiple benefits
48
"This provides us several benefits. We benefit from the experience of
the vast global pool of experts working on software problems. We also have access
to the entire source code, which enables us to deploy the software on any hardware
platform that might be cost-effective for us at a certain point in time. It will also
have the benefit of peer review processes that ensure a relatively robust and stable
end product," says Swami Manohar, an associate professor in the department of
computer science and automation of IISc, and one of the seven trustees.
Four trustees are from IISc and the remaining three from Encore.
Vinay Deshpande, the founder CEO and MD of Encore, is the managing trustee of
the Simputer Trust.
The trust has liberally borrowed its philosophy from the concept of
"free software" propounded by a worldwide group of software developers who
have created a new paradigm for the development and deployment of such popular
49
software as Linux and also benefited from pioneering work done by the Free
Software Foundation.
The trust will still retain ownership over the basic platform so that it
can continue to guide its development based on the philosophy of the Trust.
"The system software of the Simputer, since it is Linux based is under GPL," say
the trustees.
"We now have the first draft of the Simputer General Public License
that we believe to be a practicable license which at the same time facilitates the
rapid spread of Simputers."
The trust estimates that it will then take a company at least three
months to start manufacturing these devices for general use.
50
By 2005, sales of Simputers failed to live up to the ambitious goal of
selling 50,000 units: only 4000 Simputers were sold .
A reason often stated is that the poor have no need of computers before
their basic needs (such as electricity) are met. However, the Simputer was never
designed to be a "poor man's computer" (a position often used by the media)- it
was a device designed to help bridge the digital divide. While most people
tended to look at the cost of the Simputer as a factor, they ignored the fact that
the "cost of ownership" for the end-user of the device in villages was not the
cost of the device, but the cost of the Smart card used to store the user's data.
The device itself should be considered shared infrastructure for the village.
The SGPL, the license under which simputer is marketed, asks for a
license fee of 1 Million Indian Rupee to commercially exploit the Simputer
design. This was perceived to be a high entry point for small scale organizations
wishing to license the Simputer design.
51
While the Simputer is not cheap when compared to PDAs available in the
market at the time, this point is largely irrelevant, as it was not designed to be a
PDA (which are used as PC companions) but as a standalone computer. The
comparison with PDAs was a natural outcome because of the form-factor (and,
to some degree, reports by the media).
52
Yes, it could be. Launched quietly after a delay of two years, the slick
new Simputer bristles with so many innovations and opportunities that it could halt
all development in the Personal Digital Assistant [PDA] industry and decimate
competitors. When it hits the Indian market it is likely to fly off the shelves. Call it
a killer-app; app for appliance.
A gadget freak will fairly itch to get his hands on one. It looks slim
and slick. With its pair of USB ports, it can ‘talk’ or ‘listen’ to hundreds of devices.
It can read a SmartCard. Its customised flash memory storage can hold limitless
amount of data. It has a sound recorder/player. It has an accelerometer that makes
it respond to user motion. It can be connected wirelessly to the Internet. You can
scribble everywhere on apps with a stylus. It has rechargeable batteries.
That’s the hardware part. The software innovations are truly indicative
of the developers’ minds. In a world that has been drugged to believe that
computing is not possible without Microsoft products, these four Indians are
pointing to an enticing road ahead.
53
It is heartening that India has done that. It is a wise move too; C K
Prahlad never tires of saying that the greatest consumers in the world are the poor
and businessmen are foolish in creating products only for the rich. The developers
have decided to ignore world markets and focus on India first. How much more
revolutionary can you get!
54
12. SOME QUESTIONS RELATED TO SIMPUTER
A: Again no! The Simputer is much more powerful than a Palm. For
example, in terms of screen size (320x240), memory capabilities (32MB
RAM) and the OS (GNU/Linux).
A: There are two options on the base simputer for entering text:
one is a soft keyboard, that can be brought up on the touch screen and you
poke at it to enter one character at a time.
The second option is to use a novel character entry software called tap-a-tap
which is similar in spirit to graffiti, but quite distinct (no patent infringement
:-). But if you insist on entering tons of text using the Simputer, you may be
able to attach a USB keyboard. We don't recommend the Simputer as a mass
data-entry device.
55
5. Q: What will the Simputer cost?
A: We expect the Simputer to cost about Rs 9000 when the volumes are
upwards 100,000 units.
A: It runs on an Intel strong-arm chip. The chip is known for its low
power consumption.
A: Three AAA batteries or off the mains. It can also use rechargeable
batteries, but the charger is not built in.
56
13. SOME WORKING AREA OF SIMPUTER
• FORM-FILLING
• COMMUNICATION
• MONEY ORDER
• EDUCATION / LITERACY
• MICRO-BANKING
Use the Simputer to take banking to the individual’s doorstep, not the
other way around. On-the-spot receipts electronically generated.
57
• HEALTH
Portable Ultrasound
Telemedicine
• DRINKING WATER
• POLICE
Information Retrieval
FIRs
Criminal records
• COMMUNITY KIOSKS
Public Services
Land Records
Utilities payments
Information dissemination
58
14. CONCLUSION
In the next decades, new devices and technological solutions for the
existing problems of underserved populations will continue to find their way to
markets around the world. The Computador Popular and the Simputer are
pioneering projects that will be pilot case studies for subsequent work in the area,
as research in this now nascent field moves towards a more structured and
investigative methodology. They offer valuable lessons in the study of initiatives in
technological equity.
59
• Decisive role of needs assessment and usability testing: We find that in
an era of great enthusiasm for technology as a solution, there is limited
research into the market’s appreciations of these solutions. The Simputer
case shows urgent need for studying and codifying low-attainment users’
interactions with handheld screens. Contextual study to examine how
people currently do tasks that technology plans to replace is vital in
understanding peoples’ relationships with the variables that new
technology will affect.
60
better ways of doing things, but this may not always be obvious to their
intended audiences, resulting in a lack of bottom-up demand. Evidence
has shown that people with low literacy skills master relatively simple
user interfaces, when they have a tangible context in which to use devices
recurrently.
Given that current general purpose devices are too expensive for being
directly used by the poorest (both devices we examined here failed to get the
price below US$200 per unit), and that industry is risk averse to invest in the
development of low cost, task specific devices, research universities have as
a very important role to fill this gap.
61
low power versions of Simputers, for instance, can find their way into schools.
Governments around the world are looking at policies such as India’s IT for All to
build their manpower resources from the roots; basic handheld devices that
circumvent power requirements present a viable solution for the future.
15. BIBLIOGRAPHY
62
63